Cryptococcus gattii: A resurgent fungal pathogen

Trends in Microbiology

Volumn 19, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 564-571

  Chaturvedi, Vishnu ^a,b   Chaturvedi, Sudha ^a,b  

^a WADSWORTH CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY AT ALBANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY RESPONSE; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS GATTII; CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS; ECOLOGICAL NICHE; EPIDEMIC; FUNGAL COLONIZATION; FUNGAL GENETICS; FUNGAL STRAIN; FUNGAL VIRULENCE; GENOTYPE; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HOST RANGE; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; INFECTION CONTROL; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; NONHUMAN; POPULATION GENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRAIN DIFFERENCE; TREE;

ANIMALIA; CRYPTOCOCCUS GATTII; FILOBASIDIELLA NEOFORMANS;

EID: 80755163487     PISSN: 0966842X     EISSN: 18784380     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.07.010     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Vanbreuseghem R., Takashio M. An atypical strain of Cryptococcus neoformans (San Felice) Vuillemin 1894.II. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii var. nov. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 1970, 50:695-702.
2. Kwon-Chung K.J., et al. Proposal to conserve the name Cryptococcus gattii against C. hondurianus and C. bacillisporus (Basidiomycota, Hymenomycetes Tremellomycetidae). Taxon 2002, 51:804-806.
3. Casadevall A., Perfect J.R. Cryptococcus neoformans 1998, ASM Press.
4. Franzot S.P., et al. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii: separate varietal status for Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1999, 37:838-840.
5. Kwon-Chung K.J., Bennett J.E. Epidemiologic differences between the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1984, 120:123-130.
6. Chen J., et al. Cryptococcus neoformans strains and infection in apparently immunocompetent patients, China. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2008, 14:755-762.
7. Morgan J., et al. Cryptococcus gattii infection: characteristics and epidemiology of cases identified in a South African province with high HIV seroprevalence, 2002-2004. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006, 43:1077-1080.
8. Chaturvedi S., et al. Cryptococcus gattii in AIDS patients, Southern California. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005, 11:1686-1692.
9. Litvintseva A.P., et al. Prevalence of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus gattii serotype C among patients with AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 192:888-892.
10. Stephen C., et al. Multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Can. Vet. J. 2002, 43:792-794.
11. Byrnes E.J., et al. Emergence and pathogenicity of highly virulent Cryptococcus gattii genotypes in the northwest United States. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6:e1000850.
12. Meyer W., et al. Molecular typing of IberoAmerican Cryptococcus neoformans isolates. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003, 9:189-195.
13. Santos W.R.A., et al. Primary endemic Cryptococcosis gattii by molecular type VGII in the state of Pará, Brazil. Memórias Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2008, 103:813-818.
14. Carriconde F., et al. Clonality and α-a recombination in the Australian Cryptococcus gattii VGII population-an emerging outbreak in Australia. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e16936.
15. Curtis F. Contribution á l'étude de la saccharomycose humaine. Ann. l'Institut Pasteur 1896, 10:449-468.
16. Barnett J.A. A history of research on yeasts 14:1 medical yeasts part 2, Cryptococcus neoformans. Yeast 2010, 27:875-904.
17. Gatti F., Eeckels R. An atypical strain of Cryptococcus neoformans (San Felice) Vuillemin 1894. I. Description of the disease and of the strain. Ann. Soc. Belges. Med. Trop. Parasitol. Mycol. 1970, 50:689-693.
18. Evans E.E. The antigenic composition of Cryptococcus neoformans: I. A serologic classification by means of the capsular and agglutination reactions. J. Immunol. 1950, 64:423-430.
19. Kwon-Chung K.J. A new species of Filobasidiella, the sexual state of Cryptococcus neoformans B and C serotypes. Mycologia 1976, 68:943-946.
20. Kwon-Chung K.J., et al. Improved diagnostic medium for separation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotypes A and D) and Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes B and C). J. Clin. Microbiol. 1982, 15:535-537.
21. Xu J., et al. Multiple gene genealogies reveal recent dispersion and hybridization in the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Mol. Ecol. 2000, 9:1471-1481.
22. Sharpton T., et al. Mechanisms of intron gain and loss in Cryptococcus. Genome Biol. 2008, 9:R24.
23. Bovers M., et al. Unique hybrids between the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. FEMS Yeast Res. 2006, 6:599-607.
24. Meyer W., et al. Consensus multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Med. Mycol. 2009, 47:561-570.
25. Bovers M., et al. Six monophyletic lineages identified within Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii by multi-locus sequence typing. Fungal Genet. Biol. 2008, 45:400-421.
26. Ngamskulrungroj P., et al. Genetic diversity of the Cryptococcus species complex suggests that Cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e5862.
27. D'Souza C.A., et al. Genome variation in Cryptococcus gattii, an emerging pathogen of immunocompetent hosts. mBio 2011, 2:e00342-e410.
28. Mitchell D.H., et al. Cryptococcal disease of the CNS in immunocompetent hosts: influence of cryptococcal variety on clinical manifestations and outcome. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1995, 20:611-616.
29. Chen S., et al. Epidemiology and host- and variety-dependent characteristics of infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans in Australia and New Zealand, Australasian Cryptococcal Study Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000, 31:499-508.
30. Galanis E., Macdougall L. Epidemiology of Cryptococcus gattii, British Columbia, Canada, 1999-2007. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2010, 16:251-257.
31. Dora J.M., et al. Cutaneous cryptococccosis due to Cryptococcus gattii in immunocompetent hosts: case report and review. Mycopathologia 2006, 161:235-238.
32. Dewar G.J., Kelly J.K. Cryptococcus gattii: an emerging cause of pulmonary nodules. Can. Respir. J. 2008, 15:153-157.
33. Oliveira F.M., et al. Cryptococcus gattii fungemia: report of a case with lung and brain lesions mimicking radiological features of malignancy. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 2007, 49:263-265.
34. Tsunemi T., et al. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii infection in chronic meningoencephalitis: the first case in Japan. Intern. Med. 2001, 40:1241-1244.
35. Speed B., Dunt D. Clinical and host differences between infections with the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1995, 21:28-34. discussion 35-36.
36. Cryptococcus: From Human Pathogen to Model Yeast 2010, ASM Press. J. Heitman (Ed.).
37. Perfect J.R., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of Cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010, 50:291-322.
38. Peachey P.R., et al. The association between cryptococcal variety and immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. Pharmacotherapy 1998, 18:255-264.
39. Soares B.M., et al. Cerebral infection caused by Cryptococcus gattii: a case report and antifungal susceptibility testing. Rev. Iberoam Micol. 2008, 25:242-245.
40. Mendes F.E., et al. Correlation of the in vitro antifungal drug susceptibility with the in vivo activity of fluconazole in a murine model of cerebral infection caused by Cryptococcus gattii. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2010, 29:1525-1532.
41. Brouwer A.E., et al. Immune dysfunction in HIV-seronegative, Cryptococcus gattii meningitis. J. Infect. 2007, 54:e165-e168.
42. Seaton R.A., et al. Exposure to Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii - a seroepidemiological study. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1996, 90:508-512.
43. Duncan C., et al. Sub-clinical infection and asymptomatic carriage of Cryptococcus gattii in dogs and cats during an outbreak of cryptococcosis. Med. Mycol. 2005, 43:511-516.
44. Hagen F., et al. Activated dormant Cryptococcus gattii infection in a Dutch tourist who visited Vancouver Island (Canada): a molecular epidemiological approach. Med. Mycol. 2010, 48:528-531.
45. Tintelnot K., et al. Follow-up of epidemiological data of cryptococcosis in Austria, Germany and Switzerland with special focus on the characterization of clinical isolates. Mycoses 2004, 47:455-464.
46. Peel M.C., et al. Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 2007, 4:439-473.
47. Mak S., et al. Ecological niche modeling of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia. Can. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118:653-658.
48. Springer D.J., Chaturvedi V. Projecting global occurrence of Cryptococcus gattii. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2010, 16:14-20.
49. Duncan C., et al. Cryptococcus gattii in wildlife of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Can. J. Wildl. Dis. 2006, 42:175-178.
50. Duncan C., et al. Clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality for Cryptococcus gattii infection in dogs and cats of southwestern British Columbia. Can. Vet. J. 2006, 47:993-998.
51. Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) Emergence of Cryptococcus gattii - Pacific Northwest, 2004-2010. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2010, 59:865-868.
52. MacDougall L., et al. Spread of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada, and detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13:42-50.
53. Bennett J.E., et al. Epidemiologic differences among serotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1977, 105:582-586.
54. Ellis D.H., Pfeiffer T.J. Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1990, 28:1642-1644.
55. Sorrell T.C., et al. Natural environmental sources of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1996, 34:1261-1263.
56. Lazera M.S., et al. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii - evidence for a natural habitat related to decaying wood in a pottery tree hollow. Med. Mycol. 1998, 36:119-122.
57. Boddy L., et al. Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes 2008, Elsevier Academic Press.
58. Kidd S.E., et al. Characterization of environmental sources of the human and animal pathogen Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada, and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73:1433-1443.
59. Nielsen K., et al. Cryptococcus neoformans mates on pigeon guano: implications for the realized ecological niche and globalization. Eukaryot. Cell 2007, 6:949-959.
60. Huerfano S., et al. Experimental infection of almond trees seedlings (Terminalia catappa) with an environmental isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype C. Rev. Iberoam Micol. 2001, 18:131-132.
61. Ren P., et al. Transcription factor STE12alpha has distinct roles in morphogenesis, virulence, and ecological fitness of the primary pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus gattii. Eukaryot. Cell 2006, 5:1065-1080.
62. Xue C., et al. The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus can complete its sexual cycle during a pathogenic association with plants. Cell Host Microbe 2007, 1:263-273.
63. Springer D.J., et al. Extracellular fibrils of pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus gattii are important in ecological niche colonization and mammalian virulence. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e10978.
64. Dong Z.M., Murphy J.W. Effects of the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans cells and culture filtrate antigens on neutrophil locomotion. Infect. Immun. 1995, 63:2632-2644.
65. Wright L., et al. Metabolites released by Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and var. gattii differentially affect human neutrophil function. Microbes Infect. 2002, 4:1427-1438.
66. Cheng P.Y., et al. Cryptococcus gattii isolates from the British Columbia cryptococcosis outbreak induce less protective inflammation in a murine model of infection than Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 2009, 77:4284-4294.
67. Narasipura S.D., et al. Characterization of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene knock-out mutant of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii: role in biology and virulence. Mol. Microbiol. 2003, 47:1681-1694.
68. Cox G.M., et al. Superoxide dismutase influences the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans by affecting growth within macrophages. Infect. Immun. 2003, 71:173-180.
69. Giles S.S., et al. Cryptococcus neoformans mitochondrial superoxide dismutase: an essential link between antioxidant function and high-temperature growth. Eukaryot. Cell 2005, 4:46-54.
70. Narasipura S.D., et al. Characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii SOD2 reveals distinct roles of the two superoxide dismutases in fungal biology and virulence. Mol. Microbiol. 2005, 55:1782-1800.
71. Ngamskulrungroj P., et al. The trehalose synthesis pathway is an integral part of the virulence composite for Cryptococcus gattii. Infect. Immun. 2009, 77:4584-4596.
72. Petzold E.W., et al. Characterization and regulation of the trehalose synthesis pathway and its importance in the pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 2006, 74:5877-5887.
73. Yue C., et al. The STE12alpha homolog is required for haploid filamentation but largely dispensable for mating and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Genetics 1999, 153:1601-1615.
74. D'Souza C.A., et al. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase controls virulence of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2001, 21:3179-3191.
75. Hicks J.K., Heitman J. Divergence of protein kinase A catalytic subunits in Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii illustrates evolutionary reconfiguration of a signaling cascade. Eukaryot. Cell 2007, 6:413-420.
76. Ma H., et al. The fatal fungal outbreak on Vancouver Island is characterized by enhanced intracellular parasitism driven by mitochondrial regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106:12980-12985.
77. Kidd S.E., et al. A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101:17258-17263.
78. Fraser J.A., et al. Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak. Nature 2005, 437:1360-1364.
79. Chaturvedi S., et al. Selection of optimal host strain for molecular pathogenesis studies on Cryptococcus gattii. Mycopathologia 2005, 160:207-215.
80. Ngamskulrungroj P., et al. Global VGIIa isolates are of comparable virulence to the major fatal Cryptococcus gattii Vancouver Island outbreak genotype. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2011, 17:251-258.