Lipids and the endothelium

Cardiovascular Research

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 308-322

  Dart, Anthony M ^a   Chin Dusting, Jaye P F ^a  

^a BAKER IDI HEART AND DIABETES INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARGININE; ENDOTHELIN 1; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LIPID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LYSOPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PROSTACYCLIN;

ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CELL INTERACTION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; FIBRINOLYSIS; HUMAN; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTAGLANDIN METABOLISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; THROMBOGENESIS; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CELL ADHESION MOLECULES; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; LEUKOCYTES; LIPID METABOLISM; NITRIC OXIDE; VASODILATION;

EID: 0033178959     PISSN: 00086363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00150-9     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. Ignarro L.J. Physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide. Kidney Int Suppl. 55:1996;S2-5.
2. Marin J., Rodriguez-Martinez M.A. Role of vascular nitric oxide in physiological and pathological conditions. Pharmacol Ther. 75:1997;111-134.
3. Busse R., Fleming I. Regulation and functional consequences of endothelial nitric oxide formation. Ann Med. 27:1995;331-340.
4. Ignarro L.J. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide: actions and properties. FASEB J. 3:1989;31-36.
5. Knowles R.G., Moncada S. Nitric oxide as a signal in blood vessels. Trends Biochem Sci. 17:1992;399-402.
6. Cohen R.A. The role of nitric oxide and other endothelium-derived vasoactive substances in vascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 38:1995;105-128.
7. Dusting G. Nitricoxide in cardiovascular disorders. J Vasc Res. 32:1995;143-161.
8. Busse R., Fleming I. Pulsatile stretch and shear stress: physical stimuli determining the production of endothelium-derived relaxing factors. J Vasc Res. 35:1998;73-84.
9. Cines D.B., Pollak E.S., Buck C.A., et al. Endothelial cells in physiology and in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders. Blood. 91:1998;3527-3561.
10. Stocker R. Lipoprotein oxidation: mechanistic aspects, methodological approaches and clinical relevance. Curr Opin Lipidol. 5:1994;422-433.
11. Leitinger N., Oguogho A., Rodrigues M., Sinzinger H. The effect of NO/EDRF and monocytes/macrophages on LDL-oxidation. J Physiol Pharmacol. 46:1995;385-408.
12. Brown A, Jessup W. Oxysterols and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis; In Press.
13. Wolin M. Reactive oxygen species and vascular signal transduction mechanisms. Microcirculation. 3:1996;1-17.
14. Katusic Z.S. Superoxide anion and endothelial regulation of arterial tone. Free Radic Biol Med. 20:1996;443-448.
15. Bredt D.S., Snyder S.H. Nitric oxide: a physiologic messenger molecule. Annu Rev Biochem. 63:1994;175-195.
16. Marletta M.A. Nitric oxide synthase structure and mechanism. J Biol Chem. 268:1993;12231-12234.
17. Jay M.T., Chirico S., Siow R.C., et al. Modulation of vascular tone by low density lipoproteins: effects on L-arginine transport and nitric oxide synthesis. Exp Physiol. 82:1997;349-360.
18. Busse R., Fleming I. Endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. J Vasc Res. 33:1996;181-194.
19. DeMeyer G., Herman A. Vascular endothelial dysfunction. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 39:1997;325-342.
20. Noll G., Lüscher T.F. Influence of lipoproteins on endothelial function. Thromb Res. 74:1994;S45-S54.
21. Balligand J.L., Ungureanu-Longrois D., Simmons W.W., et al. Induction of NO synthase in rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells by IL-1 beta and IFN-gamma. Am J Physiol. 268:1995;H1293-1303.
22. Kanno K., Hirata Y., Imai T., Iwashina M., Marumo F. Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by interleukin-1 beta in rat vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol. 267:1994;H2318-2324.
23. Iwashina M., Hirata Y., Imai T., Sato K., Marumo F. Molecular cloning of endothelial, inducible nitric oxide synthase gene from rat aortic endothelial cell. Eur J Biochem. 237:1996;668-673.
24. Sakoda T., Hirata K., Kuroda R., et al. Myristoylation of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase is important for extracellular release of nitric oxide. Mol Cell Biochem. 152:1995;143-148.
25. Busconi L., Michel T. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase membrane targeting. Evidence against involvement of a specific myristate receptor. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;25016-25020.
26. 2+-calmodulin and caveolin. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;15583-15586.
27. Wever R.M.F., vanDam T., vanRijn H.J., deGroot F., Rabelink T.J. Tetrahydrobiopterin regulates superoxide and nitric oxide generation by recombinant endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 237:1997;340-344.
28. Miles A.M., Bohle D.S., Glassbrenner P.A., Hansert B., Wink D.A., Grisham M.B. Modulation of superoxide-dependent oxidation and hydroxylation reactions by nitric oxide. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;40-47.
29. Liu S., Beckman J.S., Ku D.D. Peroxynitrite, a product of superoxide and nitric oxide, produces coronary vasorelaxation in dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 268:1994;1114-1121.
30. Vita J.A., Treasure C.B., Nabel E.G., et al. Coronary vasomotor response to acetylcholine relates to risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circulation. 81:1990;491-497.
31. Sorensen K.E., Celermajer D.S., Georgakopoulos D., et al. Impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation is an early event in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and is related to the lipoprotein(a) level. J Clin Invest. 93:1994;50-55.
32. Casino P.R., Kilcoyne C.M., Quyyumi A.A., Hoeg J.M., Panza J.A. The role of nitric oxide in endothelium-dependent vasodilation of hypercholesterolemic patients. Circulation. 88:1993;2541-2547.
33. Seiler C., Hess O.M., Buechi M., Suter T.M., Krayenbuehl H.P. Influence of serum cholesterol and other coronary risk factors on vasomotion of angiographically normal coronary arteries. Circulation. 88:1993;2139-2148.
34. Shiode N., Kato M., Hiraoka A., et al. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation of coronary resistance vessels in hypercholesterolemic patients. Intern Med. 35:1996;89-93.
35. Anderson T.J., Meredith I.T., Charbonneau F., et al. Endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion relates to the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in humans. Circulation. 93:1996;1647-1650.
36. Chin J.P., Dart A.M. HBPRCA Astra Award. Therapeutic restoration of endothelial function in hypercholesterolaemic subjects: effect of fish oils. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 21:1994;749-755.
37. O'Driscoll G., Green D., Taylor R.R. Simvastatin, an HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function within 1 month. Circulation. 95:1997;1126-1131.
38. Leung W.H., Lau C.P., Wong C.K. Beneficial effect of cholesterol-lowering therapy on coronary endothelium-dependent relaxation in hypercholesterolaemic patients. Lancet. 341:1993;1496-1500.
39. Tamai O., Matsuoka H., Itabe H., et al. Single LDL apheresis improves endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in hypercholesterolemic humans. Circulation. 95:1997;76-82.
40. Kingwell B.A., Tran B., Cameron J.D., Jennings G.L., Dart A.M. Enhanced vasodilation to acetylcholine in athletes is associated with lower plasma cholesterol. Am J Physiol. 270:1996;H2008-2013.
41. Celermajer D.S., Sorensen K.E., Bull C., Robinson J., Deanfield J.E. Endothelium-dependent dilation in the systemic arteries of asymptomatic subjects relates to coronary risk factors and their interaction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 24:1994;1468-1474.
42. Plotnick G.D., Corretti M.C., Vogel R.A. Effect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoactivity following a single high-fat meal. JAMA. 278:1997;1682-1686.
43. Lundman P., Eriksson M., Schenck-Gustafsson K., Karpe F., Tornvall P. Transient triglyceridemia decreases vascular reactivity in young, healthy men without risk factors for coronary heart disease. Circulation. 96:1997;3266-3268.
44. Lewis TV, Dart AM, Chin-Dusting JPF. Endothelium dependent relaxation by acetylcholine is impaired in hypertriglyceridemic humans with normal LDL J Am Coll Cardiol; In Press.
45. McVeigh G.E., Brennan G.M., Johnston G.D., et al. Dietary fish oil augments nitric oxide production or release in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 36:1993;33-38.
46. Fleischhauer F.J., Yan W.D., Fischell T.A. Fish oil improves endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in heart transplant recipients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 21:1993;982-989.
47. Stroes E., deBruin T., deValk H., et al. NO activity in familial combined hyperlipidemia: potential role of cholesterol remnants. Cardiovasc Res. 36:1997;445-452.
48. Kugiyama K., Doi H., Motoyama T., et al. Association of remnant lipoprotein levels with impairment of endothelium-dependent vasomotor function in human coronary arteries. Circulation. 97:1998;2519-2526.
49. Steinberg H.O., Tarshoby M., Monestel R., et al. Elevated circulating free fatty acid levels impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation. J Clin Invest. 100:1997;1230-1239.
50. Schlaich M.P., John S., Langenfeld M.R., et al. Does lipoprotein(a) impair endothelial function? J Am Coll Cardiol. 31:1998;359-365.
51. Schachinger V., Halle M., Minners J., Berg A., Zeiher A.M. Lipoprotein(a) selectively impairs receptor-mediated endothelial vasodilator function of the human coronary circulation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 30:1997;927-934.
52. Andrews T.C., Whitney E.J., Green G., Kalenian R., Personius B.E. Effect of gemfibrozil +/- niacin +/- cholestyramine on endothelial function in patients with serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 160 mg/dl and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels 40 mg/dl. Am J Cardiol. 80:1997;831-835.
53. Creager M.A., Gallagher S.J., Girerd X.J., et al. L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Clin Invest. 90:1992;1248-1253.
54. Drexler H., Zeiher A.M., Meinzer K., Just H. Correction of endothelial dysfunction in coronary microcirculation of hypercholesterolaemic patients by L-arginine. Lancet. 338:1991;1546-1550.
55. Adams M.R., McCredie R., Jessup W., et al. Oral L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent dilatation and reduces monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in young men with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 129:1997;261-269.
56. Casino P.R., Kilcoyne C.M., Quyyumi A.A., Hoeg J.M., Panza J.A. Investigation of decreased availability of nitric oxide precursor as the mechanism responsible for impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 23:1994;844-850.
57. Cooke J.P., Tsao P.S. Arginine: a new therapy for atherosclerosis? Circulation. 95:1997;311-331.
58. Vallance P., Leone A., Calver A., Collier J., Moncada S. Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis in chronic renal failure. Lancet. 339:1992;572-575.
59. Giugliano D., Marfella R., Verrazzo G., et al. The vascular effects of L-Arginine in humans. The role of endogenous insulin. J Clin Invest. 99:1997;433-438.
60. Sung B.H., Ching M., Izzo J. Jr., Dandona P., Wilson M.F. Insulin-mediated venodilation is impaired in patients with high cholesterol. Hypertension. 31:1998;1266-1271.
61. Vita J.A., Frei B., Holbrook M., et al. L-2-Oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. J Clin Invest. 101:1998;1408-1414.
62. Gilligan D.M., Sack M.N., Guetta V., et al. Effect of antioxidant vitamins on low density lipoprotein oxidation and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 24:1994;1611-1617.
63. Stroes E., Kastelein J., Cosentino F., et al. Tetrahydrobiopterin restores endothelial function in hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Invest. 99:1997;41-46.
64. Lewis T.V., Cooper B.A., Dart A.M., Chin-Dusting J.P. Responses to endothelium-dependent agonists in subcutaneous arteries excised from hypercholesterolaemic men. Br J Pharmacol. 124:1998;222-228.
65. Goode G.K., Garcia S., Heagerty A.M. Dietary supplementation with marine fish oil improves in vitro small artery endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Circulation. 96:1997;2802-2807.
66. Zhao L., Tackett R.L. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein inhibits acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation and increases 5-HT-induced vasoconstriction in isolated human saphenous vein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 284:1998;637-643.
67. Voors A.A., Oosterga M., Buikema H., et al. Dyslipidemia and endothelium-dependent relaxation in internal mammary arteries used for coronary bypass surgery. Cardiovasc Res. 34:1997;568-574.
68. Jorge P.A., Osaki M.R., deAlmeida E., Credidio Neto L., Metze K. Effects of vitamin E on endothelium-dependent coronary flow in hypercholesterolemic dogs. Atherosclerosis. 126:1996;43-51.
69. Andersson T.L., Matz J., Ferns G.A., Anggard E.E. Vitamin E reverses cholesterol-induced endothelial dysfunction in the rabbit coronary circulation. Atherosclerosis. 111:1994;39-45.
70. Minor R.L. Jr., Myers P.R., Guerra R. Jr., Bates J.N., Harrison D.G. Diet-induced atherosclerosis increases the release of nitrogen oxides from rabbit aorta. J Clin Invest. 86:1990;2109-2116.
71. Matz J., Andersson T.L., Ferns G.A., Anggard E.E. Dietary vitamin E increases the resistance to lipoprotein oxidation and attenuates endothelial dysfunction in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. Atherosclerosis. 110:1994;241-249.
72. Keaney J.F. Jr., Gaziano J.M., Xu A., et al. Dietary antioxidants preserve endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:1993;11880-11884.
73. Hutcheson I.R., Smith J.A., Griffith T.M. Abolition of flow-dependent EDRF release before that evoked by agonists in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Br J Pharmacol. 113:1994;190-194.
74. Inoue N., Ohara Y., Fukai T., Harrison D.G., Nishida K. Probucol improves endothelial-dependent relaxation and decreases vascular superoxide production in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Am J Med Sci. 315:1998;242-247.
75. Mugge A., Elwell J.H., Peterson T.E., et al. Chronic treatment with polyethylene-glycolated superoxide dismutase partially restores endothelium-dependent vascular relaxations in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Circ Res. 69:1991;1293-1300.
76. Cooke J.P., Singer A.H., Tsao P., et al. Antiatherogenic effects of L-arginine in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. J Clin Invest. 90:1992;1168-1172.
77. White C.R., Brock T.A., Chang L.Y., et al. Superoxide and peroxynitrite in atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:1994;1044-1048.
78. Keaney J.F. Jr., Gaziano J.M., Xu A., et al. Low-dose alpha-tocopherol improves and high-dose alpha-tocopherol worsens endothelial vasodilator function in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Clin Invest. 93:1994;844-851.
79. Frangos J.A., Huang T.Y., Clark C.B. Steady shear and step changes in shear stimulate endothelium via independent mechanisms-superposition of transient and sustained nitric oxide production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 224:1996;660-665.
80. Kuchan M.J., Jo H., Frangos J.A. Role of G proteins in shear stress-mediated nitric oxide production by endothelial cells. Am J Physiol. 267:1994;C753-758.
81. Kuchan M.J., Frangos J.A. Role of calcium and calmodulin in flow-induced nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol. 266:1994;C628-636.
82. Ohara Y., Peterson T.E., Harrison D.G. Hypercholesterolemia increases endothelial superoxide anion production. J Clin Invest. 91:1993;2546-2551.
83. Mugge A., Brandes R.P., Boger R.H., et al. Vascular release of superoxide radicals is enhanced in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 24:1994;994-998.
84. Klemsdal T.O., Andersson T.L., Matz J., et al. Vitamin E restores endothelium dependent vasodilatation in cholesterol fed rabbits: in vivo measurements by photoplethysmography. Cardiovasc Res. 28:1994;1397-1402.
85. Raij L., Nagy J., Coffee K., DeMaster E.G. Hypercholesterolemia promotes endothelial dysfunction in vitamin E- and selenium-deficient rats. Hypertension. 22:1993;56-61.
86. Girerd X.J., Hirsch A.T., Cooke J.P., Dzau V.J., Creager M.A. L. L-arginine augments endothelium-dependent vasodilation in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Circ Res. 67:1990;1301-1308.
87. Galle J., Ochslen M., Schollmeyer P., Wanner C. Oxidized lipoproteins inhibit endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Effects of pressure and high-density lipoprotein. Hypertension. 23:1994;556-564.
88. Kikuta K., Sawamura T., Miwa S., Hashimoto N., Masaki T. High-affinity arginine transport of bovine aortic endothelial cells is impaired by lysophosphatidylcholine. Circ Res. 83:1998;1088-1096.
89. Moriwaki H., Kume N., Sawamura T., et al. Ligand specificity of LOX-1, a novel endothelial receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 18:1998;1541-1547.
90. Mehta J.L., Li D.Y. Identification and autoregulation of receptor for OX-LDL in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 248:1998;511-514.
91. Murase T., Kume N., Korenaga R., et al. Fluid shear stress transcriptionally induces lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 in vascular endothelial cells. Circ Res. 83:1998;328-333.
92. Yla-Herttuala S., Palinski W., Rosenfeld M.E., et al. Evidence for the presence of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein in atherosclerotic lesions of rabbit and man. J Clin Invest. 84:1989;1086-1095.
93. Lupu F., Heim D., Bachmann F., Kruithof E.K. Expression of LDL receptor-related protein/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor in human normal and atherosclerotic arteries. Arterioscler Thromb. 14:1994;1438-1444.
94. Warshawsky I., Schwartz A.L. The 39-kDa protein regulates LRP activity in cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Eur J Cell Biol. 69:1996;156-165.
95. Knowles D.Md., Tolidjian B., Marboe C., et al. Monoclonal anti-human monocyte antibodies OKM1 and OKM5 possess distinctive tissue distributions including differential reactivity with vascular endothelium. J Immunol. 132:1984;2170-2173.
96. Wyne K.L., Pathak K., Seabra M.C., Hobbs H.H. Expression of the VLDL receptor in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 16:1996;407-415.
97. Berkenboom G., Langer I., Carpentier Y., Grosfils K., Fontaine J. Ramipril prevents endothelial dysfunction induced by oxidized low-density lipoproteins: a bradykinin-dependent mechanism. Hypertension. 30:1997;371-376.
98. Simon B.C., Cunningham L.D., Cohen R.A. Oxidized low density lipoproteins cause contraction and inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation in the pig coronary artery. J Clin Invest. 86:1990;75-79.
99. Hirata K., Akita H., Yokoyama M. Oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibits bradykinin-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. FEBS Lett. 287:1991;181-184.
100. Mougenot N., Lesnik P., Ramirez-Gil J.F., et al. Effect of the oxidation state of LDL on the modulation of arterial vasomotor response in vitro. Atherosclerosis. 133:1997;183-192.
101. Liu S.Y., Lu X., Choy S., et al. Alteration of lysophosphatidylcholine content in low density lipoprotein after oxidative modification: relationship to endothelium dependent relaxation. Cardiovasc Res. 28:1994;1476-1481.
102. Ohara Y., Peterson T.E., Zheng B., Kuo J.F., Harrison D.G. Lysophosphatidylcholine increases vascular superoxide anion production via protein kinase C activation. Arterioscler Thromb. 14:1994;1007-1013.
103. Matsuda Y., Hirata K., Inoue N., et al. High density lipoprotein reverses inhibitory effect of oxidized low density lipoprotein on endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation. Circ Res. 72:1993;1103-1109.
104. Flavahan N.A. Lysophosphatidylcholine modifies G protein-dependent signaling in porcine endothelial cells. Am J Physiol. 264:1993;H722-H727.
105. Chang G.J., Woo P., Honda H.M., et al. Oxidation of LDL to a biologically active form by derivatives of nitric oxide and nitrite in the absence of superoxide. Dependence on pH and oxygen. Arterioscler Thromb. 14:1994;1808-1814.
106. Mangin E.L. Jr., Kugiyama K., Nguy J.H., Kerns S.A., Henry P.D. Effects of lysolipids and oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein on endothelium-dependent relaxation of rabbit aorta. Circ Res. 72:1993;161-166.
107. Murohara T., Kugiyama K., Ohgushi M., et al. LPC in oxidized LDL elicits vasocontraction and inhibits endothelium-dependent relaxation. Am J Physiol. 267:1994;H2441-2449.
108. Inoue N., Hirata K., Yamada M., et al. Lysophosphatidylcholine inhibits bradykinin-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis and calcium transients in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Circ Res. 71:1992;1410-1421.
109. 2+ mobilization in intact endothelial cells of rabbit aorta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 17:1997;1561-1567.
110. Scalia R., Murohara T., Campbell B., Kaji A., Lefer A.M. Lysophosphatidylcholine stimulates leukocyte rolling and adherence in rat mesenteric microvasculature. Am J Physiol. 272:1997;H2584-2590.
111. Ramasamy S., Parthasarathy S., Harrison D.G. Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene expression by oxidized linoleic acid. J Lipid Res. 39:1998;268-276.
112. Deckert V., Brunet A., Lantoine F., et al. Inhibition by cholesterol oxides of NO release from human vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 18:1998;1054-1060.
113. Lewis T.V., Dart A.M., Chin-Dusting J.P. Non-specific inhibition by human lipoproteins of endothelium dependent relaxation in rat aorta may be attributed to lipoprotein phospholipids. Cardiovasc Res. 34:1997;590-596.
114. Doi H., Kugiyama K., Ohgushi M., et al. Remnants of chylomicron and very low density lipoprotein impair endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Atherosclerosis. 137:1998;341-349.
115. Minami M., Yokokawa K., Kohno M., Yasunari K., Yoshikawa J. Suppression of endothelin-3-induced nitric oxide synthesis by triglyceride in human endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 31:1998;S467-469.
116. Okuda Y., Kawashima K., Sawada T., et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid enhances nitric oxide production by cultured human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 232:1997;487-491.
117. Davda R.K., Stepniakowski K.T., Lu G., et al. Oleic acid inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthase by a protein kinase C-independent mechanism. Hypertension. 26:1995;764-770.
118. Liao J.K. Inhibition of Gi proteins by low density lipoprotein attenuates bradykinin-stimulated release of endothelial-derived nitric oxide. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;12987-12992.
119. Parhami F., Fang Z.T., Yang B., Fogelman A.M., Berliner J.A. Stimulation of Gs and inhibition of Gi protein functions by minimally oxidized LDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 15:1995;2019-2024.
120. Freeman J.E., Kuo W.Y., Drenger B., et al. Analysis of lysophophatidylcholine-induced endothelial dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 28:1996;345-352.
121. Jacobs M., Plane F., Bruckdorfer K.R. Native and oxidized low-density lipoproteins have different inhibitory effects on endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the rabbit aorta. Br J Pharmacol. 100:1990;21-26.
122. Schaefer H.I., Hold K.M., Egas-Kenniphaas J.M., van der Laarse A. Intracellular calcium signalling after binding of low-density lipoprotein to confluent and nonconfluent cultures of an endothelial cell line, EA.hy 926. Cell Calcium. 14:1993;507-516.
123. Allen S., Khan S., Al-Mohanna F., Batten P., Yacoub M. Native low density lipoprotein-induced calcium transients trigger VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression in cultured human vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 101:1998;1064-1075.
124. Galle J., Luckhoff A., Busse R., Bassenge E. Low-density lipoproteins stimulate internal free calcium and prostacyclin release in endothelial cells. Eicosanoids. 3:1990;81-86.
125. Negre-Salvayre A., Fitoussi G., Reaud V., et al. A delayed and sustained rise of cytosolic calcium is elicited by oxidized LDL in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. FEBS Lett. 299:1992;60-65.
126. Suc I., Escargueil-Blanc I., Troly M., Salvayre R., Negre-Salvayre A. HDL and ApoA prevent cell death of endothelial cells induced by oxidized LDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 17:1997;2158-2166.
127. Fries D.M., Penha R.G., D'Amico E.A., Abdalla D.S., Monteiro H.P. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein stimulates nitric oxide release by rabbit aortic endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 207:1995;231-237.
128. 2+ mobilization in the aortic endothelium in streptozotocin-induced diabetic and cholesterol-fed mice. Br J Pharmacol. 123:1998;1509-1516.
129. Kugiyama K., Ohgushi M., Sugiyama S., et al. Lysophosphatidylcholine inhibits surface receptor-mediated intracellular signals in endothelial cells by a pathway involving protein kinase C. Circ Res. 71:1992;1422-1428.
130. Hirata K., Miki N., Kuroda Y., et al. Low concentration of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and lysophosphatidylcholine upregulate constitutive nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in bovine aortic endothelial cells. Circ Res. 76:1995;958-962.
131. Hernandez-Perera O., Perez-Sala D., Navarro-Antolin J., et al. Effects of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, atorvastatin and simvastatin, on the expression of endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 101:1998;2711-2719.
132. Liao J.K., Shin W.S., Lee W.Y., Clark S.L. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein decreases the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;319-324.
133. Vidal F., Colome C., Martinez-Gonzalez J., Badimon L. Atherogenic concentrations of native low-density lipoproteins down-regulate nitric-oxide-synthase mRNA and protein levels in endothelial cells. Eur J Biochem. 252:1998;378-384.
134. Laufs U., LaFata V., Plutzky J., Liao J.K. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation. 97:1998;1129-1135.
135. Cieslik K., Zembowicz A., Tang J.L., Wu K.K. Transcriptional regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase by lysophosphatidylcholine. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;14885-14890.
136. Zembowicz A., Tang J.L., Wu K.K. Transcriptional induction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase type III by lysophosphatidylcholine. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;17006-17010.
137. Tang J.L., Zembowicz A., Xu X.M., Wu K.K. Role of Sp1 in transcriptional activation of human nitric oxide synthase type III gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 213:1995;673-680.
138. Ohashi Y., Katayama M., Hirata K., et al. Activation of nitric oxide synthase from cultured aortic endothelial cells by phospholipids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 195:1993;1314-1320.
139. Ezaki M., Ikeda M., Tomita I., Tomita T. Inhibition of EDRF release by native low-density lipoprotein from cultured porcine endothelial cells through intracellular mechanisms. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 24:1994;552-558.
140. Pohl U., Heydari N., Galle J. Effects of LDL on intracellular free calcium and nitric oxide-dependent cGMP formation in porcine endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 117:1995;169-178.
141. Bialecki R.A., Tulenko T.N. Acute exposure to cholesterol increases arterial nitroprusside- and endothelium-mediated relaxation. Am J Physiol. 264:1993;C32-39.
142. Galle J., Mulsch A., Busse R., Bassenge E. Effects of native and oxidized low density lipoproteins on formation and inactivation of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Arterioscler Thromb. 11:1991;198-203.
143. Myers P.R., Wright T.F., Tanner M.A., Ostlund R.E. Jr. The effects of native LDL and oxidized LDL on EDRF bioactivity and nitric oxide production in vascular endothelium. J Lab Clin Med. 124:1994;672-683.
144. Chin J.H., Azhar S., Hoffman B.B. Inactivation of endothelial derived relaxing factor by oxidized lipoproteins. J Clin Invest. 89:1992;10-18.
145. Wang H.D., Pagano P.J., Du Y., et al. Superoxide anion from the adventitia of the rat thoracic aorta inactivates nitric oxide. Circ Res. 82:1998;810-818.
146. Pagano P.J., Ito Y., Tornheim K., et al. An NADPH oxidase superoxide-generating system in the rabbit aorta. Am J Physiol. 268:1995;H2274-2280.
147. Jougasaki M., Kugiyama K., Saito Y., et al. Suppression of endothelin-1 secretion by lysophosphatidylcholine in oxidized low density lipoprotein in cultured vascular endothelial cells. Circ Res. 71:1992;614-619.
148. He Y., Kwan W.C., Steinbrecher U.P. Effects of oxidized low density lipoprotein on endothelin secretion by cultured endothelial cells and macrophages. Atherosclerosis. 119:1996;107-118.
149. Hu R.M., Chuang M.Y., Prins B., et al. High density lipoproteins stimulate the production and secretion of endothelin-1 from cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 93:1994;1056-1062.
150. Myers D.E., Huang W.N., Larkins R.G. Lipoprotein-induced prostacyclin production in endothelial cells and effects of lipoprotein modification. Am J Physiol. 271:1996;C1504-1511.
151. Tamagaki T., Sawada S., Imamura H., et al. Effects of high-density lipoproteins on intracellular pH and proliferation of human vascular endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 123:1996;73-82.
152. Benistant C., Achard F., Marcelon G., Lagarde M. Platelet inhibitory functions of aortic endothelial cells. Effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Atherosclerosis. 104:1993;27-35.
153. Achard F., Gilbert M., Benistant C., et al. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids reduce PGH synthase 1 expression in bovine aortic endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 241:1997;513-518.
154. Zembowicz A., Jones S.L., Wu K.K. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by lysophosphatidylcholine. J Clin Invest. 96:1995;1688-1692.
155. Wong J.T., Tran K., Pierce G.N., Chan A.C., O K., Choy P.C. Lysophosphatidylcholine stimulates the release of arachidonic acid in human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;6830-6836.
156. Scalia R., Appel J.Z. 3rd, Lefer A.M. Leukocyte-endothelium interaction during the early stages of hypercholesterolemia in the rabbit: role of P-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 18:1998;1093-1100.
157. Tsao P.S., McEvoy L.M., Drexler H., Butcher E.C., Cooke J.P. Enhanced endothelial adhesiveness in hypercholesterolemia is attenuated by L-arginine. Circulation. 89:1994;2176-2182.
158. Gauthier T.W., Scalia R., Murohara T., Guo J.P., Lefer A.M. Nitric oxide protects against leukocyte-endothelium interactions in the early stages of hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 15:1995;1652-1659.
159. Parhami F., Fang Z.T., Fogelman A.M., et al. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein-induced inflammatory responses in endothelial cells are mediated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate. J Clin Invest. 92:1993;471-478.
160. Vora D.K., Fang Z.T., Liva S.M., et al. Induction of P-selectin by oxidized lipoproteins. Separate effects on synthesis and surface expression. Circ Res. 80:1997;810-818.
161. Frostegard J., Haegerstrand A., Gidlund M., Nilsson J. Biologically modified LDL increases the adhesive properties of endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 90:1991;119-126.
162. Sugiyama S., Kugiyama K., Ohgushi M., Fujimoto K., Yasue H. Lysophosphatidylcholine in oxidized low-density lipoprotein increases endothelial susceptibility to polymorphonuclear leukocyte-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries. Role of protein kinase C. Circ Res. 74:1994;565-575.
163. Maier J.A., Barenghi L., Bradamante S., Pagani F. Modulators of oxidized LDL-induced hyperadhesiveness in human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 204:1994;673-677.
164. Khan B.V., Harrison D.G., Olbrych M.T., Alexander R.W., Medford R.M. Nitric oxide regulates vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 gene expression and redox-sensitive transcriptional events in human vascular endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;9114-9119.
165. Johnson-Tidey R.R., McGregor J.L., Taylor P.R., Poston R.N. Increase in the adhesion molecule P-selectin in endothelium overlying atherosclerotic plaques. Coexpression with intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Am J Pathol. 144:1994;952-961.
166. Hwang S.J., Ballantyne C.M., Sharrett A.R., et al. Circulating adhesion molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin in carotid atherosclerosis and incident coronary heart disease cases: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation. 96:1997;4219-4225.
167. Abe Y., El-Masri B., Kimball K.T., et al. Soluble cell adhesion molecules in hypertriglyceridemia and potential significance on monocyte adhesion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 18:1998;723-731.
168. Li H., Cybulsky M.I., Gimbrone M.A. Jr., Libby P. An atherogenic diet rapidly induces VCAM-1, a cytokine-regulatable mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule, in rabbit aortic endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb. 13:1993;197-204.
169. Cybulsky M.I., Gimbrone M.A. Jr. Endothelial expression of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis. Science. 251:1991;788-791.
170. Teupser D., Thiery J., Haas U., Stein O., Stein Y., Seidel D. Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the aortae of hypercholesterolemic rabbits with high (HAR) and low (LAR) atherosclerotic response. Atherosclerosis. 128:1997;157-164.
171. Smalley D.M., Lin J.H., Curtis M.L., et al. Native LDL increases endothelial cell adhesiveness by inducing intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 16:1996;585-590.
172. Lin J.H., Zhu Y., Liao H.L., et al. Induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by low-density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis. 127:1996;185-194.
173. Cushing S.D., Berliner J.A., Valente A.J., et al. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87:1990;5134-5138.
174. Rajavashisth T.B., Andalibi A., Territo M.C., et al. Induction of endothelial cell expression of granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factors by modified low-density lipoproteins. Nature. 344:1990;254-257.
175. Khan B.V., Parthasarathy S.S., Alexander R.W., Medford R.M. Modified low density lipoprotein and its constituents augment cytokine-activated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 95:1995;1262-1270.
176. Endemann G., Pronzcuk A., Friedman G., et al. Monocyte adherence to endothelial cells in vitro is increased by beta-VLDL. Am J Pathol. 126:1987;1-6.
177. Collie-Duguid E.S., Wahle K.W. Inhibitory effect of fish oil N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 220:1996;969-974.
178. Murohara T., Scalia R., Lefer A.M. Lysophosphatidylcholine promotes P-selectin expression in platelets and endothelial cells. Possible involvement of protein kinase C activation and its inhibition by nitric oxide donors. Circ Res. 78:1996;780-789.
179. Kume N., Cybulsky M.I., Gimbrone M.A. Jr. Lysophosphatidylcholine, a component of atherogenic lipoproteins, induces mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecules in cultured human and rabbit arterial endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 90:1992;1138-1144.
180. Fei H., Berliner J.A., Parhami F., Drake T.A. Regulation of endothelial cell tissue factor expression by minimally oxidized LDL and lipopolysaccharide. Arterioscler Thromb. 13:1993;1711-1717.
181. Drake T.A., Hannani K., Fei H.H., Lavi S., Berliner J.A. Minimally oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces tissue factor expression in cultured human endothelial cells. Am J Pathol. 138:1991;601-607.
182. Ishii H., Kizaki K., Horie S., Kazama M. Oxidized low density lipoprotein reduces thrombomodulin transcription in cultured human endothelial cells through degradation of the lipoprotein in lysosomes. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;8458-8465.
183. Sato N., Kokame K., Miyata T., Kato H. Lysophosphatidylcholine decreases the synthesis of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost. 79:1998;217-221.
184. Grafe M., Auch-Schwelk W., Hertel H., et al. Human cardiac microvascular and macrovascular endothelial cells respond differently to oxidatively modified LDL. Atherosclerosis. 137:1998;87-95.
185. Eriksson P., Nilsson L., Karpe F., Hamsten A. Very-low-density lipoprotein response element in the promoter region of the human plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene implicated in the impaired fibrinolysis of hypertriglyceridemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 18:1998;20-26.
186. Stiko-Rahm A., Wiman B., Hamsten A., Nilsson J. Secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells is induced by very low density lipoprotein. Arteriosclerosis. 10:1990;1067-1073.
187. Dawson S., Hamsten A., Wiman B., Henney A., Humphries S. Genetic variation at the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 locus is associated with altered levels of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity. Arterioscler Thromb. 11:1991;183-190.
188. Li X.N., Grenett H.E., Benza R.L., et al. Genotype-specific transcriptional regulation of PAI-1 expression by hypertriglyceridemic VLDL and Lp(a) in cultured human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 17:1997;3215-3223.
189. Kokawa T., Enjyoji K., Kumeda K., et al. Measurement of the free form of TFPI antigen in hyperlipidemia. Relationship between free and endothelial cell-associated forms of TFPI. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 16:1996;802-808.
190. Kokawa T., Abumiya T., Kimura T., et al. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor activity in human plasma. Measurement of lipoprotein-associated and free forms in hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 15:1995;504-510.
191. Dart A.M., Cooper B., Kay S.B., Salem H. Relationships between protein C., protein S., von Willebrand factor and euglobulin lysis time and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with and without coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 140:1998;55-64.
192. Conlan M.G., Folsom A.R., Finch A., et al. Associations of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor with age, race, sex, and risk factors for atherosclerosis The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Thromb Haemost. 70:1993;380-385.
193. Greaves M., Malia R.G., Goodfellow K., et al. Fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor in IDDM: relationships to lipid vascular risk factors, blood pressure, glycaemic control and urinary albumin excretion rate: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study. Diabetologia. 40:1997;698-705.
194. Maier J.A., Barenghi L., Bradamante S., Pagani F. Induction of human endothelial cell growth by mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis. 123:1996;115-121.
195. Suc I., Meilhac O., Lajoie-Mazenc I., et al. Activation of EGF receptor by oxidized LDL. FASEB J. 12:1998;665-671.
196. Dimmeler S., Haendeler J., Galle J., Zeiher A.M. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces apoptosis of human endothelial cells by activation of CPP32-like proteases. A mechanistic clue to the 'response to injury' hypothesis. Circulation. 95:1997;1760-1763.
197. Chen T.H., Tseng H.P., Yang J.Y., Mao S.J. Effect of antioxidant in endothelial cells exposed to oxidized low-density lipoproteins. Life Sci. 62:1998;L277-282.
198. Andrews T.C., Raby K., Barry J., et al. Effect of cholesterol reduction on myocardial Ischemia in patients with coronary disease. Circulation. 95:1997;324-328.
199. Quyyumi A.A. Does acute improvement of endothelial dysfunction in coronary artery disease improve myocardial ischemia? A double-blind comparison of parenteral D- and L-arginine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 32:1998;904-911.