Adjuvant therapy in colon cancer

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 99-109

  Graham, Janet S ^a   Cassidy, James ^b  

^a BEATSON WEST OF SCOTLAND CANCER CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

5 FU; adjuvant; bevacizumab; biomarker; capecitabine; cetuximab; colorectal; disease free survival; fully resected stage IV; irinotecan; KRAS; oxaliplatin; stage II

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; B RAF KINASE; BEVACIZUMAB; CAPECITABINE; CETUXIMAB; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR KINASE INHIBITOR; FLUOROPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; IRINOTECAN; OXALIPLATIN; PANITUMUMAB; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PLACEBO; TEGAFUR; TUMOR MARKER; URACIL;

ALOPECIA; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; COLON CANCER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HUMAN; HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; LUNG EMBOLISM; METASTASIS; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHARMACOGENOMICS; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; SENSORY NEUROPATHY; STOMATITIS; SURVIVAL TIME; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; TREATMENT DURATION; TUMOR BIOPSY;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III AS TOPIC; COLONIC NEOPLASMS; DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL; HUMANS; MULTICENTER STUDIES AS TOPIC; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 83455244494     PISSN: 14737140     EISSN: 17448328     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/era.11.189     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J. Clin. 56(2), 106-130 (2006).
2. Siegel RL, Jemal A, Ward EM. Increase in incidence of colorectal cancer among young men and women in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 18(6), 1695-1698 (2009).
3. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide. IARC CancerBase No. 10. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (2010).
4. Chao A, Thun MJ, Connell CJ et al. Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA 293(2), 172-182 (2005).
5. Longnecker MP, Orza MJ, Adams ME, Vioque J, Chalmers TC. A meta-analysis of alcoholic beverage consumption in relation to risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1(1), 59-68 (1990).
6. Levin KE, Dozois RR. Epidemiology of large bowel cancer. World J. Surg. 15(5), 562-567 (1991).
7. Munro AJ, Lain S, Lane DP. P53 abnormalities and outcomes in colorectal cancer: a systematic review. Br. J. Cancer 92(3), 434-444 (2005).
8. Samowitz WS, Slattery ML, Sweeney C, Herrick J, Wolff RK, Albertsen H. APC mutations and other genetic and epigenetic changes in colon cancer. Mol. Cancer Res. 5(2), 165-170 (2007).
9. Li HT, Lu YY, An YX, Wang X, Zhao QC. KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations in human colorectal cancer: relationship with metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncol. Rep. 25(6), 1691-1697 (2011).
10. Wolmark N, Fisher B, Wieand HS et al. The prognostic significance of preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels in colorectal cancer. Results from NSABP (National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project) clinical trials. Ann. Surg. 199(4), 375-382 (1984).
11. Compton CC, Fielding LP, Burgart LJ et al. Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. College of American Pathologists Consensus Statement 1999. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 124(7), 979-994 (2000).
12. Steinberg SM, Barwick KW, Stablein DM. Importance of tumor pathology and morphology in patients with surgically resected colon cancer. Findings from the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Cancer 58(6), 1340-1345 (1986).
13. Lim SB, Yu CS, Jang SJ, Kim TW, Kim JH, Kim JC. Prognostic significance of lymphovascular invasion in sporadic colorectal cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum 53(4), 377-384 (2010).
14. Popat S, Hubner R, Houlston RS. Systematic review of microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer prognosis. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(3), 609-618 (2005).
15. Wong JH, Severino R, Honnebier MB, Tom P, Namiki TS. Number of nodes examined and staging accuracy in colorectal carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 17(9), 2896-2900 (1999).
16. Le Voyer TE, Sigurdson ER, Hanlon AL et al. Colon cancer survival is associated with increasing number of lymph nodes analyzed: a secondary survey of intergroup trial INT-0089. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(15), 2912-2919 (2003).
17. Tepper JE, O'Connell MJ, Niedzwiecki D et al. Impact of number of nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with rectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 19(1), 157-163 (2001).
18. Compton CC. Updated protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with carcinomas of the colon and rectum, excluding carcinoid tumors, lymphomas, sarcomas, and tumors of the vermiform appendix: a basis for checklists. Cancer Committee. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 124(7), 1016-1025 (2000).
19. West NP, Hohenberger W, Weber K, Perrakis A, Finan PJ, Quirke P. Complete mesocolic excision with central vascular ligation produces an oncologically superior specimen compared with standard surgery for carcinoma of the colon. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(2), 272-278 (2010).
20. No authors listed. NIH consensus conference. Adjuvant therapy for patients with colon and rectal cancer. JAMA 264, 1444-1450 (1990).
21. Benson AB 3rd, Schrag D, Somerfield MR et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations on adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(16), 3408-3419 (2004).
22. Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS et al. Fluorouracil plus levamisole as effective adjuvant therapy after resection of stage III colon carcinoma: a final report. Ann. Intern. Med. 122(5), 321-326 (1995).
23. Andre T, Colin P, Louvet C et al. Semimonthly versus monthly regimen of fluorouracil and leucovorin administered for 24 or 36 weeks as adjuvant therapy in stage II and III colon cancer: results of a randomized trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(15), 2896-2903 (2003).
24. Schuller J, Cassidy J, Dumont E et al. Preferential activation of capecitabine in tumor following oral administration to colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 45(4), 291-297 (2000).
25. Hoff PM, Ansari R, Batist G et al. Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized Phase III study. J. Clin. Oncol. 19(8), 2282-2292 (2001).
26. Van Cutsem E, Twelves C, Cassidy J et al. Oral capecitabine compared with intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a large Phase III study. J. Clin. Oncol. 19(21), 4097-4106 (2001).
27. Twelves C, Wong A, Nowacki MP et al. Capecitabine as adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(26), 2696-2704 (2005).
28. Cassidy J, Douillard JY, Twelves C et al. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of adjuvant oral capecitabine vs intravenous 5-FU/LV in Dukes' C colon cancer: the X-ACT trial. Br. J. Cancer 94(8), 1122-1129 (2006).
29. Haller DG, Tabernero J, Maroun J et al. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil and folinic acid as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 29(11), 1465-1471 (2011).
30. Andre T, Boni C, Mounedji-Boudiaf L et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 350(23), 2343-2351 (2004).
31. Cunningham D, Pyrhonen S, James RD et al. Randomized trial of irinotecan plus supportive care versus supportive care alone after fluorouracil failure for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet 352(9138), 1413-1418 (1998).
32. Rougier P, Van Cutsem E, Bajetta E et al. Randomized trial of irinotecan versus fluorouracil by continuous infusion after fluorouracil failure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet 352(9138), 1407-1412 (1998).
33. Douillard JY, Cunningham D, Roth AD et al. Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicenter randomized trial. Lancet 355(9209), 1041-1047 (2000).
34. Saltz LB, Cox JV, Blanke C et al. Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. Irinotecan Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 343(13), 905-914 (2000).
35. Van Cutsem E, Labianca R, Bodoky G et al. Randomized Phase III trial comparing biweekly infusional fluorouracil/leucovorin alone or with irinotecan in the adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer: PETACC-3. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(19), 3117-3125 (2009).
36. Saltz LB, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D et al. Irinotecan fluorouracil plus leucovorin is not superior to fluorouracil plus leucovorin alone as adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer: results of CALGB 89803. J Clin. Oncol. 25(23), 3456-3461 (2007).
37. Ychou M, Raoul JL, Douillard JY et al. A Phase III randomized trial of LV5-FU2 + irinotecan versus LV5-FU2 alone in adjuvant high-risk colon cancer (FNCLCC Accord02/FFCD9802). Ann. Oncol. 20(4), 674-680 (2009).
38. Cassidy J, Bjarnason GA, Hickish T et al. Randomized double blind (DB) placebo (Plcb) controlled Phase III study assessing the efficacy of xaliproden (X) in reducing the cumulative peripheral sensory neuropathy (PSN) induced by the oxaliplatin (Ox) and 5-FU/LV combination (FOLFOX-4) in first-line treatment of patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC) J. Clin. Oncol. 24(18S), 3507 (2006).
39. Figueredo A, Charette ML, Maroun J, Brouwers MC, Zuraw L. Adjuvant therapy for stage II colon cancer: a systemic review from the Cancer Care Ontario Program in Evidence Based Cares Gastrointestinal Cancer Disease Site Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(10), 1200 (2004).
40. Figueredo A, Germond C, Maroun J, Browman G, Walker-Dilks C, Wong S. Adjuvant therapy for stage II colon cancer after complete resection. Cancer Prev. Control 1, 379-392 (1997).
41. Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS et al. Intergroup study of fluorouracil plus levamisole as adjuvant therapy for stage II/Dukes B2 colon cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 13, 2936-2943 (1995).
42. Gill S, Loprinzi CL, Sargent DJ et al. Pooled analysis of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy for stage II and III colon cancer: who benefits and by how much? J. Clin. Oncol. 22(10), 1797-1806 (2004).
43. [No authors listed]. International Multicenter Pooled Analysis of B2 Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT B2) Investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in B2 colon cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 17(5), 1356-1363 (1999).
44. Chau I, Norman AR, Cunningham D et al. A randomized comparison between 6 months of bolus fluorouracil/leucovorin and 12 weeks of protracted venous infusion fluorouracil as adjuvant treatment in colorectal cancer. Ann. Oncol. 16(4), 549-557 (2005).
45. Alberts SR, Sargent DJ, Smyrk TC. Adjuvant mFOLFOX6 with or without cetuxiumab (Cmab) in KRAS wild-type (WT) patients (pts) with resected stage III colon cancer (CC): results from NCCTG Intergroup Phase III Trial N0147. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(18 Suppl.) (2010) (Abstract CRA3507).
46. Wolmark N, Yothers G, O'Connell MJ et al. A Phase III trial comparing mFOLFOX6 to mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab in stage II or III carcinoma of the colon: results of NSABP Protocol C-08. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(Suppl. 18) (2009) (Abstract LBA4).
47. Allegra CJ, Yothers G, O'Connell MJ et al. Phase III trial assessing bevacizumab in stages II and III carcinoma of the colon: results of NSABP protocol C-08. J. Clin. Oncol. 29(1), 11-16 (2010).
48. De Gramont A, Van Cutsem E, Tabernero J et al. AVANT: results from a randomized, three-arm multinational Phase III study to investigate bevacizumab with either XELOX or FOLFOX4 versus FOLFOX4 alone as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 29(Suppl. 4) (2011) (Abstract 362).
49. Van Cutsem E, Lambrechts D, Prenen H, Jain RK, Carmeliet P. Lessons from the adjuvant bevacizumab trial on colon cancer: what next? J. Clin. Oncol. 29(1), 1-4 (2010).
50. Feliu J, Sereno M, Castro JD, Belda C, Casado E, Gonzalez-Baron M. Chemotherapy for colorectal cancer in the elderly: whom to treat and what to use. Cancer Treat. Rev. 35(3), 246-254 (2009).
51. Sargent DJ, Goldberg RM, Jacobson SD et al. A pooled analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy for resected colon cancer in elderly patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 345(15), 1091-1097 (2001).
52. Sundararajan V, Mitra N, Jacobson JS, Grann VR, Heitjan DF, Neugut AI. Survival associated with 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy among elderly patients with node-positive colon cancer. Ann. Intern. Med. 136(5), 349-357 (2002).
53. Jessup JM, Stewart A, Greene FL, Minsky BD. Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer: implications of race/ethnicity, age, and differentiation. JAMA 294(21), 2703-2711 (2005).
54. Goldberg RM, Tabah-Fisch I, Bleiberg H et al. Pooled analysis of safety and efficacy of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin administered bimonthly in elderly patients with colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(25), 4085-4091 (2006).
55. Wildes TM, Kallogjeri D, Powers B et al. The benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly patients with stage III colorectal cancer is independent of age and comorbidity. J. Geriatr. Oncol. 1(2), 48-56 (2010).
56. Kahn KL, Adams JL, Weeks JC et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy use and adverse events among older patients with stage III colon cancer. JAMA 303(11), 1037-1045 (2010).
57. Obeidat NA, Pradel FG, Zuckerman IH, DeLisle S, Mullins CD. Outcomes of irinotecan-based chemotherapy regimens in elderly Medicare patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Am. J. Geriatr. Pharmacother. 7(6), 343-354 (2009).
58. Sargent D, Shi Q, Yothers G et al. Two or three year disease-free survival (DFS) as a primary end-point in stage III adjuvant colon cancer trials with fluoropyrimidines with or without oxaliplatin or irinotecan: data from 12,676 patients from MOSAIC, X-ACT, PETACC-3, C-06, C-07 and C89803. Eur. J. Cancer 47(7), 990-996 (2011).
59. Morgan B, Thomas AL, Drevs J et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a biomarker for the pharmacological response of PTK787ZK 222584, an inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in patients with advanced colorectal cancer and liver metastases; results from two Phase I studies. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 3955-3964 (2003).
60. Scartozzi M, Galizia E, Chiorrini S et al. Arterial hypertension correlates with clinical outcome in colorectal cancer patietns treated with first line bevacizumab. Ann. Oncol. 20, 227-230 (2009).
61. Hurwitz H, Douglas PS, Middleton JP et al. Analysis of early hypertension and clinical outcome in colorectal cancer patients treated with first-line bevacizumab. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(Suppl.) (2010) (Abstract 3039).
62. De Roock W, Claes B, Bernasconi D et al. Effects of KRAS, BRAF, NRAS and KIK3CA mutations on the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in chemotherapy refractory metastatic colrectal cancer; a retrospective consortium analysis. Lancet Oncol. 11, 753-762 (2010).
63. Dienstmann R, Vilar E, Tabernero J. Molecular predictors of response to chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Cancer J. 17(2), 114-126 (2011).
64. O'Connell MJ, Lavery I, Yothers G et al. Relationship between tumor gene expression and recurrence in four independent studies of patients with stage II/III colon cancer treated with surgery alone or surgery plus adjuvant fluorouracil plus leucovorin. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(25), 3937-3944 (2010).
65. Salazar R, Roepman P, Capella G et al. Gene expression signature to improve prognosis prediction of stage II and III colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 29(1), 17-24 (2010).
66. Molinari F, Martin V, Saletti P et al. Differing deregulation of EGFR and downstream proteins in primary colorectal cancer and related metastatic sites may be clinically relevant. Br. J. Cancer 100(7), 1087-1094 (2009).
67. Baldus SE, Schaefer KL, Engers R, Hartleb D, Stoecklein NH, Gabbert HE. Prevalence and heterogeneity of KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations in primary colorectal adenocarcinomas and their corresponding metastases. Clin. Cancer Res. 16(3), 790-799 (2010).
68. Brouquet A, Abdalla EK, Kopetz S et al. High survival rate after two-stage resection of advanced colorectal liver metastases: response-based selection and complete resection define outcome. J. Clin. Oncol. 29(8), 1083-1090 (2011).
69. Rena O, Casadio C, Viano F et al. Pulmonary resection for metastases from colorectal cancer: factors influencing prognosis. Twenty-year experience. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 21(5), 906-912 (2002).
70. Vogelsang H, Haas S, Hierholzer C, Berger U, Siewert JR, Prauer H. Factors influencing survival after resection of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer. Br. J. Surg. 91(8), 1066-1071 (2004).
71. Nordlinger B, Sorbye H, Glimelius B et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC Intergroup trial 40983): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 371(9617), 1007-1016 (2008).
72. O'Connell JB, Maggard MA, Ko CY. Colon cancer survival rates with the new American Joint Committee on Cancer sixth edition staging. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 96(19), 1420-1425 (2004).