Lung cancer associated venous thromboembolic disease: A comprehensive review

Lung Cancer

Volumn 75, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-8

  Corrales Rodriguez, Luis ^a   Blais, Normand ^a  

^a NOTRE DAME HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Lung cancer; NSCLC; Thrombosis; Tissue factor; Venous thromboembolism

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIVITAMIN K; APIXABAN; BEVACIZUMAB; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CARBOPLATIN; CERTOPARIN; CISPLATIN; D DIMER; DALTEPARIN; ENOXAPARIN; ERLOTINIB; ERYTHROPOIETIN; ETOPOSIDE; FONDAPARINUX; GEFITINIB; GEMCITABINE; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; NADROPARIN; NAVELBINE; NOVEL ERYTHROPOIESIS STIMULATING PROTEIN; PACLITAXEL; PLACEBO; RIVAROXABAN; SEMULOPARIN; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; TINZAPARIN; WARFARIN;

ANEMIA; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; BLEEDING; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED EMESIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HEART ARREST; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; LUNG CANCER; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHLEBOGRAPHY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROPHYLAXIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; THROMBOSIS; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 83555173340     PISSN: 01695002     EISSN: 18728332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.07.004     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Trousseau A. Phlegmasia alba dolens. Clinique Médicale de l'Hotel-Dieu de Paris 1868, 3:43. 1868.
2. Blais N. Diagnosing, treating, and preventing venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2008, 12(December (6)):869-874.
3. Levine M. Treatment of thrombotic disorders in cancer patients. Haemostasis 1997, 27(Suppl. 1):38-43.
4. Trujillo-Santos J., Prandoni P., Rivron-Guillot K., Román P., Sánchez R., Tiberio G., et al. Clinical outcome in patients with venous thromboembolism and hidden cancer: findings from the RIETE Registry. J Thromb Haemost 2008, 6(February (2)):251-255.
5. Sack G.H., Levin J., Bell W.R. Trousseau's syndrome and other manifestations of chronic disseminated coagulopathy in patients with neoplasms: clinical, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic features. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977, 56(January (1)):1-37.
6. Imberti D., Agnelli G., Ageno W., Moia M., Palareti G., Pistelli R., et al. Clinical characteristics and management of cancer-associated acute venous thromboembolism: findings from the MASTER Registry. Haematologica 2008, 93(February (2)):273-278.
7. Wun T., White R.H. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer: epidemiology and risk factors. Cancer Invest 2009, 27(Suppl. 1):63-74.
8. Elting L.S., Escalante C.P., Cooksley C., Avritscher E.B., Kurtin D., Hamblin L., et al. Outcomes and cost of deep venous thrombosis among patients with cancer. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164(9-23 August (15)):1653-1661.
9. Prandoni P., Lensing A.W., Piccioli A., Bernardi E., Simioni P., Girolami B., et al. Recurrent venous thromboembolism and bleeding complications during anticoagulant treatment in patients with cancer and venous thrombosis. Blood 2002, 100(15 November (10)):3484-3488.
10. Sorensen H.T., Mellemkjaer L., Olsen J.H., Baron J.A. Prognosis of cancers associated with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2000, 343(21 December (25)):1846-1850.
11. Tagalakis V., Levi D., Agulnik J.S., Cohen V., Kasymjanova G., Small D. High risk of deep vein thrombosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a cohort study of 493 patients. J Thorac Oncol 2007, 2(August (8)):729-734.
12. Blom J.W., Osanto S., Rosendaal F.R. The risk of a venous thrombotic event in lung cancer patients: higher risk for adenocarcinoma than squamous cell carcinoma. J Thromb Haemost 2004, 2(October (10)):1760-1765.
13. Hicks L.K., Cheung M.C., Ding K., Hasan B., Seymour L., Le Maître A., et al. Venous thromboembolism and nonsmall cell lung cancer: a pooled analysis of National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group trials. Cancer 2009, 115(1 December (23)):5516-5525.
14. Rickles F.R., Edwards R.L. Activation of blood coagulation in cancer: Trousseau's syndrome revisited. Blood 1983, 62(July (1)):14-31.
15. Chew H.K., Davies A.M., Wun T., Harvey D., Zhou H., White R.H. The incidence of venous thromboembolism among patients with primary lung cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2008, 6(April (4)):601-608.
16. Anderson F.A., Spencer F.A. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2003, 107(17 June (23 Suppl. 1)):I9-I16.
17. Lin J., Wakefield T.W., Henke P.K. Risk factors associated with venous thromboembolic events in patients with malignancy. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2006, 17(June (4)):265-270.
18. Chew H.K., Wun T., Harvey D., Zhou H., White R.H. Incidence of venous thromboembolism and its effect on survival among patients with common cancers. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166(27 February (4)):458-464.
19. Khorana A.A., Francis C.W., Culakova E., Fisher R.I., Kuderer N.M., Lyman G.H. Thromboembolism in hospitalized neutropenic cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24(20 January (3)):484-490.
20. Stein P.D., Beemath A., Meyers F.A., Skaf E., Sanchez J., Olson R.E. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients hospitalized with cancer. Am J Med 2006, 119(January (1)):60-68.
21. Khorana A.A., Francis C.W., Culakova E., Kuderer N.M., Lyman G.H. Frequency, risk factors, and trends for venous thromboembolism among hospitalized cancer patients. Cancer 2007, 110(15 November (10)):2339-2346.
22. Prandoni P., Lensing A.W., Cogo A., Cuppini S., Villalta S., Carta M., et al. The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1996, 125(1 July (1)):1-7.
23. Agnelli G., Bolis G., Capussotti L., Scarpa R.M., Tonelli F., Bonizzoni E., et al. A clinical outcome-based prospective study on venous thromboembolism after cancer surgery: the @RISTOS project. Ann Surg 2006, 243(January (1)):89-95.
24. Sallah S., Wan J.Y., Nguyen N.P. Venous thrombosis in patients with solid tumors: determination of frequency and characteristics. Thromb Haemost 2002, 87(April (4)):575-579.
25. Tafur A.J., Kalsi H., Wysokinski W.E., McBane R.D., Ashrani A.A., Marks R.S., et al. The association of active cancer with venous thromboembolism location: a population-based study. Mayo Clin Proc 2011, 86(January (1)):25-30.
26. Blom J.W., Vanderschoot J.P., Oostindier M.J., Osanto S., van der Meer F.J., Rosendaal F.R. Incidence of venous thrombosis in a large cohort of 66,329 cancer patients: results of a record linkage study. J Thromb Haemost 2006, 4(March (3)):529-535.
27. Levitan N., Dowlati A., Remick S.C., Tahsildar H.I., Sivinski L.D., Beyth R., et al. Rates of initial and recurrent thromboembolic disease among patients with malignancy versus those without malignancy. Risk analysis using Medicare claims data. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999, 78(September (5)):285-291.
28. Ogren M., Bergqvist D., Wahlander K., Eriksson H., Sternby N.H. Trousseau's syndrome-what is the evidence? A population-based autopsy study. Thromb Haemost 2006, 95(March (3)):541-545.
29. Heit J.A., Silverstein M.D., Mohr D.N., Petterson T.M., O'Fallon W.M., Melton L.J. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160(27 March (6)):809-815.
30. Heit J.A., O'Fallon W.M., Petterson T.M., Lohse C.M., Silverstein M.D., Mohr D.N., et al. Relative impact of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162(10 June (11)):1245-1248.
31. Agnelli G., Caprini J.A. The prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in patients with cancer undergoing major abdominal surgery: emerging options. J Surg Oncol 2007, 96(1 September (3)):265-272.
32. Connolly G., Dalal M., Lin J., Khorana A. Incidence and predictors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among ambulatory patients with lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011, [Suppl.; abstract 7066].
33. Connolly G.C., Khorana A.A. Risk stratification for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2009, 22(March (1)):35-47.
34. Connoly G., Dalal M., Lin J., Khorana A. Incidence and predictors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among ambulatory patients with lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29. [Suppl.; abstract 7066].
35. Zecchina G., Ghio P., Bosio S., Cravino M., Camaschella C., Scagliotti G.V. Reactive thrombocytosis might contribute to chemotherapy-related thrombophilia in patients with lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2007, 8(January (4)):264-267.
36. Schiller J.H., Harrington D., Belani C.P., Langer C., Sandler A., Krook J., et al. Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2002, 346(10 January (2)):92-98.
37. Scagliotti G.V., Parikh P., von Pawel J., Biesma B., Vansteenkiste J., Manegold C., et al. Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(20 July (21)):3543-3551.
38. Kelly K., Crowley J., Bunn P.A., Presant C.A., Grevstad P.K., Moinpour C.M., et al. Randomized phase III trial of paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group trial. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19(1 July (13)):3210-3218.
39. Novello S., Pimentel F.L., Douillard J.Y., O'Brien M., von Pawel J., Eckardt J., et al. Safety and resource utilization by non-small cell lung cancer histology: results from the randomized phase III study of pemetrexed plus cisplatin versus gemcitabine plus cisplatin in chemonaive patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5(October (10)):1602-1608.
40. Scagliotti G.V., De Marinis F., Rinaldi M., Crinò L., Gridelli C., Ricci S., et al. Phase III randomized trial comparing three platinum-based doublets in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20(1 November (21)):4285-4291.
41. Numico G., Garrone O., Dongiovanni V., Silvestris N., Colantonio I., Di Costanzo G., et al. Prospective evaluation of major vascular events in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma treated with cisplatin and gemcitabine. Cancer 2005, 103(1 March (5)):994-999.
42. Nalluri S.R., Chu D., Keresztes R., Zhu X., Wu S. Risk of venous thromboembolism with the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008, 300(19 November (19)):2277-2285.
43. Crinò L., Dansin E., Garrido P., Griesinger F., Laskin J., Pavlakis N., et al. Safety and efficacy of first-line bevacizumab-based therapy in advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (SAiL, MO19390): a phase 4 study. Lancet Oncol 2010, 11(August (8)):733-740.
44. Hurwitz H.I., Saltz L.B., Van Cutsem E., Cassidy J., Wiedemann J., Sirzén F., et al. Venous thromboembolic events with chemotherapy plus bevacizumab: a pooled analysis of patients in randomized phases II and III studies. J Clin Oncol 2011, 21(March).
45. Choueiri T.K., Schutz F.A., Je Y., Rosenberg J.E., Bellmunt J. Risk of arterial thromboembolic events with sunitinib and sorafenib: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(1 May (13)):2280-2285.
46. Zangari M., Fink L.M., Elice F., Zhan F., Adcock D.M., Tricot G.J. Thrombotic events in patients with cancer receiving antiangiogenesis agents. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(10 October (29)):4865-4873.
47. Socinski M.A., Novello S., Brahmer J.R., Rosell R., Sanchez J.M., Belani C.P., et al. Multicenter, phase II trial of sunitinib in previously treated, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(1 February (4)):650-656.
48. Scagliotti G., Novello S., von Pawel J., Reck M., Pereira J.R., Thomas M., et al. Phase III study of carboplatin and paclitaxel alone or with sorafenib in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(10 April (11)):1835-1842.
49. Albain K.S., Crowley J.J., LeBlanc M., Livingston R.B. Survival determinants in extensive-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: the Southwest Oncology Group experience. J Clin Oncol 1991, 9(September (9)):1618-1626.
50. Robnett T.J., Machtay M., Hahn S.M., Shrager J.B., Friedberg J.S., Kaiser L.R. Pathological response to preoperative chemoradiation worsens with anemia in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer J 2002, 8(May-June (3)):263-267.
51. Littlewood T.J. The impact of hemoglobin levels on treatment outcomes in patients with cancer. Semin Oncol 2001, 28(April (2 Suppl. 8)):49-53.
52. Littlewood T.J., Cella D., Nortier J.W. Erythropoietin improves quality of life. Lancet Oncol 2002, 3(August (8)):459-460.
53. Bennett C.L., Silver S.M., Djulbegovic B., Samaras A.T., Blau C.A., Gleason K.J., et al. Venous thromboembolism and mortality associated with recombinant erythropoietin and darbepoetin administration for the treatment of cancer-associated anemia. JAMA 2008, 299(27 February (8)):914-924.
54. Pineo G.F., Brain M.C., Gallus A.S., Hirsh J., Hatton M.W., Regoeczi E. Tumors, mucus production, and hypercoagulability. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974, 230:262-270.
55. Varki A. Trousseau's syndrome: multiple definitions and multiple mechanisms. Blood 2007, 110(15 September (6)):1723-1729.
56. Seitz R., Heidtmann H.H., Wolf M., Immel A., Egbring R. Prognostic impact of an activation of coagulation in lung cancer. Ann Oncol 1997, 8(August (8)):781-784.
57. Rickles F.R., Patierno S., Fernandez P.M. Tissue factor, thrombin, and cancer. Chest 2003, 124(Suppl. 3):58S-68S.
58. Fernandez P.M., Patierno S.R., Rickles F.R. Tissue factor and fibrin in tumor angiogenesis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2004, 30(February (1)):31-44.
59. Zhang Y., Deng Y., Luther T., Müller M., Ziegler R., Waldherr R., et al. Tissue factor controls the balance of angiogenic and antiangiogenic properties of tumor cells in mice. J Clin Invest 1994, 94(September (3)):1320-1327.
60. Browder T., Folkman J., Pirie-Shepherd S. The hemostatic system as a regulator of angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2000, 275(21 January (3)):1521-1524.
61. Belting M., Ahamed J., Ruf W. Signaling of the tissue factor coagulation pathway in angiogenesis and cancer. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005, 25(August (8)):1545-1550.
62. Rong Y., Post D.E., Pieper R.O., Durden D.L., Van Meir E.G., Brat D.J. PTEN and hypoxia regulate tissue factor expression and plasma coagulation by glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2005, 65(15 February (4)):1406-1413.
63. Yu J.L., May L., Lhotak V., Shahrzad S., Shirasawa S., Weitz J.I., et al. Oncogenic events regulate tissue factor expression in colorectal cancer cells: implications for tumor progression and angiogenesis. Blood 2005, 105(15 February (4)):1734-1741.
64. Boccaccio C., Comoglio P.M. Genetic link between cancer and thrombosis. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(10 October (29)):4827-4833.
65. Magnus N., Garnier D., Rak J. Oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptor up-regulates multiple elements of the tissue factor signaling pathway in human glioma cells. Blood 2010, 116(5 August (5)):815-818.
66. Regina S., Rollin J., Blechet C., Iochmann S., Reverdiau P., Gruel Y. Tissue factor expression in non-small cell lung cancer: relationship with vascular endothelial growth factor expression, microvascular density, and K-ras mutation. J Thorac Oncol 2008, 3(July (7)):689-697.
67. Regina S., Valentin J.B., Lachot S., Lemarie E., Rollin J., Gruel Y. Increased tissue factor expression is associated with reduced survival in non-small cell lung cancer and with mutations of TP53 and PTEN. Clin Chem 2009, 55(October (10)):1834-1842.
68. Onozato R., Kosaka T., Kuwano H., Sekido Y., Yatabe Y., Mitsudomi T. Activation of MET by gene amplification or by splice mutations deleting the juxtamembrane domain in primary resected lung cancers. J Thorac Oncol 2009, 4(January (1)):5-11.
69. Onitsuka T., Uramoto H., Ono K., Takenoyama M., Hanagiri T., Oyama T., et al. Comprehensive molecular analyses of lung adenocarcinoma with regard to the epidermal growth factor receptor, K-ras, MET, and hepatocyte growth factor status. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5(May (5)):591-596.
70. Lawrence R.E., Salgia R. MET molecular mechanisms and therapies in lung cancer. Cell Adh Migr 2010, 4(January-March (1)):146-152.
71. Onitsuka T., Uramoto H., Nose N., Takenoyama M., Hanagiri T., Sugio K., et al. Acquired resistance to gefitinib: the contribution of mechanisms other than the T790M, MET, and HGF status. Lung Cancer 2010, 68(May (2)):198-203.
72. Boccaccio C., Sabatino G., Medico E., Girolami F., Follenzi A., Reato G., et al. The MET oncogene drives a genetic programme linking cancer to haemostasis. Nature 2005, 434(17 March (7031)):396-400.
73. McMahon B., Kwaan H.C. The plasminogen activator system and cancer. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2008, 36(3-4):184-194.
74. Kohler H.P., Grant P.J. Plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2000, 342(15 June (24)):1792-1801.
75. Steffel J., Luscher T.F., Ruschitzka F., Tanner F.C. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and coagulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006, 47(Suppl. 1):S15-S20.
76. Sayar H., Bunning J.T., Bocklage T.J., Lee S.J., Libby E., Rabinowitz I. Tumor MET expression may not predict the risk of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. Oncol Res 2010, 19(2):93-97.
77. Cronin C.G., Lohan D.G., Keane M., Roche C., Murphy J.M. Prevalence and significance of asymptomatic venous thromboembolic disease found on oncologic staging CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007, 189(July (1)):162-170.
78. Beck-Razi N., Kuzmin A., Koren D., Sarig G., Brenner B., Haim N., et al. Asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis in advanced cancer patients: the value of venous sonography. J Clin Ultrasound 2010, 38(June (5)):232-237.
79. Douma R.A., Kok M.G., Verberne L.M., Kamphuisen P.W., Buller H.R. Incidental venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: prevalence and consequence. Thromb Res 2010, 125(June (6)):e306-e309.
80. Di Nisio M., Ferrante N., De Tursi M., Iacobelli S., Cuccurullo F., Büller H.R., et al. Incidental venous thromboembolism in ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Thromb Haemost 2010, 104(3 November (5)):1049-1054.
81. Font C., Farrus B., Vidal L., Caralt T.M., Visa L., Mellado B., et al. Incidental versus symptomatic venous thrombosis in cancer: a prospective observational study of 340 consecutive patients. Ann Oncol 2011, 16(February).
82. Khorana A.A., Streiff M.B., Farge D., Mandala M., Debourdeau P., Cajfinger F., et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in cancer: a consensus statement of major guidelines panels and call to action. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(10 October (29)):4919-4926.
83. Brill-Edwards P., Lee A. D-dimer testing in the diagnosis of acute venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 1999, 82(August (2)):688-694.
84. Righini M., Le Gal G., Aujesky D., Roy P.M., Sanchez O., Verschuren F., et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by multidetector CT alone or combined with venous ultrasonography of the leg: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2008, 371(19 (April) 9621):1343-1352.
85. Perrier A., Roy P.M., Sanchez O., Le Gal G., Meyer G., Gourdier A.L., et al. Multidetector-row computed tomography in suspected pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2005, 352(28 April (17)):1760-1768.
86. van Belle A., Buller H.R., Huisman M.V., Huisman P.M., Kaasjager K., Kamphuisen P.W., et al. Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography. JAMA 2006, 295(11 January (2)):172-179.
87. Lee A.Y., Julian J.A., Levine M.N., Weitz J.I., Kearon C., Wells P.S., et al. Clinical utility of a rapid whole-blood D-dimer assay in patients with cancer who present with suspected acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1999, 131(21 September (6)):417-423.
88. Arpaia G., Carpenedo M., Verga M., Mastrogiacomo O., Fagnani D., Lanfredini M., et al. D-dimer before chemotherapy might predict venous thromboembolism. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2009, 20(April (3)):170-175.
89. Doucet S, Miron M, Soulieres D, Belanger K, Florescu M, Ayoub JP, et al. D-DImer Dosing for Risk Prediction of Central Venous Catheter Thrombosis (The DIReCT Trial). Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 110 (Abstract 3980); 2007.
90. Kearon C., Julian J.A., Newman T.E., Ginsberg J.S. Noninvasive diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. McMaster diagnostic imaging practice guidelines initiative. Ann Intern Med 1998, 128(15 April (8)):663-677.
91. Streiff M.B. Diagnosis and initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(10 October (29)):4889-4894.
92. Di Nisio M., Van Sluis G.L., Bossuyt P.M., Buller H.R., Porreca E., Rutjes A.W. Accuracy of diagnostic tests for clinically suspected upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: a systematic review. J Thromb Haemost 2010, 8(April (4)):684-692.
93. Rosovsky R.P., Kuter D.J. Catheter-related thrombosis in cancer patients: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2005, 19(February (1)). p. 183-202, vii.
94. Anderson D.R., Kahn S.R., Rodger M.A., Kovacs M.J., Morris T., Hirsch A., et al. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography vs ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007, 298(19 December (23)):2743-2753.
95. Zhang M.Y., Wang Z., Liu X.Y., Chen G., Liu F.Y. The local control of radiotherapy following Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy in the patients with stage II A middle-third thoracic esophageal cancer. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2008, 46(15 July (14)):1048-1050.
96. Choi N.C., Kanarek D.J. Toxicity of thoracic radiotherapy on pulmonary function in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 1994, 10(March (Suppl. 1)):S219-S230.
97. Gayed I.W., Chang J., Kim E.E., Nuñez R., Chasen B., Liu H.H., et al. Lung perfusion imaging can risk stratify lung cancer patients for the development of pulmonary complications after chemoradiation. J Thorac Oncol 2008, 3(August (8)):858-864.
98. Zhang J., Ma J., Zhou S., Hubbs J.L., Wong T.Z., Folz R.J., et al. Radiation-induced reductions in regional lung perfusion: 0.1-12 year data from a prospective clinical study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010, 76(1 February (2)):425-432.
99. Anderson L.A., Moore S.C., Gridley G., Stone B.J., Landgren O. Concomitant and antecedent deep venous thrombosis and cancer survival in male US veterans. Leuk Lymphoma 2011, 27(January).
100. Coleman R., MacCallum P. Treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in cancer. Br J Cancer 2010, 102(13 April (Suppl. 1)):S17-S23.
101. Chuang Y.M., Yu C.J. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of lung cancer with pulmonary embolism. Oncology 2009, 77(2):100-106.
102. de Meis E., Pinheiro V.R., Zamboni M.M., Guedes M.T., Castilho I.A., Martinez M.M., et al. Clotting, immune system, and venous thrombosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients: a prospective study. Cancer Invest 2009, 27(December (10)):989-997.
103. Khorana A.A., Kuderer N.M., Culakova E., Lyman G.H., Francis C.W. Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis. Blood 2008, 111(15 May (10)):4902-4907.
104. Ay C., Vormittag R., Dunkler D., Simanek R., Chiriac A.L., Drach J., et al. D-dimer and prothrombin fragment 1+2 predict venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: results from the Vienna Cancer and Thrombosis Study. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(1 September (25)):4124-4129.
105. Zacharski L.R., Henderson W.G., Rickles F.R., Forman W.B., Cornell C.J., Forcier R.J., et al. Effect of warfarin on survival in small cell carcinoma of the lung. Veterans Administration Study No. 75. JAMA 1981, 245(27 February (8)):831-835.
106. Akl E.A., Kamath G., Kim S.Y., Yosuico V., Barba M., Terrenato I., et al. Oral anticoagulation may prolong survival of a subgroup of patients with cancer: a cochrane systematic review. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2007, 26(June (2)):175-184.
107. Agnelli G., Gussoni G., Bianchini C., Verso M., Mandalà M., Cavanna L., et al. Nadroparin for the prevention of thromboembolic events in ambulatory patients with metastatic or locally advanced solid cancer receiving chemotherapy: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Lancet Oncol 2009, 10(October (10)):943-949.
108. Haas S. Prevention of venous thromboembolism with low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with metastatic breast or lung cancer. Results of the TOPIC studies. J Thromb Haemost 2005, 3(Suppl. 1). [abstract OR059].
109. Verso M., Gussoni G., Agnelli G. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with advanced lung cancer receiving chemotherapy: a combined analysis of the PROTECHT and TOPIC-2 studies. J Thromb Haemost 2010, 8(July (7)):1649-1651.
110. Agnelli G., George D.J., Fisher W., Kakkar A.K., Lassen M.R., Mismetti P., et al. The ultra-low molecular weight heparin (ULMWH) semuloparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy: SAVE ONCO study. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29. [Suppl.; abstract LBA9014].
111. Fondaparinux (Arixtra) with chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer; 2011. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00476216.
112. Effect of low molecular weight heparin: tinzaparin in lung tumours (TILT); 2011. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00475098.
113. Dalteparin in preventing blood clots in patients with lung cancer; 2011. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00519805.
114. Enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis in cancer patients with elevated tissue factor bearing microparticles (MicroTEC); 2011. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00908960.
115. Phase 2 pilot study of apixaban for the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with advanced (Metastatic) cancer; 2011. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00320255.
116. Samama M.M., Cohen A.T., Darmon J.Y., Desjardins L., Eldor A., Janbon C., et al. A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Prophylaxis in Medical Patients with Enoxaparin Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999, 341(9 September (11)):793-800.
117. Leizorovicz A., Cohen A.T., Turpie A.G., Olsson C.G., Vaitkus P.T., Goldhaber S.Z. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of dalteparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Circulation 2004, 110(17 August (7)):874-879.
118. Cohen A.T., Davidson B.L., Gallus A.S., Lassen M.R., Prins M.H., Tomkowski W., et al. Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in older acute medical patients: randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2006, 332(11 February (7537)):325-329.
119. Kinikar S.A., Kolesar J.M. Identification of a gemcitabine-warfarin interaction. Pharmacotherapy 1999, 19(November (11)):1331-1333.
120. Le A.T., Hasson N.K., Lum B.L. Enhancement of warfarin response in a patient receiving etoposide and carboplatin chemotherapy. Ann Pharmacother 1997, 31(September (9)):1006-1008.
121. Thomas K.S., Billingsley A., Amarshi N., Nair B.A. Elevated international normalized ratio associated with concomitant warfarin and erlotinib. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2010, 67(1 September (17)):1426-1429.
122. Le Maitre A., Ding K., Shepherd F.A., Leighl N., Arnold A., Seymour L. Anticoagulation and bleeding: a pooled analysis of lung cancer trials of the NCIC Clinical Trials Group. J Thorac Oncol 2009, 4(May (5)):586-594.
123. Lee A.Y., Levine M.N., Baker R.I., Bowden C., Kakkar A.K., Prins M., et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 2003, 349(10 July (2)):146-153.
124. Deitcher S.R., Kessler C.M., Merli G., Rigas J.R., Lyons R.M., Fareed J. Secondary prevention of venous thromboembolic events in patients with active cancer: enoxaparin alone versus initial enoxaparin followed by warfarin for a 180-day period. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2006, 12(October (4)):389-396.
125. Hull R.D., Pineo G.F., Brant R.F., Mah A.F., Burke N., Dear R., et al. Long-term low-molecular-weight heparin versus usual care in proximal-vein thrombosis patients with cancer. Am J Med 2006, 119(December (12)):1062-1072.
126. Meyer G., Marjanovic Z., Valcke J., Lorcerie B., Gruel Y., Solal-Celigny P., et al. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin for the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a randomized controlled study. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162(12-26 August (15)):1729-1735.
127. Hutten B.A., Prins M.H., Gent M., Ginsberg J., Tijssen J.G., Buller H.R. Incidence of recurrent thromboembolic and bleeding complications among patients with venous thromboembolism in relation to both malignancy and achieved international normalized ratio: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18(September (17)):3078-3083.
128. Zondag W., Mos I.C., Creemers-Schild D., Hoogerbrugge A.D., Dekkers O.M., Dolsma J., et al. Outpatient treatment in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: The Hestia study. J Thromb Haemost 2011.
129. Schmidt F., Faul C., Dichgans J., Weller M. Low molecular weight heparin for deep vein thrombosis in glioma patients. J Neurol 2002, 249(October (10)):1409-1412.
130. Monreal M., Zacharski L., Jimenez J.A., Roncales J., Vilaseca B. Fixed-dose low-molecular-weight heparin for secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with disseminated cancer: a prospective cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2004, 2(August (8)):1311-1315.
131. Vitale F.V., Rotondo S., Sessa E., Parisi A., Giaimo V., D'Angelo A., et al. Low molecular weight heparin administration in cancer patients with hypercoagulability related complications and carrying brain metastases: a case series study. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2011.
132. Lassen M.R., Raskob G.E., Gallus A., Pineo G., Chen D., Portman R.J. Apixaban or enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement. N Engl J Med 2009, 361(6 August (6)):594-604.
133. Lassen M.R., Gallus A., Raskob G.E., Pineo G., Chen D., Ramirez L.M. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip replacement. N Engl J Med 2010, 363(23 December (26)):2487-2498.
134. Efficacy and safety study of apixaban for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism; 2011. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00643201.
135. Mousa S.A., Linhardt R., Francis J.L., Amirkhosravi A. Anti-metastatic effect of a non-anticoagulant low-molecular-weight heparin versus the standard low-molecular-weight heparin, enoxaparin. Thromb Haemost 2006, 96(December (6)):816-821.
136. Phillips P.G., Yalcin M., Cui H., Abdel-Nabi H., Sajjad M., Bernacki R., et al. Increased tumor uptake of chemotherapeutics and improved chemoresponse by novel non-anticoagulant low molecular weight heparin. Anticancer Res 2011, 31(February (2)):411-419.
137. Lee A.Y., Rickles F.R., Julian J.A., Gent M., Baker R.I., Bowden C., et al. Randomized comparison of low molecular weight heparin and coumarin derivatives on the survival of patients with cancer and venous thromboembolism. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(1 April (10)):2123-2129.
138. Klerk C.P., Smorenburg S.M., Otten H.M., Lensing A.W., Prins M.H., Piovella F., et al. The effect of low molecular weight heparin on survival in patients with advanced malignancy. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(1 April (10)):2130-2135.
139. Altinbas M., Coskun H.S., Er O., Ozkan M., Eser B., Unal A., et al. A randomized clinical trial of combination chemotherapy with and without low-molecular-weight heparin in small cell lung cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2004, 2(August (8)):1266-1271.