Clinically significant drug interactions with newer antidepressants

CNS Drugs

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 39-67

  Spina, Edoardo ^a,b   Trifirò, Gianluca ^a,b   Caraci, Filippo ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

^b IRCCS CENTRO NEUROLESI BONINO PULEJO   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Adrenergic uptake inhibitors; Agomelatine; Antidepressants; Bupropion; Citalopram; Desvenlafaxine; Drug interactions; Duloxetine; Escitalopram; Fluoxetine; Fluvoxamine; Milnacipran; Mirtazapine; Paroxetine; Reboxetine; Serotonin syndrome; Serotonin uptake inhibitors; Sertraline; Venlafaxine; Vilazodone

Indexed keywords

AGOMELATINE; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CITALOPRAM; CLOZAPINE; DESVENLAFAXINE; DULOXETINE; ESCITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; METOPROLOL; MILNACIPRAN; MIRTAZAPINE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NIFEDIPINE; NORFLUOXETINE; OMEPRAZOLE; PAROXETINE; PROPRANOLOL; REBOXETINE; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TAMOXIFEN; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; TRIPTAN DERIVATIVE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VENLAFAXINE; VERAPAMIL; VILAZODONE; WARFARIN;

ANXIETY DISORDER; BINDING AFFINITY; BINDING COMPETITION; DEPRESSION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DISPOSITION; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG TRANSFORMATION; FIBROMYALGIA; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPONATREMIA; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MOOD DISORDER; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEROTONIN SYNDROME; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STEADY STATE; STRESS INCONTINENCE;

ANIMALS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DEPRESSION; DRUG INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS;

EID: 83455178828     PISSN: 11727047     EISSN: 11791934     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11594710-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Stahl S. Antidepressants. In: Stahl S, editor. Stahl's essential psychopharmacology. 3rd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008: 511-666
2. Bauer M, Bschor T, Pfennig A, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders in primary care. World J Biol Psychiatry 2007; 8: 67-1004
3. Preskorn S, Werder S. Detrimental antidepressant drugdrug interactions: are they clinically relevant? Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 1605-12 (Pubitemid 44106690)
4. Spina E, Perucca E. Newer and older antidepressants: a comparative review of drug interactions. CNS Drugs 1994; 2: 479-97
5. Lane RM. Pharmacokinetic drug interaction potential of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11 Suppl. 5: 31-61 (Pubitemid 27049280)
6. Hiemke C, Hartter S. Pharmacokinetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2000; 85: 11-28
7. Hemeryck A, Belpaire FM. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cytochrome P-450 mediated drug-drug interactions: an update. Curr Drug Metab 2002; 3: 13-37 (Pubitemid 34296308)
8. Nemeroff CB, Preskorn S, Devane CL. Antidepressant drug-drug interactions: clinical relevance and risk management. CNS Spectr 2007; 12 Suppl. 7: 1-13
9. Spina E, Santoro V, D'Arrigo C. Clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with second-generation antidepressants: an update. Clin Ther 2008; 30: 1206-27
10. Caraci F, Crupi R, Drago F, et al. Metabolic drug interactions between antidepressants and anticancer drugs: focus on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and hypericum extract. Curr Drug Metab 2011; 12: 570-7
11. Dalton SO, Sorensen HT, Johansen C. SSRIs and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: what is known and how should it influence prescribing? CNS Drugs 2006; 20: 143-51 (Pubitemid 43261698)
12. Van Walraven C, Mamdani MM, Wells PS, et al. Inhibition of serotonin reuptake by antidepressants and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients: retrospective cohort study. Br Med J 2001; 323: 2354-8
13. Meijer WE, Heerdink ER, Nolen WA, et al. Association of risk of abnormal bleeding with degree of serotonin reuptake inhibition by antidepressants. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 2367-70 (Pubitemid 39532249)
14. Vidal X, Ibanez L, Vendrell L, et al. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the degree of serotonin reuptake inhibition by antidepressants: a case-control study. Drug Saf 2008; 31: 159-68 (Pubitemid 351158526)
15. Dall M, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Lassen AT, et al. An association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 1314-21
16. De Abajo FJ, Rodriguez LAG, Montero D. Association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: population based case-control study. Br Med J 1999; 319: 1106-9 (Pubitemid 29494721)
17. Dalton SO, Johansen C, Mellemkjaer L, et al. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 59-64 (Pubitemid 36091601)
18. Tata LJ, Fortun PJ, Hubbard RB, et al. Does concurrent prescription of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs substantially increase the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22: 175-81 (Pubitemid 41153059)
19. de Jong J, van der Berg PB, Tobi H, et al. Combined use of SSRIs and NSAIDs increases the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 55: 591-5 (Pubitemid 36783201)
20. Targownik LE, Bolton JM, Metge CJ, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are associated with a modest increase in the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 1475-82
21. Bak S, Tsiropoulos I, Kjaersgaard JO, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of stroke: a population-based case-control study. Stroke 2002; 33: 1465-73 (Pubitemid 34619941)
22. Douglas I, Smeeth L, Irvine D. The use of antidepressants and the risk of haemorrhagic stroke: a nested case control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71: 116-20
23. Woolfrey S, Gammack N, Dewar M, et al. Fluoxetinewarfarin interaction [letter]. Br Med J 1993; 307: 241
24. Dent LA, Orrock MW. Warfarin-fluoxetine and diazepamfluoxetine interaction. Pharmacotherapy 1997; 17: 170-2
25. Duncan D, Sayal K, McConnell H, et al. Antidepressant interactions with warfarin. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 13: 87-94 (Pubitemid 28218520)
26. Yap KB, Low ST. Interaction of fluvoxamine with warfarin in an elderly woman. Singapore Med J 1999; 40: 480-2 (Pubitemid 29376898)
27. Sayal KS, Duncan-McConnell DA, McConnell HW, et al. Psychotropic interactions with warfarin. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 102: 250-2
28. Limke KK, Shelton AR, Elliott ES. Fluvoxamine interaction with warfarin. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36: 1890-2 (Pubitemid 35429561)
29. Wallerstedt SM, Gleerup H, Sundstrom A, et al. Risk of clinically relevant bleeding in warfarin-treated patients: influence of SSRI treatment. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009; 18: 412-6
30. Hauta-Aho M, Tirkkonen T, Vahlberg T, et al. The effect of drug interactions on bleeding risk associated with warfarin therapy in hospitalized patients. Ann Med 2009; 41: 619-28
31. Schalekamp T, Klungel OH, Souverei PC, et al. Increased bleeding risk with concurrent use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and coumarins. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 180-5 (Pubitemid 351185885)
32. De Abajo FJ, Montero D, Garcia-Rodriguez LA, et al. Antidepressants and risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Basic Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006; 98: 304-10
33. Mort JR, Aparasu RR, Baer RK. Interaction between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 2006; 26: 1307-13 (Pubitemid 44306891)
34. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 31-40 (Pubitemid 350212624)
35. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. New Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1112-20
36. Frank C. Recognition and treatment of serotonin syndrome. Can Fam Physician 2008; 54: 988-92
37. Tepper S, Allen C, Sanders D, et al. Coprescription of triptans with potentially interacting medications: a cohort study involving 240,268 patients. Headache 2003; 43: 44-8 (Pubitemid 36150989)
38. Fleishaker JC, Ryan KK, Carel BJ, et al. Evaluation of the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between almotriptan and fluoxetine in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41: 217-23 (Pubitemid 32106063)
39. Buchan P, Keywood C, Wade A, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of frovatriptan. Headache 2002; 42: S54-62 (Pubitemid 34568918)
40. FDA Alert. July 19, 2006. Combined use of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists (triptans), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) may result in life-threatening serotonin syndrome [online]. Available from URL: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/Postmarket DrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/DrugSafety InformationforHeathcareProfessionals/PublicHealthAdvi sories/ucm124349.htm [Accessed 2011 Oct 13]
41. Shapiro RE, Tepper SJ. The serotonin syndrome, triptans and the potential for drug-drug interactions. Headache 2007; 47: 266-9
42. Wappler F, Fiege M, Schulteam Esch J. Pathophysiological role of the serotonin system in malignant hyperthermia. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 793-7
43. Isbister GK, Whyte IM. Serotonin toxicity and malignant hyperthermia: role of 5-HT2 receptors. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88: 603-4 (Pubitemid 34285219)
44. Evans RW, Tepper SJ, Shapiro RE, et al. The FDA alert on serotonin syndrome with use of triptans combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: American Headache Society position paper. Headache 2010; 50: 1089-99
45. Spina E. Drug interactions. In: Shorvon S, Perucca E, Engel J, editors. Treatment of epilepsy, 3rd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2009: 361-77
46. Cozza KL, Armstrong SC, Oesterheld JR. Concise guide to drug interaction principles for medical practice: cytochrome P450s, UGTs, P-glycoproteins. 2nd ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association, 2003
47. Lin JH. Transporter-mediated drug interactions: clinical implications and in vitro assessment. Exp Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 3: 81-92 (Pubitemid 47307456)
48. Zhang L, Huang SM, Lesko LJ. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 89: 481-4
49. Weiss J, Dorman SM, Martin-Facklam M, et al. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by newer antidepressants. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305: 197-204 (Pubitemid 36373851)
50. Ehret MJ, Levin GM, Narasimhan M, et al. Venlafaxine induces P-glycoprotein in human Caco-2 cells. Hum Psychopharmacol 2007; 22: 49-53 (Pubitemid 46178778)
51. Bachmeier CJ, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Ganey NJ, et al. Induction of drug efflux protein expression by venlafaxine but not desvenlafaxine. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2011; 32: 233-44
52. Dhillon S, Scott LJ, Plosker GL. Escitalopram: a review of its use in the management of anxiety disorders. CNS Drugs 2006; 20: 763-90 (Pubitemid 44376343)
53. Garnock-Jones KP, McCormack PL. Escitalopram: a review of its use in the management of major depressive disorder in adults. CNS Drugs 2010; 24: 769-96
54. Rao N. The clinical pharmacokinetics of escitalopram. Clin Pharmacokinet 2007; 46: 281-90 (Pubitemid 46507007)
55. Von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ, Giancarlo GM, et al. Escitalopram (S-citalopram) and its metabolites in vitro: cytochromes mediating biotransformation, inhibitory effects, and comparison to R-citalopram. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29: 1102-9 (Pubitemid 32660528)
56. Malling D, Poulsen MN, Sogaard B. The effect of cimetidine or omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of escitalopram in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 60: 287-90 (Pubitemid 41224136)
57. Rocha A, Coelho EB, Sampaio SA, et al. Omeprazole preferentially inhibits the metabolism of (+)-(S)-citalopram in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 70: 43-51
58. Gutierrez MM, Rosenberg J, Abramowitz W. An evaluation of the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions between escitalopram and the cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor ritonavir. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 1200-10 (Pubitemid 36532587)
59. Bondolfi G, Chautems C, Rochat B, et al. Non-response to citalopram in depressive patients: pharmacokinetic and clinical consequences of a fluvoxamine augmentation. Psychopharmacology 1996; 128: 421-5 (Pubitemid 26417684)
60. Lexapro oral tablet, oral solution; escitalopram oxalate tablet, oral solution [product information]. St. Louis (MO): Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2005 Feb
61. Nikolic M, Noorani A, Park G. Interaction between clonidine and escitalopram. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102: 567-8
62. Huska MT, Catalano G, Catalano MC. Serotonin syndrome associated with the use of escitalopram. CNS Spectr 2007; 12: 270-4 (Pubitemid 46717319)
63. Lessard E, Yessine MA, Hamelin BA, et al. Diphenhydramine alters the disposition of venlafaxine through inhibition of CYP2D6 activity in humans. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21: 175-84 (Pubitemid 32221055)
64. Hynninen VV, Olkkola KT, Bertilsson L, et al. Effect of terbinafine and voriconazole on the pharmacokinetics of the antidepressant venlafaxine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 83: 342-8
65. Lindh JD, Annas A, Meurling L, et al. Effect of ketoconazole on venlafaxine plasma concentrations in extensive and poor metabolisers of debrisoquine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 59: 401-6 (Pubitemid 37214946)
66. Albers LJ, Reist C, Vu RL, et al. Effect of venlafaxine on imipramine metabolism. Psychiatry Res 2000; 20: 235-43
67. McCue RE, Joseph M. Venlafaxine-and trazodoneinduced serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 2088-9
68. Effexor XR(R) extended-release oral capsules (venlafaxine hydrochloride extended-release oral capsules) [US prescribing information]. Philadelphia (PA): Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2009
69. Patat A, Baird-Bellaire S, Behrle J. Lack of clinically relevant effect of pharmacokinetic interaction between ketoconazole and desvenlafaxine-SR pharmacokinetics [abstract no. PII-50]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007 Mar; 81 Suppl. 1: S64
70. Nichols AI, Fatato P, Shenouda M, et al. The effects of desvenlafaxine and paroxetine on the pharmacokinetics of the cytochrome P450 2D6 substrate desipramine in healthy adults. J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 49: 219-28
71. Patroneva A, Connolly SM, Fatato P, et al. An assessment of drug-drug interactions: the effect of desvenlafaxine and duloxetine on the pharmacokinetics of the CYP2D6 probe desipramine in healthy subjects. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36: 2484-91
72. PRISTIQ(TM) oral extended-release tablets (desvenlafaxine oral extended-release tablets) [US prescribing information]. Philadelphia (PA): Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2008
73. Skinner MH, Kuan HY, Pan A, et al. Duloxetine is both an inhibitor and a substrate of cytochrome P4502D6 in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003; 73: 170-7 (Pubitemid 36269668)
74. Lobo ED, Bergstrom RF, Reddy S, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of cytochrome P4501A2 interactions with duloxetine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2008; 47: 191-202
75. CYMBALTA(R) delayed-release oral capsules (duloxetine HCl delayed-release oral capsules) [US prescribing information]. Indianapolis (IN): Eli Lilly and Company, 2008
76. Hua TC, Pan A, Cha C, et al. Effect of duloxetine on tolterodine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 57: 652-6 (Pubitemid 38582186)
77. Preskorn SH, Greenblatt DJ, Flockhart D, et al. Comparison of duloxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline effects on cytochrome P450 2D6 function in healthy volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27: 28-34 (Pubitemid 46105760)
78. Santoro V, D'Arrigo C, Micò U, et al. Effect of adjunctive duloxetine on the plasma concentrations of clozapine, olanzapine and risperidone in patients with psychotic disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 30: 634-6
79. Glueck CJ, Khalil Q, Winiarska M, et al. Interaction of duloxetine and warfarin causing severe elevation of international normalized ratio. JAMA 2006; 295: 1517-8
80. Puozzo C, Leonard BE. Pharmacokinetics of milnacipran in comparison with other antidepressants. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11 Suppl. 4: 15-27 (Pubitemid 26371015)
81. Sitsen JM, Maris FA, Timmer CJ. Concomitant use of mirtazapine and cimetidine: a drug-drug interaction study in healthy male subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 56: 389-94 (Pubitemid 30666065)
82. Anttila AK, Rasanen L, Leinonen EV. Fluvoxamine augmentation increases serum mirtazapine concentration three-to fourfold. Ann Pharmacother 2001; 35: 1221-3 (Pubitemid 32959192)
83. Demers JC, Malone M. Serotonin syndrome induced by fluvoxamine and mirtazapine. Ann Pharmacother 2001; 35: 1217-20 (Pubitemid 32959191)
84. Sitsen J, Maris F, Timmer C. Drug-drug interaction studies with mirtazapine and carbamazepine in healthy male subjects. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2001; 26: 109-21 (Pubitemid 32802403)
85. Spaans E, van den Heuvel MW, Schnabel PG, et al. Concomitant use of mirtazepine and phenytoin: a drug-drug interactions study in healthy male subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 58: 423-9
86. Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JM, et al. Factors potentiating the risk of mirtazapine-associated restless legs syndrome. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 2008; 23: 615-20
87. Herman BD, Fleishaker JC, Brown MT. Ketoconazole inhibits the clearance of the enantiomers of the antidepressant reboxetine in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 66: 374-9 (Pubitemid 29494130)
88. Helland A, Spigset O. Low serum concentrations of reboxetine in 2 patients treated with CYP3A4 inducers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27: 308-10 (Pubitemid 46763319)
89. Turpeinen M, Tolonen A, Uusitalo J, et al. Effect of clopidogrel and ticlopidine on cytochrome P450 2B6 activity as measured by bupropion hydroxylation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005; 77: 553-9 (Pubitemid 40824968)
90. Ketter TA, Jenkins JB, Schroeder DH, et al. Carbamazepine but not valproate induces bupropion metabolism. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 15: 327-33
91. Loboz KK, Gross AS, Williams KM, et al. Cytochrome P450 2B6 activity as measured by bupropion hydroxylation: effect of induction by rifampin and ethnicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006; 80: 75-84 (Pubitemid 43964914)
92. Hogeland GW, Swindells S, McNabb JC, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir reduces bupropion plasma concentrations in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 81: 69-75 (Pubitemid 46069599)
93. Kharasch ED, Mitchell D, Coles R, et al. Rapid clinical induction of hepatic cytochrome P4502B6 activity by ritonavir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52: 1663-9 (Pubitemid 351614658)
94. Park J, Vousden M, Brittain C, et al. Dose-related reduction in bupropion plasma concentrations by ritonavir. J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 50: 1180-7
95. Jefferson JW, Pradko JF, Muir KT. Bupropion for major depressive disorder: pharmacokinetic and formulations considerations. Clin Ther 2005; 27: 1685-95 (Pubitemid 41815222)
96. Weintraub D. Nortriptyline toxicity secondary to interaction with bupropion sustained-release. Depress Anxiety 2001; 13: 50-2 (Pubitemid 32537095)
97. Kennedy SH, McCann SM, Masellis M, et al. Combining bupropion SR with venlafaxine, paroxetine, or fluoxetine: a preliminary report on pharmacokinetic, therapeutic, and sexual dysfunction effects. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 181-6 (Pubitemid 34407075)
98. Paslakis G, Gilles M, Deuschle M. Clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction between venlafaxine and bupropion: a case series. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 30: 473-4
99. McCollum DL, Greene JL, McGuire DK. Severe sinus bradycardia after initiation of bupropion therapy: a probable drug interaction with metoprolol. Cardiovasc Drug Ther 2004; 18: 329-30 (Pubitemid 39222176)
100. Desmerais JE, Looper KJ. Interactions between tamoxifen and antidepressants via cytochrome P450 2D6. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 1688-97
101. Valdoxan (agomelatine): summary of product characteristics [online]. Servier Laboratories Ltd., 2009. Available from URL: http://emc.medicines.org. uk/medicine/21830/SPC/Valdoxan/[Accessed 2010 Jan 29]
102. VIIBRYD(R) oral tablets (vilazodone HCl oral tablets) [US prescribing information]. New Haven (CT): Trovis Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 2011
103. Noher-Jensen L, Zwisler ST, Larsen F, et al. Escitalopram is a weak inhibitor of the CYP2D6-catalyzed Odemethylation of (+)-tramadol but does not reduce the hypoalgesic effect in experimental pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009; 86: 626-33
104. Waade RB, Christensen H, Rudberg I, et al. Influence of comedication on serum concentrations of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole. Ther Drug Monit 2009; 31: 233-8
105. Izzo AA, Ernst E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: an updated systematic review. Drugs 2009; 69: 1777-98
106. Hilli J, Korhonen T, Laine K. Lack of clinically significant interactions between concomitantly administered rasagiline and escitalopram. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr 2009; 33: 1526-32
107. Covyeou JA, Jackson CW. Hyponatremia associated with escitalopram. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 94-5
108. Frazer A. Serotonergic and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors: prediction of clinical effects from in vitro potencies. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 Suppl. 12: 16-23 (Pubitemid 32578703)
109. Wellington K, Perry CM. Venlafaxine extended-release: a review of its use in the management of major depression. CNS Drugs 2001; 15: 643-69 (Pubitemid 32848345)
110. Otton SV, Ball SE, Cheung SW, et al. Venlafaxine oxidation in vitro is catalyzed by CYP2D6. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 41: 149-56 (Pubitemid 26060742)
111. Fogelman SM, Schmider J, Venkatakrishnan K, et al. O-and N-demethylation of venlafaxine in vitro by human liver microsomes and by microsomes from cDNAtransfected cells: effect of metabolic inhibitors and SSRI antidepressants. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 20: 480-90 (Pubitemid 29123875)
112. Nichols AI, Lobello K, Guico-Pabia CJ, et al. Venlafaxine metabolism as a marker of cytochrome P450 enzyme 2D6 metabolizer status. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 29: 383-6
113. Ball SE, Ahern D, Scantina J, et al. Venlafaxine: in vitro inhibition of CYP2D6 dependent imipramine and desipramine metabolism; comparative studies with selected SSRI's, and effects on human hepatic CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP1A2. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 42: 619-26 (Pubitemid 27283571)
114. Von Moltke LL, Duan SX, Greenblatt DJ, et al. Venlafaxine and metabolites are weak inhibitors of human cytochrome P450-3A isoforms. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41: 377-80 (Pubitemid 27095264)
115. Troy SM, Rudolph R, Mayersohn M, et al. The influence of cimetidine on the disposition kinetics of the antidepressant venlafaxine. J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 38: 467-74 (Pubitemid 28224222)
116. Eap C, Lessard E, Bauman P, et al. Role of CYP2D6 in the stereoselective disposition of venlafaxine in humans. Pharmacogenetics 2003; 13: 39-47 (Pubitemid 36135685)
117. Amchin J, Zarycransky W, Taylor KP, et al. Effect of venlafaxine on CYP1A2-dependent pharmacokinetics and metabolism of caffeine. J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 39: 252-9 (Pubitemid 29148547)
118. Troy SM, Lucki I, Peirgies AA, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the potential drug interaction between venlafaxine and diazepam. J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 35: 410-9
119. Amchin J, Zarycransky W, Taylor KP, et al. Effect of venlafaxine on the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam. Psychopharmacol Bull 1998; 34: 211-9 (Pubitemid 28292711)
120. Levin GM, Nelson LA, DeVane CL, et al. A pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study of venlafaxine and indinavir. Psychopharmacol Bull 2001; 35: 62-71
121. Amchin J, Zarycransky W, Taylor KP, et al. Effect of venlafaxine on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone. J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 39: 297-309 (Pubitemid 29148553)
122. Repo-Tiihonen E, Eloranta A, Hallikainen T, et al. Effects of venlafaxine treatment on clozapine plasma levels in schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychology 2005; 51: 173-6 (Pubitemid 40976398)
123. Jin Y, Desta Z, Stearns V, et al. CYP2D6 genotype, antidepressant use, and tamoxifen metabolism during adjuvant breast cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 30-9
124. Borges S, Desta Z, Li L, et al. Quantitative effect of CYP2D6 genotype and inhibitors on tamoxifen metabolism: implications for optimization of breast cancer treatment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006; 80: 61-74 (Pubitemid 43946844)
125. Mekler G, Woggon B. A case of serotonin syndrome caused by venlafaxine and lithium. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997; 30: 272-3 (Pubitemid 28006082)
126. Adan-Manes J, Novalbos J, Ló pez-Rodr?́guez R, et al. Lithium and venlafaxine interaction: a case of serotonin syndrome. J Clin Pharm Ther 2006; 31: 397-400 (Pubitemid 44060206)
127. Prost N, Tichadou L, Rodor F, et al. St Johns wortvenlafaxine interaction. Presse Med 2000; 29: 1285-6
128. De Abajo FJ, Garcia-Rodriguez LA. Risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine therapy: interaction with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and effect of acid-suppressing agents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65: 795-803 (Pubitemid 351957705)
129. Opatrny L, Delaney JA, Suissa S. Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage risks of selective serotonin receptor antagonist therapy: a new look. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 66: 76-81 (Pubitemid 351822152)
130. Yang LP, Plosker GL. Desvenlafaxine extended-release. CNS Drugs 2008; 22: 1061-9
131. Perry R, Cassagnol M. Desvenlafaxine: a new serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of adults with major depressive disorder. Clin Ther 2009; 31: 1374-404
132. Oganesian A, Shilling AD, Young-Sciame R, et al. Desvenlafaxine and venlafaxine exert minimal in vitro inhibition of human cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein activities. Psychopharmacol Bull 2009; 42: 47-63
133. Frampton JE, Plosker GL. Duloxetine: a review of its use in the treatment of major depressive disorder. CNS Drugs 2007; 21: 581-609 (Pubitemid 46991960)
134. Carter NJ, McCormack PL. Duloxetine: a review of its use in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. CNS Drugs 2009; 23: 523-41
135. Lantz RJ, Gillespie TA, Rash TJ, et al. Metabolism, excretion, and pharmacokinetics of duloxetine in healthy human subjects. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31: 1142-50 (Pubitemid 37048286)
136. Knadler MP, Lobo E, Chappell J, et al. Duloxetine: clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2011; 50: 281-94
137. Fric M, Pfuhlmann B, Laux G, et al. The influence of smoking on the serum level of duloxetine. Pharmacopsychiatry 2008; 41: 151-5
138. Hendset M, Molden E, Enoksen TB, et al. The effect of coadministration of duloxetine on steady-state serum concentration of risperidone and aripiprazole: a study based on therapeutic drug monitoring data. Ther Drug Monit 2010; 32: 787-90
139. Chappell J, He J, Knadler MP, et al. Effects of duloxetine on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin at steady-state in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 49: 1456-66
140. Spencer CM, Wilde MI. Milnacipran: a review of its use in depression. Drugs 1998; 56: 405-27 (Pubitemid 28454266)
141. Pae CU, Marks DM, Shah M, et al. Milnacipran: beyond a role of antidepressant. Clin Neuropharmacol 2009; 32: 355-63
142. Puozzo C, Panconi E, Deprez D. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of milnacipran. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17 Suppl. 1: S25-35 (Pubitemid 34686782)
143. Puozzo C, Lens S, Reh C, et al. Lack of interaction of milnacipran with the cytochrome p450 isoenzymes frequently involved in the metabolism of antidepressants. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005; 44: 977-88 (Pubitemid 41252846)
144. Puozzo C, Hermann P, Chassard D. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction when switching from fluoxetine to milnacipran. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 21: 153-8 (Pubitemid 43740306)
145. Paris BL, Ogilvie BW, Scheinkoenig JA, et al. In vitro inhibition and induction of human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes by milnacipran. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37: 2045-54
146. SAVELLA(R) oral tablets (milnacipran HCL oral tablets) [US prescribing information]. St Louis (MO): Forest Pharmaceuticals, 2009
147. Croom KF, Perry CM, Plosker GL. Mirtazapine: a review of its use in major depression and other psychiatric disorders. CNS Drugs 2009; 23: 427-52
148. Timmer CJ, Sitsen JM, Delbressine LP. Clinical pharmacokinetics of mirtazapine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000; 38: 461-74 (Pubitemid 30394311)
149. Stormer E, von Moltke LL, Shader RI, et al. Metabolism of the antidepressant mirtazapine in vitro: contribution of cytochromes P-450 1A2, 2D6, and 3A4. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28: 1168-75
150. Sennef C, Timmer CJ, Sitsen JMA. Mirtazapine in combination with amitriptyline: a drug-drug interaction studies in healthy subjects. Hum Psychopharmacol 2003; 18: 91-101 (Pubitemid 36304723)
151. Ruwe FJL, Smulders RA, Kleijn HJ, et al. Mirtazapine and paroxetine: a drug-drug interaction study in healthy subjects. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001; 16: 449-59 (Pubitemid 32895588)
152. Loonen AJ, Doorschot CH, Oostelbos MC, et al. Lack of drug interaction between mirtazapine and risperidone in psychiatric patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1999; 10: 51-7
153. Zoccali R, Muscatello MR, La Torre D, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between mirtazapine and the newer antipsychotics clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Pharmacol Res 2003; 48: 411-4 (Pubitemid 36945340)
154. Lind AB, Reis M, Bengtsson F, et al. Steady-state concentrations of mirtazapine, N-desmethylmirtazapine, 8-hydroxymirtazapine and their enantiomers in relation to cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype, age and smoking behaviour. Clin Pharmacokinet 2009; 48: 63-70
155. Dimellis D. Serotonin syndrome produced by a combination of venlafaxine and mirtazapine. World J Biol Psychiatry 2002; 3: 167
156. Hernandez JL, Ramos FJ, Infante J, et al. Severe serotonin syndrome induced by mirtazapine monotherapy. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36: 641-3 (Pubitemid 34270280)
157. Ubogu EE, Katirji B. Mirtazapine-induced serotonin syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 2003; 26: 54-7 (Pubitemid 36397359)
158. Houlihan DJ. Serotonin syndrome resulting from coadministration of tramadol, venlafaxine, and mirtazapine. Ann Pharmacother 2004; 38: 411-3 (Pubitemid 38235331)
159. Isbister GK, Whyte IM. Adverse reactions to mirtazapine are unlikely to be serotonin toxicity. Clin Neropharmacol 2003; 26: 287-8
160. Gillman PK. A review of serotonin toxicity: implications for the mechanisms of antidepressant drug action. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59: 1046-51 (Pubitemid 43849654)
161. Shioda K, Nisijima K, Yoshino T, et al. Mirtazapine abolishes hyperthermia in an animal model of serotonin syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2010; 482: 216-9
162. Rottach KG, Schaner BM, Kirch MH, et al. Restless legs syndrome as side effect of second generation antidepressants. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43: 70-5
163. Hajos M, Fleishaker JC, Filipiak-Reisner JK, et al. The selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant reboxetine: pharmacological and clinical profile. CNS Drug Rev 2004; 10: 23-44 (Pubitemid 38381173)
164. Fleishaker JC. Clinical pharmacokinetics of reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of patients with depression. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000; 39: 413-27 (Pubitemid 32099469)
165. Wienkers LC, Allievi C, Hauer MJ, et al. Cytochrome P-450-mediated metabolism of the individual enantiomers of the antidepressant agent reboxetine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 1999; 27: 1334-40
166. Fleishaker JC, Herman BD, Pearson LK. Evaluation of the potential pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interaction between fluoxetine and reboxetine in healthy volunteers. Clin Drug Invest 1999; 18: 141-50 (Pubitemid 29391392)
167. Avenoso A, Facciolà G, Scordo MG, et al. No effect of the new antidepressant reboxetine on CYP2D6 activity in healthy volunteers. Ther Drug Monit 1999; 21: 577-9 (Pubitemid 29468328)
168. Spina E, Avenoso A, Scordo MG, et al. No effect of reboxetine on plasma concentrations of clozapine, risperidone and their active metabolites. Ther Drug Monit 2001; 23: 675-8 (Pubitemid 33086498)
169. Kerr JS, Powell J, Hindmarch I. The effects of reboxetine and amitriptyline, with and without alcohol, on cognitive function and psychomotor performance. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 42: 239-41 (Pubitemid 26255073)
170. Cooper-Kazaz R, Cohen A, Lerer B. Noradrenergic adverse effects due to combined treatment with reboxetine and triiodothyronine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 30: 211-2
171. Dhillon S, Yag LPH, Curra MP. Bupropion: a review of its use in the management of major depressive disorder. Drugs 2008; 68: 653-89 (Pubitemid 351484811)
172. Hesse LM, Venkatakrishnan K, Court MH, et al. CYP2B6 mediates the in vitro hydroxylation of bupropion: potential drug interactions with other antidepressants. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28: 1176-83
173. Kotlyar M, Brauer LH, Tracy TS, et al. Inhibition of CYP2D6 activity by bupropion. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25: 226-9 (Pubitemid 40685785)
174. Richter T, Mü rdter TE, Heinkele G, et al. Potent mechanism-based inhibition of human CYP2B6 by clopidogrel and ticlopidine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 308: 189-97 (Pubitemid 38090717)
175. Turpeinen M, Nieminen R, Juntunen T, et al. Selective inhibition of CYP2B6-catalyzed bupropion hydroxylation in human liver microsomes in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32: 626-31 (Pubitemid 38668155)
176. Guo Z, Raeissi S, White RB, et al. Orphenadrine and methimazole inhibit multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 1997; 25: 390-3 (Pubitemid 27120588)
177. Reese MJ, Wurm RM, Muir KT, et al. An in vitro mechanistic study to elucidate the desipramine/bupropion clinical drug-drug interaction. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36: 1198-201 (Pubitemid 351929331)
178. Wellbutrin XL(TM) bupropion hydrochloride extendedrelease tablets [US prescribing information]. Research Triangle Park (NC): GlaxoSmithKline, 2003
179. Enns MW. Seizure during combination of trimipramine and bupropion. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 476-7
180. Shin YW, Erm TM, Choi EJ, et al. A case of prolonged seizure activity after combined use of bupropion and clomipramine. Clin Neuropharmacol 2004; 27: 192-4 (Pubitemid 39121733)
181. De Bodinat C, Guardiola-Lemaitre B, Mocaer E, et al. Agomelatine, the first melatonergic antidepressant: discovery, characterization and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9: 628-42
182. McAllister-Williams RH, Baldwin DS, Haddad PM, et al. The use of antidepressants in clinical practice: focus on agomelatine. Hum Psychopharmacol 2010; 25: 95-102
183. Green B. Focus on agomelatine. Curr Med Res Opin 2011; 27: 745-9
184. Khan A. Vilazodone, a novel dual-acting serotonergic antidepressant for managing major depression. Expert Opin Investig Drug 2009; 18: 1753-64
185. Dawson LA, Watson JM. Vilazodone: a 5-HT1A receptor agonist/serotonin transporter inhibitor for the treatment of affective disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 2009; 15: 107-17
186. Frampton JE. Vilazodone in major depression. CNS Drugs 2011; 25: 615-27
187. Trifirò G, Barbui C, Spina E, et al. Antidepressant drugs: prevalence, incidence and indications of use in general practice of Southern Italy during the years 2003-2004. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007; 16: 552-9 (Pubitemid 46824277)
188. Mark TL, Joish VN, Hay JW, et al. Antidepressant use in geriatric populations: the burden of side effects and interactions and their impact on adherence and costs. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 19: 211-21
189. Schellander R, Donnerer J. Antidepressants: clinically relevant drug interactions to be considered. Pharmacology 2010; 86: 203-15
190. DeVane CL. Antidepressant-drug interactions are potentially but rarely clinically significant. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 1594-604
191. Tamblyn R, HuangA, Perreault R, et al. The medical office of the 21st century (MOXXI): effectiveness of computerized decision-making support in reducing inappropriate prescribing in primary care. CMAJ 2003; 169: 549-56 (Pubitemid 37174595)
192. Dallenbach MF, Bovier PA, Desmeules J. Detecting drug interactions using personal digital assistants in an outpatient clinic. QJM 2007; 100: 691-7 (Pubitemid 350054273)