Understanding the functional significance of ghrelin processing and degradation

Peptides

Volumn 32, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 2183-2190

  Satou, Motoyasu ^a   Nakamura, Yusuke ^a   Ando, Hiromi ^a   Sugimoto, Hiroyuki ^a  

^a DOKKYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

APT1; Ghrelin; Lysophospholipase; MALDI TOF MS; Processing peptidases; Serum

Indexed keywords

ACYL PROTEIN THIOESTERASE; APT1 PROTEIN; ENZYME; GHRELIN; GHRELIN DEACYLASE; GHRELIN RECEPTOR; LYSOPHOSPHOLIPASE; PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CIRCULATION; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; REVIEW; WESTERN BLOTTING;

ACYLATION; ACYLTRANSFERASES; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; GHRELIN; HUMANS; LYSOPHOSPHOLIPASE; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; OCTANOIC ACIDS; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; PROTEOLYSIS; RECEPTORS, GHRELIN; SERINE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPECTROMETRY, MASS, MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION-IONIZATION; STOMACH; THIOLESTER HYDROLASES;

EID: 81755172006     PISSN: 01969781     EISSN: 18735169     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.06.029     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. C.E. Adams, F.L. Greenway, and P.J. Brantley Lifestyle factors and ghrelin: critical review and implications for weight loss maintenance Obes Rev 12 5 2011 e211 e218
2. H. Ariyasu, K. Takaya, H. Hosoda, H. Iwakura, K. Ebihara, and K. Mori Delayed short-term secretory regulation of ghrelin in obese animals: evidenced by a specific RIA for the active form of ghrelin Endocrinology 143 9 2002 3341 3350
3. H. Ariyasu, K. Takaya, T. Tagami, Y. Ogawa, K. Hosoda, and T. Akamizu Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 10 2001 4753 4758
4. A. Asakawa, A. Inui, M. Fujimiya, R. Sakamaki, N. Shinfuku, and Y. Ueta Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin Gut 54 1 2005 18 24
5. K. Ataka, A. Inui, A. Asakawa, I. Kato, and M. Fujimiya Obestatin inhibits motor activity in the antrum and duodenum in the fed state of conscious rats Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294 5 2008 G1210 G1218
6. W.A. Banks, M. Tschöp, S.M. Robinson, and M.L. Heiman Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302 2 2002 822 827
7. B.P. Barnett, Y. Hwang, M.S. Taylor, H. Kirchner, P.T. Pfluger, and V. Bernard Glucose and weight control in mice with a designed ghrelin O-acyltransferase inhibitor Science 330 6011 2010 1689 1692
8. N.J. Beaumont, V.O. Skinner, T.M. Tan, B.S. Ramesh, D.J. Byrne, and G.S. MacColl Ghrelin can bind to a species of high density lipoprotein associated with paraoxonase J Biol Chem 278 11 2003 8877 8880
9. M.A. Bednarek, S.D. Feighner, S.S. Pong, K.K. McKee, D.L. Hreniuk, and M.V. Silva Structure-function studies on the new growth hormone-releasing peptide, ghrelin: minimal sequence of ghrelin necessary for activation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a J Med Chem 43 23 2000 4370 4376
10. M. Biel, P. Deck, A. Giannis, and H. Waldmann Synthesis and evaluation of acyl protein thioesterase 1 (APT1) inhibitors Chemistry 12 15 2006 4121 4143
11. 1 activity of lysophospholipase A-I links platelet activation to LPA production during blood coagulation J Lipid Res 52 5 2011 958 970
12. F. Broglio, E. Arvat, C. Gottero, A. Benso, F. Prodam, and S. Destefanis Natural and synthetic growth hormone secretagogues: do they have therapeutic potential? Treat Endocrinol 2 3 2003 153 163
13. I. Bulgarelli, L. Tamiazzo, E. Bresciani, D. Rapetti, S. Caporali, and D. Lattuada Desacyl-ghrelin and synthetic GH-secretagogues modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines in mouse microglia cells stimulated by beta-amyloid fibrils J Neurosci Res 87 12 2009 2718 2727
14. J.P. Camiña Cell biology of the ghrelin receptor J Neuroendocrinol 18 1 2006 65 76
15. S.C. Chang, and A.I. Magee Acyltransferases for secreted signalling proteins Mol Membr Biol 26 1 2009 104 113 [Review]
16. N. Chartrel, R. Alvear-Perez, J. Leprince, X. Iturrioz, A. Reaux-Le Goazigo, and V. Audinot Comment on "Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intake" Science 315 5813 2007 766 author reply
17. C. Chollet, K. Meyer, and A.G. Beck-Sickinger Ghrelin - a novel generation of anti-obesity drug: design, pharmacomodulation and biological activity of ghrelin analogues J Pept Sci 15 11 2009 711 730
18. A.M. Dart, and J.P. Chin-Dusting Lipids and the endothelium Cardiovasc Res 43 2 1999 308 322
19. Y. Date, M. Kojima, H. Hosoda, A. Sawaguchi, M.S. Mondal, and T. Suganuma Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans Endocrinology 141 11 2000 4255 4261
20. J.S. Davies, P. Kotokorpi, S.R. Eccles, S.K. Barnes, P.F. Tokarczuk, and S.K. Allen Ghrelin induces abdominal obesity via GHS-R-dependent lipid retention Mol Endocrinol 23 6 2009 914 924
21. C. De Vriese, F. Gregoire, R. Lema-Kisoka, M. Waelbroeck, P. Robberecht, and C. Delporte Ghrelin degradation by serum and tissue homogenates: identification of the cleavage sites Endocrinology 145 11 2004 4997 5005
22. C. De Vriese, M. Hacquebard, F. Gregoire, Y. Carpentier, and C. Delporte Ghrelin interacts with human plasma lipoproteins Endocrinology 148 5 2007 2355 2362
23. F.J. Dekker, O. Rocks, N. Vartak, S. Menninger, C. Hedberg, and R. Balamurugan Small-molecule inhibition of APT1 affects Ras localization and signaling Nat Chem Biol 6 6 2010 449 456
24. P.J. Delhanty, B.C. van der Eerden, M. van der Velde, C. Gauna, H.A. Pols, and H. Jahr Ghrelin and unacylated ghrelin stimulate human osteoblast growth via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways in the absence of GHS-R1a J Endocrinol 188 1 2006 37 47
25. P.J. Delhanty, P.M. van Koetsveld, C. Gauna, B. van de Zande, G. Vitale, and L.J. Hofland Ghrelin and its unacylated isoform stimulate the growth of adrenocortical tumor cells via an anti-apoptotic pathway Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293 1 2007 E302 E309
26. Y. Devedjiev, Z. Dauter, S.R. Kuznetsov, T.L. Jones, and Z.S. Derewenda Crystal structure of the human acyl protein thioesterase I from a single X-ray data set to 1.5 Structure 8 11 2000 1137 1146
27. K. Dezaki, H. Sone, M. Koizumi, M. Nakata, M. Kakei, and H. Nagai Blockade of pancreatic islet-derived ghrelin enhances insulin secretion to prevent high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance Diabetes 55 12 2006 3486 3493
28. J.A. Duncan, and A.G. Gilman A cytoplasmic acyl-protein thioesterase that removes palmitate from G protein alpha subunits and p21(RAS) J Biol Chem 273 25 1998 15830 15837
29. V.F. Fredline, E.M. Kovacs, P.J. Taylor, and A.G. Johnson Measurement of plasma renin activity with use of HPLC-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry Clin Chem 45 5 1999 659 664
30. F. Fyhrquist, and O. Saijonmaa Renin-angiotensin system revisited J Intern Med 264 3 2008 224 236
31. M.D. Gahete, J. Córdoba-Chacón, R. Salvatori, J.P. Castaño, R.D. Kineman, and R.M. Luque Metabolic regulation of ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT) expression in the mouse hypothalamus, pituitary, and stomach Mol Cell Endocrinol 317 1-2 2010 154 160
32. J.M. Garcia, M. Garcia-Touza, R.A. Hijazi, G. Taffet, D. Epner, and D. Mann Active ghrelin levels and active to total ghrelin ratio in cancer-induced cachexia J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 5 2005 2920 2926
33. C. Gauna, P. Uitterlinden, P. Kramer, R.M. Kiewiet, J.A. Janssen, and P.J. Delhanty Intravenous glucose administration in fasting rats has differential effects on acylated and unacylated ghrelin in the portal and systemic circulation: a comparison between portal and peripheral concentrations in anesthetized rats Endocrinology 148 11 2007 5278 5287
34. O. Gualillo, F. Lago, F.F. Casanueva, and C. Dieguez One ancestor, several peptides post-translational modifications of preproghrelin generate several peptides with antithetical effects Mol Cell Endocrinol 256 1-2 2006 1 8
35. J.A. Gutierrez, P.J. Solenberg, D.R. Perkins, J.A. Willency, M.D. Knierman, and Z. Jin Ghrelin octanoylation mediated by an orphan lipid transferase Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 17 2008 6320 6325
36. M.S. Halquist, and H. Thomas Karnes Quantitative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of macromolecules using signature peptides in biological fluids Biomed Chromatogr 25 1-2 2011 47 58
37. Y. Hataya, T. Akamizu, H. Hosoda, N. Kanamoto, K. Moriyama, and K. Kangawa Alterations of plasma ghrelin levels in rats with lipopolysaccharide- induced wasting syndrome and effects of ghrelin treatment on the syndrome Endocrinology 144 12 2003 5365 5371
38. R.B. Heath, R. Jones, K.N. Frayn, and M.D. Robertson Vagal stimulation exaggerates the inhibitory ghrelin response to oral fat in humans J Endocrinol 180 2 2004 273 281
39. H. Hiejima, Y. Nishi, H. Hosoda, J. Yoh, H. Mifune, and M. Satou Regional distribution and the dynamics of n-decanoyl ghrelin, another acyl-form of ghrelin, upon fasting in rodents Regul Pept 156 1-3 2009 47 56
40. T. Hirano, M. Kishi, H. Sugimoto, R. Taguchi, H. Obinata, and N. Ohshima Thioesterase activity and subcellular localization of acylprotein thioesterase 1/lysophospholipase 1 Biochim Biophys Acta 1791 8 2009 797 805
41. E. Holmes, I. Davies, G. Lowe, and L.R. Ranganath Circulating ghrelin exists in both lipoprotein bound and free forms Ann Clin Biochem 46 Pt 6 2009 514 516
42. H. Hosoda, K. Doi, N. Nagaya, H. Okumura, E. Nakagawa, and M. Enomoto Optimum collection and storage conditions for ghrelin measurements: octanoyl modification of ghrelin is rapidly hydrolyzed to desacyl ghrelin in blood samples Clin Chem 50 6 2004 1077 1080
43. H. Hosoda, M. Kojima, H. Matsuo, and K. Kangawa Purification and characterization of rat des-Gln14-Ghrelin, a second endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor J Biol Chem 275 29 2000 21995 22000
44. H. Hosoda, M. Kojima, T. Mizushima, S. Shimizu, and K. Kangawa Structural divergence of human ghrelin. Identification of multiple ghrelin-derived molecules produced by post-translational processing J Biol Chem 278 1 2003 64 70
45. A.D. Howard, S.D. Feighner, D.F. Cully, J.P. Arena, P.A. Liberator, and C.I. Rosenblum A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release Science 273 5277 1996 974 977
46. Z. Hu, S.H. Cha, G. van Haasteren, J. Wang, and M.D. Lane Effect of centrally administered C75, a fatty acid synthase inhibitor, on ghrelin secretion and its downstream effects Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 11 2005 3972 3977
47. T. Inhoff, H. Mönnikes, S. Noetzel, A. Stengel, M. Goebel, and Q.T. Dinh Desacyl ghrelin inhibits the orexigenic effect of peripherally injected ghrelin in rats Peptides 29 12 2008 2159 2168
48. A. Inui Ghrelin: an orexigenic and somatotrophic signal from the stomach Nat Rev Neurosci 2 8 2001 551 560
49. M. Iwase, K. Sonoki, N. Sasaki, S. Ohdo, S. Higuchi, and H. Hattori Lysophosphatidylcholine contents in plasma LDL in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: relation with lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and effects of simvastatin treatment Atherosclerosis 196 2 2008 931 936
50. H. Kaiya, M. Kojima, H. Hosoda, L.G. Riley, T. Hirano, and E.G. Grau Amidated fish ghrelin: purification, cDNA cloning in the Japanese eel and its biological activity J Endocrinol 176 3 2003 415 423
51. H. Kaiya, S. Van Der Geyten, M. Kojima, H. Hosoda, Y. Kitajima, and M. Matsumoto Chicken ghrelin: purification, cDNA cloning, and biological activity Endocrinology 143 9 2002 3454 3463
52. S.D. Katugampola, Z. Pallikaros, and A.P. Davenport [125I-His(9)]- ghrelin, a novel radioligand for localizing GHS orphan receptors in human and rat tissue: up-regulation of receptors with atherosclerosis Br J Pharmacol 134 1 2001 143 149
53. H. Kirchner, J.A. Gutierrez, P.J. Solenberg, P.T. Pfluger, T.A. Czyzyk, and J.A. Willency GOAT links dietary lipids with the endocrine control of energy balance Nat Med 15 7 2009 741 745
54. M. Kojima, H. Hosoda, Y. Date, M. Nakazato, H. Matsuo, and K. Kangawa Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach Nature 402 6762 1999 656 660
55. M. Kojima, and K. Kangawa Ghrelin: structure and function Physiol Rev 85 2 2005 495 522
56. E. Lauwers, B. Landuyt, L. Arckens, L. Schoofs, and W. Luyten Obestatin does not activate orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR39 Biochem Biophys Res Commun 351 1 2006 21 25
57. F. Levin, T. Edholm, P.T. Schmidt, P. Grybäack, H. Jacobsson, and M. Degerblad Ghrelin stimulates gastric emptying and hunger in normal-weight humans J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 9 2006 3296 3302
58. M.E. Linder, and R.J. Deschenes Palmitoylation: policing protein stability and traffic Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8 1 2007 74 84
59. J. Liu, C.E. Prudom, R. Nass, S.S. Pezzoli, M.C. Oliveri, and M.L. Johnson Novel ghrelin assays provide evidence for independent regulation of ghrelin acylation and secretion in healthy young men J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 5 2008 1980 1987
60. C. Maier, M. Riedl, G. Vila, M. Wolzt, M. Clodi, and B. Ludvik Differential regulation of plasma obestatin and ghrelin by meal intake and the cholinergic system in lean, but not obese individuals J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95 10 2010 E214 E218
61. P. Marzullo, B. Verti, G. Savia, G.E. Walker, G. Guzzaloni, and M. Tagliaferri The relationship between active ghrelin levels and human obesity involves alterations in resting energy expenditure J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 2 2004 936 939
62. T. Matsumoto, T. Kobayashi, and K. Kamata Role of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in atherosclerosis Curr Med Chem 14 30 2007 3209 3220
63. T. McLaughlin, F. Abbasi, C. Lamendola, R.S. Frayo, and D.E. Cummings Plasma ghrelin concentrations are decreased in insulin-resistant obese adults relative to equally obese insulin-sensitive controls J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 4 2004 1630 1635
64. B. Moazed, D. Quest, and V. Gopalakrishnan Des-acyl ghrelin fragments evoke endothelium-dependent vasodilatation of rat mesenteric vascular bed via activation of potassium channels Eur J Pharmacol 604 1-3 2009 79 86
65. N. Murakami, T. Yokomizo, T. Okuno, and T. Shimizu G2A is a proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor antagonized by lysophosphatidylcholine J Biol Chem 279 41 2004 42484 42491
66. O. Murch, M. Collin, B. Sepodes, S.J. Foster, H. Mota-Filipe, and C. Thiemermann Lysophosphatidylcholine reduces the organ injury and dysfunction in rodent models of gram-negative and gram-positive shock Br J Pharmacol 148 6 2006 769 777
67. M. Patterson, K.G. Murphy, C.W. le Roux, M.A. Ghatei, and S.R. Bloom Characterization of ghrelin-like immunoreactivity in human plasma J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 4 2005 2205 2211
68. M. Rauh, M. Gröschl, and W. Rascher Simultaneous quantification of ghrelin and desacyl-ghrelin by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in plasma, serum, and cell supernatants Clin Chem 53 5 2007 902 910
69. O. Rocks, M. Gerauer, N. Vartak, S. Koch, Z.P. Huang, and M. Pechlivanis The palmitoylation machinery is a spatially organizing system for peripheral membrane proteins Cell 141 3 2010 458 471
70. L. Rodrigo, B. Mackness, P.N. Durrington, A. Hernandez, and M.I. Mackness Hydrolysis of platelet-activating factor by human serum paraoxonase Biochem J 354 Pt 1 2001 1 7
71. O. Rozenberg, D.M. Shih, and M. Aviram Human serum paraoxonase 1 decreases macrophage cholesterol biosynthesis: possible role for its phospholipase-A2-like activity and lysophosphatidylcholine formation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23 3 2003 461 467
72. T. Sato, Y. Fukue, H. Teranishi, Y. Yoshida, and M. Kojima Molecular forms of hypothalamic ghrelin and its regulation by fasting and 2-deoxy-d-glucose administration Endocrinology 146 6 2005 2510 2516
73. M. Satou, Y. Nishi, J. Yoh, Y. Hattori, and H. Sugimoto Identification and characterization of acyl-protein thioesterase 1/lysophospholipase I as a ghrelin deacylation/lysophospholipid hydrolyzing enzyme in fetal bovine serum and conditioned medium Endocrinology 151 10 2010 4765 4775
74. G. Schulte, V. Bryja, N. Rawal, G. Castelo-Branco, K.M. Sousa, and E. Arenas Purified Wnt-5a increases differentiation of midbrain dopaminergic cells and dishevelled phosphorylation J Neurochem 92 6 2005 1550 1553
75. Y. Shanado, M. Kometani, H. Uchiyama, S. Koizumi, and N. Teno Lysophospholipase I identified as a ghrelin deacylation enzyme in rat stomach Biochem Biophys Res Commun 325 4 2004 1487 1494
76. G. Siegel, G. Obernosterer, R. Fiore, M. Oehmen, S. Bicker, and M. Christensen A functional screen implicates microRNA-138-dependent regulation of the depalmitoylation enzyme APT1 in dendritic spine morphogenesis Nat Cell Biol 11 6 2009 705 716
77. E. Staes, P.A. Absil, L. Lins, R. Brasseur, M. Deleu, and N. Lecouturier Acylated and unacylated ghrelin binding to membranes and to ghrelin receptor: towards a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms Biochim Biophys Acta 1798 11 2010 2102 2113
78. A. Stengel, D. Keire, M. Goebel, L. Evilevitch, B. Wiggins, and Y. Taché The RAPID method for blood processing yields new insight in plasma concentrations and molecular forms of circulating gut peptides Endocrinology 150 11 2009 5113 5118
79. H. Sugimoto, H. Hayashi, and S. Yamashita Purification, cDNA cloning, and regulation of lysophospholipase from rat liver J Biol Chem 271 13 1996 7705 7711
80. Y. Sun, N.F. Butte, J.M. Garcia, and R.G. Smith Characterization of adult ghrelin and ghrelin receptor knockout mice under positive and negative energy balance Endocrinology 149 2 2007 843 850
81. Y. Sun, S. Ahmed, and R.G. Smith Deletion of ghrelin impairs neither growth nor appetite Mol Cell Biol 23 22 2003 7973 7981
82. Y. Sun, P. Wang, H. Zheng, and R.G. Smith Ghrelin stimulation of growth hormone release and appetite is mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 13 2004 4679 4684
83. H. Sunaga, H. Sugimoto, Y. Nagamachi, and S. Yamashita Purification and properties of lysophospholipase isoenzymes from pig gastric mucosa Biochem J 308 Pt 2 1995 551 557
84. S. Taheri, L. Lin, D. Austin, T. Young, and E. Mignot Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index PLoS Med 1 3 2004 e62
85. E. Tham, J. Liu, S. Innis, D. Thompson, B.D. Gaylinn, and R. Bogarin Acylated ghrelin concentrations are markedly decreased during pregnancy in mothers with and without gestational diabetes: relationship with cholinesterase Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 296 5 2009 E1093 E1100
86. A. Torsello, C. Ghe', E. Bresciani, F. Catapano, E. Ghigo, and R. Deghenghi Short ghrelin peptides neither displace ghrelin binding in vitro nor stimulate GH release in vivo Endocrinology 143 5 2002 1968 1971
87. T. Toyoda, H. Sugimoto, and S. Yamashita Sequence, expression in Escherichia coli, and characterization of lysophospholipase II Biochem Biophys Acta 1437 2 1999 182 193
88. M. Tschöp, C. Weyer, P.A. Tataranni, V. Devanarayan, E. Ravussin, and M.L. Heiman Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity Diabetes 50 4 2001 707 709
89. V. Tsimihodimos, S.A. Karabina, A.P. Tambaki, E. Bairaktari, G. Miltiadous, and J.A. Goudevenos Altered distribution of platelet-activating factor - acetylhydrolase activity between LDL and HDL as a function of the severity of hypercholesterolemia J Lipid Res 43 2 2002 256 263
90. G. Vila, C. Maier, M. Riedl, P. Nowotny, B. Ludvik, and A. Luger Bacterial endotoxin induces biphasic changes in plasma ghrelin in healthy humans J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 10 2007 3930 3934
91. K.E. Wortley, K.D. Anderson, K. Garcia, J.D. Murray, L. Malinova, and R. Liu Genetic deletion of ghrelin does not decrease food intake but influences metabolic fuel preference Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 21 2004 8227 8232
92. A.M. Wren, L.J. Seal, M.A. Cohen, A.E. Brynes, G.S. Frost, and K.G. Murphy Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 12 2001 5992
93. J. Yang, M.S. Brown, G. Liang, N.V. Grishin, and J.L. Goldstein Identification of the acyltransferase that octanoylates ghrelin, an appetite-stimulating peptide hormone Cell 132 3 2008 387 396
94. D.C. Yeh, J.A. Duncan, S. Yamashita, and T. Michel Depalmitoylation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase by acyl-protein thioesterase 1 is potentiated by Ca(2+)-calmodulin J Biol Chem 274 46 1999 33148 33154
95. W. Zhang, L. Zhao, T.R. Lin, B. Chai, Y. Fan, and I. Gantz Inhibition of adipogenesis by ghrelin Mol Biol Cell 15 5 2004 2484 2491
96. T.J. Zhao, G. Liang, R.L. Li, X. Xie, M.W. Sleeman, and A.J. Murphy Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) is essential for growth hormone-mediated survival of calorie-restricted mice Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010
97. X. Zhu, Y. Cao, K. Voogd, K. Voodg, and D.F. Steiner On the processing of proghrelin to ghrelin J Biol Chem 281 50 2006 38867 38870
98. J.M. Zigman, Y. Nakano, R. Coppari, N. Balthasar, J.N. Marcus, and C.E. Lee Mice lacking ghrelin receptors resist the development of diet-induced obesity J Clin Invest 115 12 2005 3564 3572