CEO Leadership Styles and the Implementation of Organizational Diversity Practices: Moderating Effects of Social Values and Age

Journal of Business Ethics

Volumn 105, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 41-52

  Ng, Eddy S ^a   Sears, Greg J ^b  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

CEOs; Leadership styles; Organizational diversity practices; Values

Indexed keywords

EID: 82355185986     PISSN: 01674544     EISSN: 15730697     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10551-011-0933-7     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Agle, B. R., Mitchell, R. K., & Sonnenfeld, J. A. (1999). Who matters to CEOs? An investigation of stakeholder attributes and salience, corporate performance, and CEO values. Academy of Management Journal, 42(5), 507-525.
2. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3. Alimo-Metcalfe, B., & Alban-Metcalfe, J. (2001). The development of a new transformational leadership questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 1-27.
4. Ang, S., van Dyne, L., & Koh, C. (2006). Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group and Organization Management, 31, 100-123.
5. Aronson, E. (2001). Integrating leadership styles and ethical perspectives. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 18(4), 244-256.
6. Aronson, E. (2004). Ethics and leader integrity: An empirical investigation. In: Proceedings of the 9th biannual conference of the international society for the study of work values, New Orleans, LA.
7. Astley, W. G., & van de Ven, A. H. (1983). Central perspectives and debates in organizational theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 245-273.
8. Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (1995). Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 199-218.
9. Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72, 441-462.
10. Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
11. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2000). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden.
12. Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 207-218.
13. Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 181-217.
14. Bluedorn, A. C., & Jaussi, K. S. (2008). Leaders, followers, and time. Leadership Quarterly, 19, 654-668.
15. Brown, M. E., & Trevino, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. Leadership Quarterly, 17, 595-616.
16. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
17. Buttner, E. H., Lowe, K. B., & Billings-Harris, L. (2009). The challenge of increasing minority-group professional representation in the United States: Intriguing findings. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(4), 771-789.
18. Carpenter, M. A., Geletkanycz, M. A., & Sanders, W. G. (2004). Upper echelon research revisited: Antecedents, elements, and consequences of top management team composition. Journal of Management, 30(6), 749-778.
19. Carstensen, L. L. (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science, 312, 1913-1915.
20. Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165-181.
21. Child, J. (1972). Organizational structure, environment, and performance: The role of strategic choice. Sociology, 6, 1-22.
22. Cho, T. S., & Hambrick, D. C. (2006). Attention as the mediator between top management team characteristics and strategic change: The case of airline deregulation. Organizational Science, 17(4), 453-469.
23. Conger, J. A., Kanungo, R. N., & Menon, S. T. (2000). Charismatic leadership and follower effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 747-767.
24. Cox, T. H., & Blake, S. (1991). Managing cultural diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive, 5(3), 45-56.
25. Crowne, K. A. (2008). What leads to cultural intelligence? Business Horizons, 51(5), 391-399.
26. DeGroot, T., Kiker, D. S., & Cross, T. C. (2000). A meta-analysis to review organizational outcomes related to charismatic leadership. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 17(4), 356-371.
27. Delery, J. (1998). Issues of fit in strategic human resource management: Implications for Research. Human Resource Management Review, 8, 289-309.
28. Demuijnck, G. (2009). Non-discrimination in human resources as a moral obligation. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(1), 83-101.
29. DiTomaso, N., & Hooijberg, R. (1996). Diversity and the demands of leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 7(2), 163-187.
30. Dobbin, F., Sutton, J. R., Meyer, J. W., & Scott, W. R. (2006). Equal opportunity law and the construction of internal labor markets. American Journal of Sociology, 99(2), 396-427.
31. Dobel, J. P. (2005). Managerial leadership and the ethical importance of legacy. International Public Management Journal, 8(2), 225-246.
32. Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
33. Eberlin, R. J., & Tatum, B. C. (2008). Making just decisions: Organizational justice, decision making, and leadership. Management Decision, 46(2), 310-329.
34. Edwards, J. R., & Cable, D. M. (2009). The value of value congruence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(3), 654-677.
35. Egri, C. P., & Herman, S. (2000). Leadership in the North American environmental sector: Values, leadership styles, and contexts of environmental leaders and their organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 43(4), 571-604.
36. Fields, D. L., Goodman, J. S., & Blum, T. C. (2005). Human resource dependence and organizational demography. Journal of Management, 31(2), 167-185.
37. Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D. (1996). Strategic leadership: Top executives and their effects on organizations. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.
38. George, D., & Yancey, G. (2004). Taking stock of America's attitudes on cultural and diversity: An analysis of public deliberation on multiculturalism, assimilation, and intermarriage. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 35(1), 1-19.
39. Gilbert, J. A., Stead, B. A., & Ivancevich, J. (1999). Diversity management: A new organizational paradigm. Journal of Business Ethics, 21(1), 61-76.
40. Groves, K. S. (2010). Leader ethical values as key antecedents to transformational and transactional leadership. Paper presented at the 2010 Western Academy of Management, Kona, HI.
41. Hambrick, D. C., & Finkelstein, S. (1987). Managerial discretion: A bridge between polar views of organizational outcomes. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 9, pp. 369-406). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
42. Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193-206.
43. Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., & Bell, M. P. (1998). Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 96-107.
44. Harrison, D. S., Price, K. H., Gavin, J. H., & Florey, A. T. (2002). Time, teams, and task performance: Changing effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on group functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 45(5), 1029-1045.
45. Hess, T. M., & Auman, C. (2001). Aging and social expertise: The impact of trait-diagnostic information on impressions of others. Psychology and Aging, 16(3), 497-510.
46. Hirsh, C. E., & Kornrich, S. (2008). The context of discrimination: Workplace conditions, institutional environments, and sex and race discrimination charges. American Journal of Sociology, 113(5), 1394-1432.
47. Holzer, H. J., & Neumark, D. (2000). What does affirmative action do? Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 53(2), 240-271.
48. Hood, J. N. (2003). The relationship of leadership style and CEO values to ethical practices in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(4), 263-273.
49. House, R. J., & Shamir, B. (1993). Toward the integration of transformational, charismatic, and visionary theories. In M. M. Chemers & R. Ayman (Eds.), Leadership theory and research: Perspectives and directions (pp. 167-188). San Diego: Academic Press.
50. Howell, J. M., & Shamir, B. (2005). The role of followers in the charismatic leadership process: Relationships and their consequences. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 96-112.
51. Hrebiniak, L. G., & Joyce, W. F. (1985). Organizational adaptation: Strategic choice and environmental determinism. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 336-349.
52. James, E. H., & Wooten, L. P. (2006). Diversity crises: How firms manage discrimination lawsuits. Academy of Management Journal, 49(6), 1103-1118.
53. Jaw, L., & Lin, W. (2009). Corporate elite characteristics and firm's internationalization: CEO-level and TMT-level roles. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(1), 220-233.
54. Judge, W. Q., Jr., & Dobbins, G. H. (1995). Antecedents and effects of outside director's awareness of CEO decision style. Journal of Management, 21(1), 43-64.
55. Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 755-768.
56. Kalev, A., Dobbin, F., & Kelly, E. (2006). Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies. American Sociological Review, 71, 589-617.
57. Kanungo, R. N. (2001). Ethical values of transactional and transformational leaders. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 18(4), 257-265.
58. Kark, R., & Shamir, B. (2002). The dual effect of transformational leadership: Priming relational and collective selves and further effects on followers. In B. J. Avolio & F. J. Yammarino (Eds.), Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. London: Elsevier.
59. Kark, R., & Shamir, B. (2003). The two faces of transformational leadership: Empowerment and dependency. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2, 246-255.
60. Kearney, E., & Gebert, D. (2009). Managing diversity and enhancing team outcomes: The promise of transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 77-89.
61. Kelly, E., & Dobbin, F. (1998). How affirmative action became diversity management. American Behavioral Scientist, 41(7), 960-984.
62. Kochan, T., Bezrukova, K., Ely, R., Jackson, S., Joshi, A., Jehn, K., et al. (2003). The effects of diversity on business performance: Report of the diversity research network. Human Resource Management, 42(1), 3-21.
63. Konrad, A. M. (2007). The effectiveness of human resource practices for promoting women's careers. In D. Bilimoria (Ed.), Handbook of women in business and management. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
64. Konrad, A. M., & Linnehan, F. (1995). Formalized HRM structures: Coordinating equal employment opportunity or concealing organizational practices? Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 787-820.
65. Lawrence, B. S. (1997). The black box of organizational demography. Organization Science, 8(1), 1-22.
66. Leonard, A., & Grebler, A. F. (2006). Exploring challenges to managing transformational leadership communication about employment equity: Managing organizational change in South Africa. Journal of Communication Management, 10(4), 390-406.
67. Linnehan, F., Chrobot-Mason, D., & Konrad, A. M. (2006). Diversity attitudes and norms: The role of ethnic identity and relational demography. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(4), 419-442.
68. McCuddy, M. K., & Cavin, M. C. (2009). The demographic context of servant leadership. Journal of the Academy of Business and Economics, 9(2), 129-139.
69. Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 299-326.
70. Mighty, E. J. (1996). Factors affecting the adoption of employment equity: An example from Canada. Equal Opportunities International, 15(5), 1-27.
71. Milliken, F. J., Martins, L. L., & Morgan, H. (1998). Explaining organizational responsiveness to work-family issues: The role of human resource executives as issue interpreters. Academy of Management Journal, 41(5), 580-592.
72. Ng, E. S. W. (2008). Why organizations choose to manage diversity? Toward a leadership-based theoretical framework. Human Resource Development Review, 7(1), 58-78.
73. Ng, E. S. W., & Burke, R. J. (2010). Legislation, contract compliance and voluntary diversity management: Do these matter? A comparison of legislated employment equity program, federal contractors program and financial post 500 firms. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 27, 224-235.
74. Ng, E. S. W., & Sears, G. J. (2010). The effect of adverse impact in selection practices on organizational diversity outcomes: A field study. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(9), 1454-1471.
75. Ng, E. S., & Wiesner, W. H. (2007). Are men always picked over women? The effects of employment equity directives on selection decisions. Journal of Business Ethics, 76(2), 177-187.
76. Nishii, L. H., & Mayer, D. M. (2009). Do inclusive leaders help reduce turnover in diverse groups? The moderating role of leader-member exchange in the diversity to turnover relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1412-1426.
77. Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145-179.
78. Parry, K. W., & Proctor-Thomson, S. B. (2002). Perceived integrity of transformational leaders in organisational settings. Journal of Business Ethics, 35(2), 75-96.
79. Pfeffer, J., Davis-Blake, A., & Julius, D. J. (1995). AA officer salaries and managerial diversity: Efficiency wages or status? Industrial Relations, 34(1), 73-94.
80. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1, 107-142.
81. Rank, J., Nelson, N. E., Allen, T. D., & Xu, X. (2009). Leadership predictors of innovation and performance: Subordinates' self-esteem and self-presentation as moderators. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 465-489.
82. Richard, O. C. (2000). Racial diversity, business strategy, and firm performance: A resource based view. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 164-177.
83. Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: The Free Press.
84. Rowold, J., & Heinitz, K. (2007). Transformational and charismatic leadership: Assessing the convergent, divergent, and criterion validity of the MLQ and CKS. Leadership Quarterly, 18, 121-133.
85. Rynes, S., & Rosen, B. (1995). A field survey of factors affecting the adoption and perceived success of diversity training. Personnel Psychology, 48(2), 247-270.
86. Sashkin, M. (2004). Transformational leadership approaches. In J. Antonakis, A. T. Cianciolo, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The nature of leadership (pp. 171-196). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
87. Sawyerr, O. O., Strauss, J., & Yan, J. (2005). Individual value structures and diversity attitudes: The moderating effect of age, gender, race, and religiosity. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(5/6), 498-521.
88. Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the structure and content of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
89. Shannon, L. M., & Begley, T. M. (2008). Antecedents of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. In S. Ang & L. van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 41-55). Amok, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
90. Sonnenfeld, J. (1986). Heroes in collision: Chief executive retirement and the parade of future leaders. Human Resource Management, 25(2), 305-333.
91. Tatum, B. C., Eberlin, R., Kottraba, C., & Bradberry, T. (2003). Leadership, decision making, and organizational justice. Management Decision, 41(10), 1006-1016.
92. Thomas, A. S., & Simerly, R. L. (1995). Internal determinants of corporate social performance: The role of top managers. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 411-415.
93. Turner, N., Barling, J., Epitropaki, O., Butcher, V., & Milner, C. (2002). Transformational leadership and moral reasoning. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 304-311.
94. Vecchio, R. P., Justin, J. E., & Pearce, C. L. (2008). The utility of transactional and transformational leadership for predicting performance and satisfaction with path-goal theory framework. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(1), 71-82.
95. Waldman, D. A., Javidan, M., & Varella, P. (2004). Charismatic leadership at the strategic level: A new application of upper echelons theory. Leadership Quarterly, 15(3), 355-380.
96. Westphal, J. D. (1999). Collaboration in the boardroom: Behavioral and performance consequences of CEO-board social ties. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 7-24.
97. Wilson, L. (2009). Social inclusion in Australia: Resource allocation, morality and racism. International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, 9(1), 165-174.