Obesity and air pollution: Global risk factors for pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Hepatitis Monthly

Volumn 11, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 53-61

  Kelishadi, Roya ^a,b   Poursafa, Parinaz ^a,c  

^a ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^c ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INSULIN; SOMATOMEDIN B;

AIR POLLUTION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BODY FAT; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIETARY INTAKE; EDITORIAL; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; RADIODIAGNOSIS; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING;

EID: 80355149127     PISSN: 1735143X     EISSN: 17353408     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5812/kowsar.1735143X.746     Document Type: Editorial

References (108)

1. Moore JB. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the hepatic consequence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010;69(2):211-220.
2. Kojima S, Watanabe N, Numata M, Ogawa T, Matsuzaki S. Increase in the prevalence of fatty liver in Japan over the past 12 years: analysis of clinical background. J Gastroenterol. 2003;38(10):954-961.
3. Motlagh ME, Kelishadi R, Amirkhani MA, Ziaoddini H, Dashti M, Aminaee T, et al. Double burden of nutritional disorders in young Iranian children: findings of a nationwide screening survey. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(4):605-610.
4. Chitturi S, Farrell GC, George J. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the Asia-Pacific region: future shock? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19(4):368-374.
5. Manton ND, Lipsett J, Moore DJ, Davidson GP, Bourne AJ, Couper RT. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in children and adolescents. Med J Aust. 2000;173(9):476-479.
6. Baldridge AD, Perez-Atayde AR, Graeme-Cook F, Higgins L, Lavine JE. Idiopathic steatohepatitis in childhood: a multicenter retrospective study. J Pediatr. 1995;127(5):700-704.
7. Kong AP, Chow CC. Medical consequences of childhood obesity: a Hong Kong perspective. Res Sports Med. 2010;18(1):16-25.
8. World Health Organization. Controlling the global obesity epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2008 [updated 2011 March]; Available from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/obesity/en/index.html.
9. Jackson-Leach R, Lobstein T. Estimated burden of paediatric obesity and co-morbidities in Europe. Part 1. The increase in the prevalence of child obesity in Europe is itself increasing. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2006;1(1):26-32.
10. Haas GM, Liepold E, Schwandt P. Predicting Cardiovascular Risk Factors by dIfferent Body Fat Patterns in 3850 German Children: the PEP Family Heart Study. Int J Prev Med. 2011;2(1):15-19.
11. Zephier E, Himes JH, Story M, Zhou X. Increasing prevalences of overweight and obesity in Northern Plains American Indian children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160(1):34-39.
12. Heude B, Lafay L, Borys JM, Thibult N, Lommez A, Romon M, et al. Time trend in height, weight, and obesity prevalence in school children from Northern France, 1992-2000. Diabetes Metab. 2003;29(3):235-240.
13. Sekhobo JP, Edmunds LS, Reynolds DK, Dalenius K, Sharma A. Trends in prevalence of obesity and overweight among children enrolled in the New York State WIC program, 2002-2007. Public Health Rep. 2010;125(2):218-224.
14. Tambalis KD, Panagiotakos DB, Psarra G, Sidossis LS. Inverse but independent trends in obesity and fitness levels among Greek children: a time-series analysis from 1997 to 2007. Obes Facts. 2011;4(2):165-174.
15. Kelishadi R. Childhood overweight, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:62-76.
16. Martorell R, Kettel Khan L, Hughes ML, Grummer-Strawn LM. Overweight and obesity in preschool children from developing countries. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(8):959-967.
17. Low LC. Childhood obesity in developing countries. World J Pediatr. 2010;6(3):197-199.
18. Gupta DK, Shah P, Misra A, Bharadwaj S, Gulati S, Gupta N, et al. Secular trends in prevalence of overweight and obesity from 2006 to 2009 in urban asian Indian adolescents aged 14-17 years. PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e17221.
19. de Onis M, Blossner M, Borghi E. Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(5):1257-1264.
20. Armstrong ME, Lambert MI, Lambert EV. Secular trends in the prevalence of stunting, overweight and obesity among South African children (1994-2004). Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65(7):835-840.
21. Usfar AA, Lebenthal E, Atmarita, Achadi E, Soekirman, Hadi H. Obesity as a poverty-related emerging nutrition problems: the case of Indonesia. Obes Rev. 2010;11(12):924-928.
22. Kelishadi R, Ghatrehsamani S, Hosseini M, Mirmoghtadaee P, Mansouri S, Poursafa P. Barriers to Physical Activity in a Population-based Sample of Children and Adolescents in Isfahan, Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2010;1(2):131-137.
23. Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(16):1221-1231.
24. Younossi ZM, Diehl AM, Ong JP. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an agenda for clinical research. Hepatology. 2002;35(4):746-752.
25. Schwimmer JB, Behling C, Newbury R, Deutsch R, Nievergelt C, Schork NJ, et al. Histopathology of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;42(3):641-649.
26. Denzer C, Thiere D, Muche R, Koenig W, Mayer H, Kratzer W, et al. Gender-specific prevalences of fatty liver in obese children and adolescents: roles of body fat distribution, sex steroids, and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(10):3872-3881.
27. Pardee PE, Lavine JE, Schwimmer JB. Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and the implications for bariatric surgery. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2009;18(3):144-151.
28. Rashid M, Roberts EA. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30(1):48-53.
29. Wong VW, Wong GL, Tsang SW, Hui AY, Chan AW, Choi PC, et al. Metabolic and histological features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with different serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29(4):387-396.
30. Kim HC, Nam CM, Jee SH, Han KH, Oh DK, Suh I. Normal serum aminotransferase concentration and risk of mortality from liver diseases: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2004;328(7446):983.
31. Jagarinec N, Flegar-Mestric Z, Surina B, Vrhovski-Hebrang D, Preden-Kerekovic V. Pediatric reference intervals for 34 biochemical analytes in urban school children and adolescents. Clin Chem Lab Med. 1998;36(5):327-337.
32. Burritt MF, Slockbower JM, Forsman RW, Offord KP, Bergstralh EJ, Smithson WA. Pediatric reference intervals for 19 biologic variables in healthy children. Mayo Clin Proc. 1990;65(3):329-336.
33. Di Bonito P, Sanguigno E, Di Fraia T, Forziato C, Boccia G, Saitta F, et al. Association of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase with metabolic factors in obese children: sex-related analysis. Metabolism. 2009;58(3):368-372.
34. Prati D, Taioli E, Zanella A, Della Torre E, Butelli S, Del Vecchio E, et al. Updated definitions of healthy ranges for serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(1):1-10.
35. Hamer OW, Aguirre DA, Casola G, Lavine JE, Woenckhaus M, Sirlin CB. Fatty liver: imaging patterns and pitfalls. Radiographics. 2006;26(6):1637-1653.
36. Shin DS, Jeffrey RB, Desser TS. Pearls and pitfalls in hepatic ultrasonography. Ultrasound Q. 2010;26(1):17-25.
37. Saadeh S, Younossi ZM, Remer EM, Gramlich T, Ong JP, Hurley M, et al. The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2002;123(3):745-750.
38. Tchelepi H, Ralls PW, Radin R, Grant E. Sonography of diffuse liver disease. J Ultrasound Med. 2002;21(9):1023-1032; quiz 33-34.
39. Schwimmer JB, Deutsch R, Kahen T, Lavine JE, Stanley C, Behling C. Prevalence of fatty liver in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006;118(4):1388-1393.
40. Fraser A, Longnecker MP, Lawlor DA. Prevalence of elevated alanine aminotransferase among US adolescents and associated factors: NHANES 1999-2004. Gastroenterology. 2007;133(6):1814-1820.
41. Chan DF, Li AM, Chu WC, Chan MH, Wong EM, Liu EK, et al. Hepatic steatosis in obese Chinese children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(10):1257-1263.
42. Franzese A, Vajro P, Argenziano A, Puzziello A, Iannucci MP, Saviano MC, et al. Liver involvement in obese children. Ultrasonography and liver enzyme levels at diagnosis and during follow-up in an Italian population. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42(7):1428-1432.
43. Guzzaloni G, Grugni G, Minocci A, Moro D, Morabito F. Liver steatosis in juvenile obesity: correlations with lipid profile, hepatic biochemical parameters and glycemic and insulinemic responses to an oral glucose tolerance test. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(6):772-776.
44. Tazawa Y, Noguchi H, Nishinomiya F, Takada G. Serum alanine aminotransferase activity in obese children. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86(3):238-241.
45. Alavian SM, Mohammad-Alizadeh AH, Esna-Ashari F, Ardalan G, Hajarizadeh B. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence among school-aged children and adolescents in Iran and its association with biochemical and anthropometric measures. Liver Int. 2009;29(2):159-163.
46. Carter-Kent C, Yerian LM, Brunt EM, Angulo P, Kohli R, Ling SC, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children: a multicenter clinicopathological study. Hepatology. 2009;50(4):1113-1120.
47. Caserta CA, Pendino GM, Amante A, Vacalebre C, Fiorillo MT, Surace P, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and carotid artery intima-media thickness in an adolescent population in southern Italy. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171(11):1195-1202.
48. Fu CC, Chen MC, Li YM, Liu TT, Wang LY. The risk factors for ultrasound- diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among adolescents. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009;38(1):15-17.
49. Graham RC, Burke A, Stettler N. Ethnic and sex differences in the association between metabolic syndrome and suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49(4):442-449.
50. Kelishadi R, Cook SR, Adibi A, Faghihimani Z, Ghatrehsamani S, Beihaghi A, et al. Association of the components of the metabolic syndrome with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among normal- weight, overweight and obese children and adolescents. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2009;1:29.
51. Koebnick C, Getahun D, Reynolds K, Coleman KJ, Porter AH, Lawrence JM, et al. Trends in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related hospitalizations in US children, adolescents, and young adults. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;48(5):597-603.
52. Lin YC, Chang PF, Yeh SJ, Liu K, Chen HC. Risk factors for liver steatosis in obese children and adolescents. Pediatr Neonatol. 2010;51(3):149-154.
53. Liu LR, Fu JF, Liang L, Huang K. [Relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease in children with obesity]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2010;12(7):547-550.
54. Nobili V, Alkhouri N, Bartuli A, Manco M, Lopez R, Alisi A, et al. Severity of liver injury and atherogenic lipid profile in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pediatr Res. 2010;67(6):665-670.
55. Park HS, Han JH, Choi KM, Kim SM. Relation between elevated serum alanine aminotransferase and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(5):1046-1051.
56. Patton HM, Yates K, Unalp-Arida A, Behling CA, Huang TT, Rosenthal P, et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and liver histology among children with nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(9):2093-102.
57. Reinehr T, Toschke AM. Onset of puberty and cardiovascular risk factors in untreated obese children and adolescents: a 1-year follow-up study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163(8):709-715.
58. Rocha R, Cotrim HP, Bitencourt AG, Barbosa DB, Santos AS, Almeida Ade M, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in asymptomatic Brazilian adolescents. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(4):473-477.
59. Sharp DB, Santos LA, Cruz ML. Fatty liver in adolescents on the U.S.-Mexico border. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2009;21(4):225-230.
60. Shi HB, Fu JF, Liang L, Wang CL, Zhu JF, Zhou F, et al. [Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome in obese children]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2009;47(2):114-118.
61. Strauss RS, Barlow SE, Dietz WH. Prevalence of abnormal serum aminotransferase values in overweight and obese adolescents. J Pediatr. 2000;136(6):727-733.
62. Tominaga K, Kurata JH, Chen YK, Fujimoto E, Miyagawa S, Abe I, et al. Prevalence of fatty liver in Japanese children and relationship to obesity. An epidemiological ultrasonographic survey. Dig Dis Sci. 1995;40(9):2002-209.
63. Widhalm K, Ghods E. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a challenge for pediatricians. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34(10):1451-1467.
64. Balmer ML, Dufour JF. [Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - from NAFLD to MAFLD]. Ther Umsch. 2011;68(4):183-188.
65. van Vliet M, von Rosenstiel IA, Schindhelm RK, Brandjes DP, Beijnen JH, Diamant M. The association of elevated alanine aminotransferase and the metabolic syndrome in an overweight and obese pediatric population of multi-ethnic origin. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168(5):585-591.
66. Yoo J, Lee S, Kim K, Yoo S, Sung E, Yim J. Relationship between insulin resistance and serum alanine aminotransferase as a surrogate of NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) in obese Korean children. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81(3):321-326.
67. Dubern B, Girardet JP, Tounian P. Insulin resistance and ferritin as major determinants of abnormal serum aminotransferase in severely obese children. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2006;1(2):77-82.
68. Ciba I, Widhalm K. The association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance in 20 obese children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(1):109-112.
69. Quiros-Tejeira RE, Rivera CA, Ziba TT, Mehta N, Smith CW, Butte NF. Risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Hispanic youth with BMI > or =95th percentile. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44(2):228-36.
70. Zein CO, Unalp A, Colvin R, Liu YC, McCullough AJ. Smoking and severity of hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2011;54(4):753-759.
71. Burgert TS, Taksali SE, Dziura J, Goodman TR, Yeckel CW, Papademetris X, et al. Alanine aminotransferase levels and fatty liver in childhood obesity: associations with insulin resistance, adiponectin, and visceral fat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(11):4287-4294.
72. Gharouni M, Rashidi A. Association between Fatty Liver and Coronary Artery Disease: Yet to Explore. Hepat Mon. 2007;7(4):243-244.
73. Tarquini R, Lazzeri C, Boddi M, Marra F, Abbate R, Gensini GF. [Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new challenge for cardiologists]. G Ital Cardiol (Rome). 2010;11(9):660-669.
74. Perseghin G. The role of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in cardiovascular disease. Dig Dis. 2010;28(1):210-203.
75. Salvi P, Ruffini R, Agnoletti D, Magnani E, Pagliarani G, Comandini G, et al. Increased arterial stiffness in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the Cardio-GOOSE study. J Hypertens. 2010;28(8):1699-1707.
76. Hacihamdioglu B, Okutan V, Yozgat Y, Yildirim D, Kocaoglu M, Lenk MK, et al. Abdominal obesity is an independent risk factor for increased carotid intima- media thickness in obese children. Turk J Pediatr. 2011;53(1):48-54.
77. Pacifico L, Cantisani V, Ricci P, Osborn JF, Schiavo E, Anania C, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and carotid atherosclerosis in children. Pediatr Res. 2008;63(4):423-427.
78. Wieckowska A, Feldstein AE. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the pediatric population: a review. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2005;17(5):636-641.
79. Dunn W, Schwimmer JB. The obesity epidemic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2008;10(1):67-72.
80. Manco M, Bottazzo G, DeVito R, Marcellini M, Mingrone G, Nobili V. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(6):667-676.
81. Mencin AA, Lavine JE. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14(2):151-157.
82. Poggiogalle E, Olivero G, Anania C, Ferraro F, Pacifico L. [Pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: recent advances and challenges]. Minerva Pediatr. 2010;62(6):569-584.
83. Stanca CM, Babar J, Singal V, Ozdenerol E, Odin JA. Pathogenic role of environmental toxins in immune-mediated liver diseases. J Immunotoxicol. 2008;5(1):59-68.
84. Ala A, Stanca CM, Bu-Ghanim M, Ahmado I, Branch AD, Schiano TD, et al. Increased prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis near Superfund toxic waste sites. Hepatology. 2006;43(3):525-531.
85. Azzalini L, Ferrer E, Ramalho LN, Moreno M, Dominguez M, Colmenero J, et al. Cigarette smoking exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese rats. Hepatology. 2010;51(5):1567-1576.
86. Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA, 3rd, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121(21):2331-2378.
87. Hamabe A, Uto H, Imamura Y, Kusano K, Mawatari S, Kumagai K, et al. Impact of cigarette smoking on onset of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease over a 10-year period. J Gastroenterol. 2011;46(6):769-778.
88. Mallat A, Lotersztajn S. Cigarette smoke exposure: a novel cofactor of NAFLD progression? J Hepatol. 2009;51(3):430-432.
89. Zhang H, He SM, Sun J, Wang C, Jiang YF, Gu Q, et al. Prevalence and etiology of abnormal liver tests in an adult population in Jilin, China. Int J Med Sci. 2011;8(3):254-262.
90. Akha O, Fakheri H, Abdi R, Mahdavi M. Evaluation of the Correlation between Non-Alcoholic Fatty liver Disease and Insulin Resistance. Iran Red Cres Med J. 2010;12(3):282-286.
91. Perez M, Gonzales L, Olarte R, Rodriguez NI, Tabares M, Salazar JP, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with insulin resistance in a young Hispanic population. Prev Med. 2011;52(2):174-177.
92. Hiura TS, Li N, Kaplan R, Horwitz M, Seagrave JC, Nel AE. The role of a mitochondrial pathway in the induction of apoptosis by chemicals extracted from diesel exhaust particles. J Immunol. 2000;165(5):2703-2711.
93. Kumagai Y, Arimoto T, Shinyashiki M, Shimojo N, Nakai Y, Yoshikawa T, et al. Generation of reactive oxygen species during interaction of diesel exhaust particle components with NADPHcytochrome P450 reductase and involvement of the bioactivation in the DNA damage. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22(3):479-487.
94. Sagai M, Saito H, Ichinose T, Kodama M, Mori Y. Biological effects of diesel exhaust particles. I. In vitro production of superoxide and in vivo toxicity in mouse. Free Radic Biol Med. 1993;14(1):37-47.
95. Tomaru M, Takano H, Inoue K, Yanagisawa R, Osakabe N, Yasuda A, et al. Pulmonary exposure to diesel exhaust particles enhances fatty change of the liver in obese diabetic mice. Int J Mol Med. 2007;19(1):17-22.
96. Folkmann JK, Risom L, Hansen CS, Loft S, Moller P. Oxidatively damaged DNA and inflammation in the liver of dyslipidemic ApoE-/- mice exposed to diesel exhaust particles. Toxicology. 2007;237(1-3):134-144.
97. Tan HH, Fiel MI, Sun Q, Guo J, Gordon RE, Chen LC, et al. Kupffer cell activation by ambient air particulate matter exposure may exacerbate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Immunotoxicol. 2009;6(4):266-275.
98. Wieckowska A, Papouchado BG, Li Z, Lopez R, Zein NN, Feldstein AE. Increased hepatic and circulating interleukin-6 levels in human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(6):1372-1379.
99. Cave M, Deaciuc I, Mendez C, Song Z, Joshi-Barve S, Barve S, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: predisposing factors and the role of nutrition. J Nutr Biochem. 2007;18(3):184-195.
100. Cave M, Appana S, Patel M, Falkner KC, McClain CJ, Brock G. Polychlorinated biphenyls, lead, and mercury are associated with liver disease in American adults: NHANES 2003-2004. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(12):1735-1742.
101. Kelishadi R, Mirghaffari N, Poursafa P, Gidding SS. Lifestyle and environmental factors associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in children. Atherosclerosis. 2009;203(1):311-319.
102. Brook RD, Jerrett M, Brook JR, Bard RL, Finkelstein MM. The relationship between diabetes mellitus and traffic-related air pollution. J Occup Environ Med. 2008;50(1):32-38.
103. Sun Q, Yue P, Deiuliis JA, Lumeng CN, Kampfrath T, Mikolaj MB, et al. Ambient air pollution exaggerates adipose inflammation and insulin resistance in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Circulation. 2009;119(4):538-546.
104. Chen JC, Schwartz J. Metabolic syndrome and inflammatory responses to long-term particulate air pollutants. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(5):612-617.
105. O'Neill MS, Veves A, Zanobetti A, Sarnat JA, Gold DR, Economides PA, et al. Diabetes enhances vulnerability to particulate air pollution-associated impairment in vascular reactivity and endothelial function. Circulation. 2005;111(22):2913-2920.
106. O'Neill MS, Veves A, Sarnat JA, Zanobetti A, Gold DR, Economides PA, et al. Air pollution and inflammation in type 2 diabetes: a mechanism for susceptibility. Occup Environ Med. 2007;64(6):373-379.
107. Poursafa P, Kelishadi R, Lahijanzadeh A, Modaresi M, Javanmard SH, Assari R, et al. The relationship of air pollution and surrogate markers of endothelial dysfunction in a population-based sample of children. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:115.
108. Poursafa P, Kelishadi R, Moattar F, Rafiee L, Amin MM, Lahijanzadeh A, et al. Genetic variation in the association of air pollutants with a biomarker of vascular injury in children and adolescents in Isfahan, Iran. J Res Med Sci. 2011;16(6):6.