Structure-property relationships for metal-free organic magnetic materials

Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry

Volumn 45, Issue , 2011, Pages 93-169

  Lahti, Paul M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

magnetism; molecular magnetism; molecule based magnetism; organic magnetism; paramagnets; polyradicals; radicals; soft matter

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053405514     PISSN: 00653160     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-386047-7.00003-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (418)

1. For some history of the search for open-shell molecules, see Berson JA. In: Patai S, Rappoport Z, editors. The quinonoid compounds. New York, NY: Wiley; 1988. Vol. 2, pp. 455-536.
2. D.R. Talham, and M.W. Meisel Chem Soc Rev 40 2011 3356 3365
3. J.M. Herrera, A. Bachschmidt, F. Villain, A. Bleuzen, V. Marvaud, W. Wernsdorfer, and M. Verdaguer Phil Trans Royal Soc A 366 2008 127 138
4. Yee GT, Miller JS. In. Miller JS, Drillon M, editors. Magnetism: molecules to materials. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH; 2005. Vol. 5, p. 223ff.
5. M. Verdaguer, and G.S. Girolami J.S. Miller, M Drillon, Magnetism: molecules to materials Vol. 5 2005 Wiley-VCH Weinheim, Germany 283ff
6. J.S. Miller J Mater Chem 20 2010 1846 1857
7. J.S. Miller Dalton Trans 2006 2742 2749
8. J.S. Miller, R.S. McLean, C. Vazquez, J.C. Calabrese, F. Zuo, and A.J. Epstein J Mater Chem 3 1993 215 218
9. J.M. Manriquez, G.T. Yee, R.S. McLean, A.J. Epstein, and J.S. Miller Science 252 1991 1415 1417
10. G.T. Yee, J.M. Manriquez, D.A. Dixon, R.S. McLean, D.M. Groski, R.B. Flippen, K.S. Narayan, A.J. Epstein, and J.S. Miller Adv Mater 3 1991 309 311
11. Miller MS, Calabrese JC, Rommelmann H, Chittipeddi SR, Zhang H, Reiff WM, Epstein AJ. J Am Chem Soc 1987;109:769-81.
12. L. Ouahab, and T. Enoki Eur J Chem 2004 933 941
13. B.B. Kaul, B.C. Noll, and G.T. Yee J Solid State Chem 159 2001 420 427
14. T. Mori, and M. Katsuhara J Phys Soc Jpn 71 2002 826 844
15. S. Nakatsuji, and H. Anzai J Mater Chem 7 1997 2161 2174
16. Z.V. Todres Ion-radical organic chemistry: principles and applications 2nd ed. 2009 CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL Ch 3. p. 403ff
17. S.C. Blackstock, and T.D. Selby P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials 1999 Marcel-Dekker. New York, NY 165ff
18. R.J. Bushby, and D. Gooding J Chem Soc Perkin 2 1998 1069 1075
19. R.J. Bushby PM Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY p. 179ff
20. A. Caneschi, D. Gatteschi, R. Sessoli, and P. Rey Acc Chem Res 22 1989 392 398
21. A. Caneschi, D. Gatteschi, and R. Sessoli D. Gatteschi, O. Kahn, J.S. Miller, F. Palacio, Magnetic molecular materials; NATO ASI series E198.Dordrecht 1991 Kluwer Netherlands 215ff
22. H. Iwamura, K. Inoue, and T. Hayamizu Pure Appl Chem 68 1996 243 252
23. D. Gatteschi, and P. Rey P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY 601ff
24. A. Caneschi, D. Gatteschi, and P. Rey S.J. Lippard, Progress in organic chemistry Vol 39 1991 Wiley New York, NY 331ff
25. L. Ouahab Coord Chem Rev 178-180 1998 1501 1531
26. R.G. Hicks Aust J Chem 54 2001 597 600
27. M.T. Lemaire Pure Appl Chem 76 2004 277 293
28. O. Kahn Molecular magnetism 1993 VCH New York, NY
29. J.S. Miller, and Drillon M Magnetism: molecules to materials Vol 1-5 2001-2005 Wiley-VCH Weinheim, Germany
30. T. Sugawara, and A. Izuoka Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sect A 305 1997 41 54
31. D. Gatteschi Adv Mater 6 1994 635 645
32. J.R. Galan-Mascaros, and E. Coronado Compt Rend Chem 11 2008 1110 1116
33. E. Coronado, E. Giménez-Saiz, C.J. Gómez-García, F.M. Romero, and A. Tarazó J Mater Chem 18 2008 929 934
34. J.S. Miller, and D. Gatteschi Chem Soc Rev 40 2011 3053 3368
35. A.C. Soegiarto, W. Yan, A.D. Kent, and M.D. Ward J Mater Chem 21 2011 2204 2219
36. K. Ishii, and N. Kobayashi Coord Chem Rev 19 2000 231 250
37. M. Fujino, T. Amano, H. Akutsu, J. Yamada, and S. Nakatsuji Chem Commun 2004 2310 2311
38. S. Nakatsuji Adv Mater 13 2001 1719 1724
39. S. Nakatsuji, S. Satoki, K. Suzuki, T. Enoki, N. Kinoshita, and H. Anzai Synth Met 71 1995 1819 1820
40. Y.S. Karimo, and E.G. Rozantsev Fizika Tverdogo Tela 8 1966 2787 2789
41. R. Hicks Stable radicals: fundamental and applied aspects of odd-electron compounds 2010 Wiley-Blackwell West Sussex, UK
42. O.N. Chupakhin, I.A. Utepova, M.V. Varaksin, E.V. Tretyakov, G.V. Romanenko, D.V. Stass, and V.I. Ovcharenko J Org Chem 74 2009 2870 2872
43. Lafranc de Panthou F. Thesis, Grenoble, France; 1994 (cited in Ref.7d);.
44. S. Greve, V. Vill, and W. Friedrichsen Zeit Naturforsch B 57 2002 677 684
45. S. Shimono, R. Tamura, N. Ikuma, T. Takimoto, N. Kawame, O. Tamada, N. Sakai, H. Matsuura, and J. Yamauchi J Org Chem 69 2004 475 478
46. C. Hirel, J. Pécaut, S. Choua, P. Turek, D.B. Amabilino, J. Veciana, and P. Rey Eur J Chem 2005 348 359
47. E. Dormann, H. Winter, W. Dyakonow, B. Gotschy, A. Lang, H. Naarmann, and N. Walker Ber Bunsen-Ges 96 1992 922 930
48. E. Dormann, W. Dyakonow, B. Gotschy, A. Lang, H. Naarmann, B. Pilawa, N. Walker, and H. Winter Synth Met 56 1993 3273 3278
49. B. Pilawa, and T. Pietrus J Magn Magn Mater 150 1995 165 174
50. K. Mukai P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY p. 427ff
51. G. Likhtenshtein, J. Yamauchi, S. Nakatsuji, A.I. Smirnov, and R. Tamura Nitroxides. applications in chemistry, biomedicine, and materials science 2008 Wiley-VCH Weinheim, Germany
52. G. Chapelet-Letourneux, H. Lemaire, R. Lenk, M.A. Marechal, and A.P. Rassat Bull Soc Chim Fr 1968 3963 3972
53. Y. Miura Trends Org Chem 6 1997 197 217
54. Y. Miura Recent Res Dev Org Chem 2 1998 251 268
55. Y. Miuru, H. Asada, M. Kinoshita, and K. Ohta J Phys Chem 87 1983 3450 3455
56. Y. Miura, T. Tomimura, and Y. Teki J Org Chem 65 2000 7889 7895
57. M. Nakatsuji, Y. Miura, and Y. Teki Polyhedron 20 2001 1355 1357
58. Y. Miura, Y. Oyama, and Y. Teki J Org Chem 68 2003 1225 1234
59. Y. Miura, S. Nakamura, and Y. Teki J Org Chem 68 2003 8244 8247
60. Y. Miura, and M. Muranaka Electrochim Acta 52 2006 1053 1057
61. J. Zienkiewicz, A. Fryszkowska, K. Zienkiewicz, F. Guo, P. Kaszynski, A. Januszko, and D. Jones J Org Chem 72 2007 3510 3520
62. M.J. Sienkowska, J.M. Farrar, and P. Kaszynski Liq Cryst 34 2007 19 24
63. P. Kaszynski Molecules 9 2004 716 724
64. J. Zienkiewicz, P. Kaszynski, and V.G. Young Jr. J Org Chem 69 2004 7525 7536
65. A. Rajca, A. Olankitwanit, and S. Rajca J Am Chem Soc 133 2011 4750 4753
66. P.J. Boratynski, M. Pink, S. Rajca, and A. Rajca Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 49 2010 5459 5462
67. A. Rajca, K. Shiraishi, M. Pink, and S. Rajca J Am Chem Soc 129 2007 7232 7233
68. B. Yan, J. Cramen, R. McDonald, and N.L. Frank Chem Commun 47 2011 3201 3203
69. K. Mukai, K. Inoue, N. Achiwa, J.B. Jamali, C. Krieger, and F.A. Neugebauer Chem Phys Lett 224 1994 569 575
70. F.A. Neugebauer, and G. Rimmler Magn Reson Chem 26 1988 595 600
71. E.R. Altwicker Chem Rev 67 1967 475 531
72. V.D. Pokhodenko, V.A. Khizhnyi, and V.A. Bidzilya Russ Chem Rev 37 1968 435 448
73. O. Nwobi, J. Higgins, X. Zhou, and R. Liu Chem Phys Lett 272 1997 155 161
74. B.S. Prabhanada J Chem Phys 79 1983 5752 5757
75. G.M. Coppinger J Am Chem Soc 79 1957 501 502
76. M.S. Kharasch, and B.S. Joshi J Org Chem 22 1957 1435 1438
77. K. Mukai, K. Ueda, and K. Ishizu J Chem Phys 77 1982 1606 1607
78. K. Awaga, T. Sugano, and M. Kinoshita Chem Phys Lett 128 1986 587 590
79. A. Ueda, S. Nishida, K. Fukui, T. Ise, D. Shiomi, K. Sato, T. Takui, K. Nakasuji, and Y. Morita Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 49 2010 1678 1682
80. S. Maki, Y. Morita, T. Ohba, K. Fukui, K. Sato, D. Shiomi, T. Takui, and K. Nakasuji Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sect A 376 2002 543 548
81. C. Xie, and P.M. Lahti Tetrahedron Lett 40 1999 4305 4308
82. A.J. Banister, N. Bricklebank, I. Lavender, J.M. Rawson, C.I. Gregory, B.K. Tanner, W. Clegg, M.R.J. Elsegood, and F. Palacio Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 35 1996 2533 2535
83. G. Antorrena, N. Bricklebank, F. Palacio, J.M. Rawson, and N.B. Smith Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon 124-125 1997 133 142
84. J.M. Rawson, A. Alberola, and A. Whalley J Mater Chem 16 2006 2560 2575
85. K.E. Preuss Dalton Trans 2007 2357 2369
86. J.M. Rawson, and G.D. McManus Coord Chem Rev 189 1999 135 168
87. K. Kim Sulfur Reports 21 1998 147 207
88. T. Kawamoto, Y. Bando, T. Mori, T. Konoike, Y. Takahide, T. Terashima, S. Uji, K. Takimiya, and T. Otsubo Phys Rev B 77 2008 224506/1-5
89. T. Kawamoto, Y. Bando, T. Mori, K. Takimiya, and T. Otsubo Phys Rev B 71 2005 052501/1-4
90. T. Matsumoto, T. Sugimoto, and S. Noguchi Synth Met 135-136 2003 571 572
91. J.M. Rawson, and F. Palacio J. Veciana, Pi-electron magnetism: from molecules to magnetic materials. Structure & bonding Vol. 100 2001 Spring-Verlag Berlin, Germany 93 128
92. J.S. Miller Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 42 2003 27 29
93. R.G. Hicks Nat Chem 3 2011 189 191
94. Lahti PM. Unpublished data 2011.
95. J.H. McManus, R.W. Fessenden, and D.M. Chipman J Phys Chem 92 1988 3778 3781
96. H.M. McConnell J Chem Phys 24 1956 632
97. J.A. Pople, and D.L. Beveridge Approximate molecular orbital theory 1970 McGraw-Hill New York, NY p. 146
98. See also Greatorex D, Jenkins HDB, Kemp TJ. J Chem Soc Perkin 2 1973:1762-5.
99. J. Yamauchi, and Y. Deguchi Can J Chem 66 1988 1862 1866
100. J.R. Ferrer, P.M. Lahti, C. George, G. Antorrena, and F. Palacio Chem Mater 11 1999 2205 2210
101. K. Goto, T. Kubo, K. Yamamoto, K. Nakasuji, K. Sato, D. Shiomi, T. Takui, M. Kubota, T. Kobayashi, K. Yakusi, and J. Ouyang J Am Chem Soc 121 1999 1619 1620
102. Cf., for example, the CrystEngComm's themed issue "Crystal engineering in molecular magnetism": Rovira C, Veciana J, editors. Cryst Eng Comm 2009. 11:2017-212.
103. M.A. Estermann, K. Lemster, T. Haibach, and W. Steurer Z Krist 215 2000 584 596
104. G.M. Sheldrick Acta Cryst A64 2008 112 122
105. P. Müller Cryst Rev 15 2009 57 83
106. L.J. Farrugia J Appl Cryst 32 1999 837 838
107. R. Caliandro, C. Giacovazzo, and R. Rizzi Powder Diffraction 2008 227 265
108. K.D.M. Harris, M. Tremayne, and B.M. Kariuki Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 40 2001 1626 1651
109. P. Ochsenbein, and K.J. Schenk Polymorphism 2006 139 166
110. M. Tremayne Phil Trans R Soc Lond A 362 2004 2691 2707
111. The International Union of Crystallography maintains up to date information about CIF file formats and uses, as methodology continues to evolve. At present, its web address is http://www.iucr.org.
112. C.F. Macrae, I.J. Bruno, J.A. Chisholm, P.R. Edgington, P. McCabe, E. Pidcock, L. Rodriguez-Monge, R. Taylor, J. van de Streek, and P.A. Wood J Appl Cryst 41 2008 466 470
113. C.F. Macrae, P.R. Edgington, P. McCabe, E. Pidcock, G.P. Shields, R. Taylor, M. Towler, and J. van de Streek J Appl Cryst 39 2006 453 457
114. I.J. Bruno, J.C. Cole, P.R. Edgington, M.K. Kessler, C.F. Macrae, P. McCabe, J. Pearson, and R. Taylor Acta Cryst B58 2002 389 397
115. POV-ray is available from the Persistence of Vision Ltd. (2004), Persistence of Vision Raytracer (Version 3.6) computer software website, http://www.povray.org.
116. Cf., for example, Cullity BD, Graham CD. Introduction to magnetic materials. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2008. 2nd ed. p. 23ff.
117. D. Jiles Introduction to magnetism and magnetic materials 2nd 1998 Chapman & Hall London UK
118. R.L. Carlin Magnetochemistry 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin, Germany
119. J.S. Miller MRS Bull 32 2007 549 555
120. J.S. Miller Electrochem Soc 2002 22 27
121. J.S. Miller, and A.J. Epstein MRS Bull 25 2000 21 28
122. P. Schloten J Magn Magn Mater 149 1995 57 59
123. J. Cano, and Y. Journaux J.S. Miller, M. Drillon, Magnetism: molecules to materials Vol. 5 2005 Wiley-VCH Weinheim, Germany 197ff
124. F.F. Assad, and M. Troye H. Kronmüller, S. Parkin, Handbook of magnetism and advanced magnetic materials Vol. 1 2007 Wiley Chichester, UK
125. J.J. Borrás-Almenar, J.M. Clemente-Juan, E. Coronado, and B.S. Tsukerblat J Comput Chem 22 2001 985 991
126. Xu, Z, Waldmann, O, Thompson, LK. Program MAGMUN4.1, available free of charge from the authors. Available at http://www.ucs.mun.ca/∼lthomp/magmun.
127. MagProp is a module in the Data Analysis and Visualization Environment (DAVE) from the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research. Cf. Azuah RT, Kneller LR, Qiu Y, Tregenna-Piggott PLW, Brown CM, Copley JRD, Dimeo RM. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2009;114:341-58.
128. Engelhardt L, Rainey, R. Tool for magnetic analysis package. Available at http://www.compadre.org/OSP/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=10038&DocID=1659.
129. See Ref.8a, p 104 (spin pairing), p. 252.(1D AFM chain).
130. W. Fujita, and K. Awaga Science 286 1999 261 262
131. M.E. Itkis, S. Chi, A.W. Cordes, and R.C. Haddon Science 296 2002 1443 1445
132. J.L. Brusso, O.P. Clements, R.C. Haddon, M.E. Itkis, A.A. Leitch, R.T. Oakley, R.W. Reed, and J.F. Richardson J Am Chem Soc 126 2004 14692 14693
133. A. Caneschi, D. Gatteschi, N. Lalioti, C. Sangregorio, R. Sessoli, G. Venturi, A. Vindigni, A. Rettori, M.G. Pini, and M.A. Novak Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 40 2001 1760 1763
134. R. Glauber J Math Phys 4 1963 294 307
135. J.A. Mydosh Spin glasses: an experimental introduction 1993 Taylor and Francis London, UK
136. J.A. Mydosh J Magn Magn Mater 157-158 1996 606 610
137. P. Nordblad, L. Lundgren, and L. Sandlund J Magn Magn Mater 54-57 1986 185 186
138. K. Binder, and A.P. Young Rev Mod Phys 58 1986 801 976
139. M.A. Novak J Magn Magn Mater 272-276 2004 e707 e713
140. M.A. Novak, and R. Sessoli B. Barbara, L. Gunther, Quantum tunneling of the magnetization: NATO advanced studies series, E301 1995 Kluwer Dordrecht, Netherlands 171ff
141. F. Canepa, and M. Solzi M.P. Das, Condensed matter: new research 2007 Nova Science Publishers Inc New York, NY 367 402
142. J.M. Rawson, J. Luzon, and F. Palacio Coord Chem Rev 259 2004 2631 2641
143. J.M. Rawson, A.A. Alberola, H. El-Mkami, and G.M. Smith J Phys Chem Solids 65 2004 727 731
144. J.M. Rawson, R.J. Less, J.N.B. Smith, F. Palacio, and G. Antorrena Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 334 1999 275 284
145. G. Antorrena, F. Palacio, J.M. Rawson, and J.N.B. Smith NATO ASI C Math Phys Sci 518 1999 217 229
146. P.J. Langley, J.M. Rawson, J.N.B. Smith, M. Schuler, R. Bachmann, A. Schweiger, F. Palacio, G. Antorrena, G. Gescheidt, A. Quintel, P. Rechsteiner, and J. Hulliger J Mater Chem 9 1999 1431 1434
147. M. Sorai, M. Nakano, and Y. Miyazaki Chem Rev 106 2006 976 1031
148. M. Sorai Pure Appl Chem 77 2005 1331 1343
149. M. Sorai, Y. Miyazaki, and T. Hashiguchi P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY 475ff
150. E. Ressouche, and J.S. Schweizer Monatsh Chem 134 2003 235 253
151. J. Schweizer, and B. Gillon P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY 449ff
152. E. Ressouche Physica B 267-268 1999 27 36
153. B. Gillon, and J. Schweizer J. Maruani, Molecules in physics, chemistry, and biology Vol. 2 1989 Kluwer Dordrecht, Netherlands 111ff
154. For a specific example, see Zheludev A, Barone V, Bonnet M, Delley B, Grand A, Ressouche E, Rey P, Subra R, Schweizer J. J Am Chem Soc 1994;116:2019-27.
155. H. Heise, F.H. Köhler, F. Mota, J.J. Novoa, and J. Veciana J Am Chem Soc 121 1999 9659 9667
156. D. Dalmas de Reotier, and A. Yaouanc J Phys Condens Matter 9 1997 9113 9166
157. S.J. Blundell Contemp Phys 40 1999 175 192
158. S.J. Blundell J.S. Miller, M. Drillon, Magnetism: molecules to materials Vol.4 2003 Wiley-VCH Weinheim, Germany 235ff
159. J.A. Berson P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY 7ff
160. E. Hückel Z Phys Chem B34 1936 339 347
161. H.C. Longuet-Higgins Theoretical organic chemistry, Kekule symposium 1958 Butterworth London, UK p. 9-19
162. H.C. Longuet-Higgins J Chem Phys 18 1950 265 274
163. I.A. Misurkin, and A.A. Ovchinnikov Usp Khim 46 1977 1835 1870
164. A.A. Berlin, G.A. Vinogradov, and A.A. Ovchinnikov J Macromol Sci Chem A11 1977 1701 1737
165. A.A. Ovchinnikov Theor Chim Acta 47 1978 297 304
166. D.J. Klein, C.J. Nelin, S. Alexander, and F.E. Matsen J Chem Phys 77 1982 3101 3108
167. D.J. Klein Pure Appl Chem 55 1983 299 306
168. D.J. Klein, and S.A. Alexander R.B. King, D.H. Rouvray, Graph theory and topology in chemistry Vol. 51 1987 Elsevier Amsterdam, Netherlands 404ff
169. D.J. Klein, and S.A. Alexander Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 232 1993 219 232
170. K. Müllen, M. Baumgarten, N. Tyutyulkov, and F. Dietz Mol Eng 4 1995 353 367
171. N. Tyutyulkov, and F. Dietz Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sect A 334 1999 185 194
172. N. Tyutyulkov, and F. Dietz P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY 361ff
173. M. Baumgarten, F. Dietz, and N. Tyutyulkov Phys Chem Chem Phys 2 2000 387 393
174. W.T. Borden, and E.R. Davidson J Am Chem Soc 99 1977 4587 4594
175. Cf., for example, Bally TA. In. Moss RA, Platz MA, Jones MA Jr, editors. Reactive intermediate chemistry. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2005. p. 593ff.
176. W.T. Borden, H. Iwamura, and J.A. Berson Accc Chem Res 27 1994 109 116
177. P. Dowd Acc Chem Res 5 1972 242
178. J.A. Berson W.T. Borden, Diradicals. 1982 Wiley New York, NY 151ff
179. J.A. Berson Acc Chem Res 11 1978 446 453
180. P. Dowd, W. Chang, and Y.H. Paik J Am Chem Soc 108 1986 7416 7471
181. P. Nachtigall, and K.D. Jordan J Am Chem Soc 114 1992 4743 4747
182. P. Nachtigall, P. Dowd, and K.D. Jordan J Am Chem Soc 114 1992 4747 4752
183. P. Nachtigall, and K.D. Jordan J Am Chem Soc 115 1993 270 271
184. P. Dowd, W. Chiang, and Y.H. Paik J Am Chem Soc 109 1987 5284 5285
185. See also Roth WR, Erker G. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1973:12:503-4.
186. W.R. Roth, U. Kowalczik, G. Maier, H.P. Reisenauer, R. Sustmann, and W. Müller Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 26 1987 1285 1287
187. K. Matsuda, and H. Iwamura J Chem Soc Perkin 2 1998 1023 1026
188. K. Matsuda, and H. Iwamura J Am Chem Soc 119 1997 7412 7413
189. P.M. Lahti, A. Rossi, and J.A. Berson J Am Chem Soc 107 1985 4362 4363
190. P.M. Lahti, A. Rossi, and J.A. Berson J Am Chem Soc 107 1985 2273 2280
191. P. Du, D. Hrovat, W.T. Borden, P.M. Lahti, A.R. Rossi, and J.A. Berson J Am Chem Soc 108 1986 5072 5074
192. W.R. Roth, R. Langer, M. Bartmann, B. Stevermann, G. Maier, H.P. Reisenauer, R. Sustmann, and W. Mueller Angew Chem 99 1987 271 272
193. W.R. See also Roth, R. Langer, T. Ebbrecht, A. Beitat, and H.W. Lennartz Chem Ber 124 1991 2751 2760
194. J.M. Reynolds, J.A. Berson, K.K. Kumashiro, J.C. Duchamp, K.W. Zilm, J.C. Scaiano, A.B. Berinstain, A. Rubello, and P. Vogel J Am Chem Soc 115 1993 8073 8090
195. J.H. Reynolds, J.A. Berson, K.K. Kumashiro, J.C. Duchamp, K.W. Zilm, A. Rubello, and P. Vogel J Am Chem Soc 114 1992 763 764
196. See also a paper arguing against a ring-closed isomer of TMB as the intermediate in (a)-(b): Liu R, Zhou X, Hinton JF. J Am Chem Soc 1992;114:6925-6926.
197. P.M. Lahti, and A.S. Ichimura J Org Chem 56 1991 3030 3042
198. T. Matsumoto, T. Ishida, N. Koga, and H. Iwamura J Am Chem Soc 114 1992 9952
199. C. Ling, M. Minato, P.M. Lahti, and H. Van Willigen J Am Chem Soc 114 1992 9959 9969
200. For a case related to 3,3′-BPN2 but with constrained geometry, see Ling C, Lahti PM. Chem Lett 1994; 1357-60, 2447.
201. T. Matsumoto, N. Koga, and H. Iwamura J Am Chem Soc 114 1992 5448
202. P.M. Lahti Trends Org Chem 3 1992 179 191
203. P.M. Lahti, M. Minato, and C. Ling Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sect A 271 1995 147 154 (methodology for determining quintet dinitrene zero-field splitting [zfs] parameters improved greatly after 2000, so the zfs in this paper are not correct. For revised methodology, see Koto T, Sugisaki K, Sato K, Shiomi D, Toyota K, Itoh K, Wasserman E, Lahti PM, Takui T. Appl Magn Reson 2009;37:703-36.)
204. P.M. Lahti, R. Kalgutkar, R.A. Walton, and M.A. Murcko Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sect A 305 1997 553 565
205. P.M. Lahti P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY 661ff
206. S. Nimura, and A. Yabe P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY 127ff
207. M.B. Coolidge, K.Y. Yamashita, K. Morokuma, and W.T. Borden J Am Chem Soc 112 1990 1751 1754
208. D. Lim, D.A. Hrovat, W.T. Borden, and W.L. Jorgensen J Am Chem Soc 116 1994 3494 3499
209. A.S. Ichimura, P.M. Lahti, and A.R. Matlin J Am Chem Soc 112 1990 2868 2875
210. T. Hirano, T. Kumagai, T. Miyashi, K. Akiyama, and Y. Ikegami J Org Chem 56 1991 1907 1914
211. A.P. Masters, M. Parvez, T.S. Sorensen, and F. Sun J Am Chem Soc 116 1994 2804 2811
212. Compare the four-member ring oxyallyl computationally investigated in Ref. 88 to the bicyclobutanone system crystallized in Bhargava S, Hou J, Parvez M, Sorensen TS. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:3704-3705.
213. T. Ichino, S.M. Villano, A.J. Gianola, D.J. Goebbert, L. Velarde, A. Sanov, S.J. Blanksby, X. Zhou, D.A. Hrovat, W.T. Borden, and W.C. Lineberger J Phys Chem A 115 2011 1634 1649
214. G. Kuzmanich, F. Spnig, C.-K. Tsai, J.M. Um, R.M. Hoekstra, K.N. Houk, D.M. Guldi, and M.A. Garcia-Garibay J Am Chem Soc 133 2011 2342 2345
215. A. Rajca, S. Utamapanya, and S. Thayumanavan J Am Chem Soc 114 1992 1884 1885
216. A. Rajca, and S. Utamapanya J Am Chem Soc 115 1993 10688 10694
217. A. Rajca J Org Chem 56 1991 2557 2563
218. A. Rajca, and S. Utamapanya J Am Chem Soc 115 1993 2396 2401
219. A. Rajca Chem Rev 94 1994 871 893
220. A. Rajca, J. Wongsriratanakul, and S. Rajca J Am Chem Soc 126 2004 6608 6626
221. A. Rajca Adv Phys Org Chem 40 2005 153 199
222. N. Mataga Theor Chim Acta 10 1968 372 376
223. 2D conjugated arrays of ferromagnetically linked spin sites remain a topic of active pursuit, with modification due to advances since Mataga's proposal [ref 93]: cf. Morita Y, Suzuki S, Sato K, Takui T. Nat Chem 2011;3:197-204.
224. I. Fujita, Y. Teki, T. Takui, T. Kinoshita, K. Itoh, F. Miko, Y. Sawaki, H. Iwamura, A. Izuoka, and T. Sugawara J Am Chem Soc 112 1990 4074 4075
225. N. Nakamura, K. Inoue, H. Iwamura, T. Fujioka, and Y. Sawaki J Am Chem Soc 114 1992 1484 1485
226. N. Nakamura, K. Inoue, and H. Iwamura Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 32 1993 872 874
227. K. Matsuda, N. Nakamura, K. Takahashi, K. Inoue, N. Koga, and H. Iwamura J Am Chem Soc 117 1995 5550 5560
228. K. Matsuda, N. Nakamura, K. Inoue, N. Koga, and H. Iwamura Chem Eur J 2 1996 259 264
229. K. Furukawa, T. Matsumura, Y. Teki, T. Kinoshita, T. Takui, and K. Itoh Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Technol Sect A 232 1993 251 260
230. K. Matsuda, N. Nakamura, K. Takahashi, K. Inoue, N. Koga, and H. Iwamura M.M. Turnbull, T. Sugimoto, L.K. Thompson, Molecule-based magnetic materials. Theory, techniques, and applications. ACS symposium series 644 1996 ACS Washington, DC 142ff
231. N. Koga, and H. Iwamura G Bertrand, Carbene chemistry: from fleeting intermediates to powerful reagents 2002 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY 271ff
232. K. Itoh Pure Appl Chem 50 1978 1251 1259
233. K. Itoh D. Gatteschi, O. Kahn, J.S. Miller, F. Palacio, Magnetic molecular materials: NATO ASI series E198. Dordrecht 1991 Kluwer Netherlands 67ff
234. Y. Teki, K. Sato, M. Okamoto, A. Yamashita, Y. Yamaguchi, T. Takui, T. Kinoshita, and K. Itoh Bull Magn Reson 14 1992 24 29
235. Y. Teki, and K. Itoh P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY 237ff
236. K. Itoh, and T. Takui Proc Jpn Acad B 80 2004 29 40
237. T. Takui, K. Sato, D. Shiomi, K. Itoh, T. Kaneko, E. Tsuchida, and H. Nishide Bull Magn Reson 18 1996 21 29
238. T. Takui, K. Sato, D. Shiomi, and K. Itoh Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Technol Sect A 279 1996 155 176
239. K. Sato, D. Shiomi, T. Takui, K. Itoh, J. Veciana, and C. Rovira Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Technol Sect A 278 1996 295 300
240. T. Takui, K. Sato, D. Shiomi, and K. Itoh PM Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY 197ff
241. H. Tomioka Acc Chem Res 30 1997 315 332
242. H. Tomioka, E. Iwamoto, H. Itakura, and K. Hirai Nature 412 2001 626 628
243. K. Hirai, E. Kamiya, T. Itoh, and H. Tomioka Org Lett 8 2006 1847 1850
244. K. Hirai, T. Itoh, and H. Tomioka Chem Rev 109 2009 3275 3332
245. Y.V. Korshak, T.V. Medvedeva, A.A. Ovchinnikov, and V.N. Spektor Nature 326 1987 370 372
246. Y. Cao, P. Wang, Z. Hu, S. Li, L. Zhang, and J. Zhao Solid State Commun 68 1988 817 820
247. Y. Cao, P. Wang, Z. Hu, S. Li, L. Zhang, and J. Zhao Synth Met 27 1988 B625 B630
248. J.H. Zhang, A.J. Epstein, J.S. Miller, and C.J. O'Connor Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 176 1989 271 276
249. J.S. Miller Adv Mater 4 1992 298 300
250. J.B. Torrance, S. Oostra, and A. Nazzal Synth Met 19 1987 709 714
251. J.B. Torrance, P.S. Bagus, I. Johannsen, A.I. Nazzal, S.S.P. Parkin, and P. Batail J Appl Phys 63 1988 2962 2965
252. T.L. Makarova, B. Sundqvist, R. Höhne, P. Esquinazi, Y. Kopelevich, P. Scharff, V.A. Davydov, L.S. Kashevarova, and A.V. Rakhmanina Nature 413 2001 716 718
253. F. Palacio Nature 413 2001 690 691
254. S.A. Blundell J Phys Condens Matter 14 2002 V1 V3
255. T.L. Makarova, B. Sundqvist, R. Höhne, P. Esquinazi, Y. Kopelevich, P. Scharff, V.A. Davydov, L.S. Kashevarova, and A.V. Rakhmanina Nature 440 2006 707
256. F. Palacio, and T. Makarova Carbon based magnetism: an overview of the magnetism of metal free carbon-based compounds and material 2006 Elsevier Amsterdam, Netherlands
257. Y. Wang, Y. Huang, Y. Song, X. Zhang, Y. Ma, J. Liang, and Y. Chen Nano Lett 9 2009 220 224
258. J.A. Crayston, A. Iraqi, and J.C. Walton Chem Soc Rev 1994 147 153
259. A. Rajca Chem Rev 94 1994 871 893
260. P.M. Lahti M.M. Turnbull, T. Sugimoto, L.K. Thompson, Molecule-based magnetic materials. Theory, techniques, and applications: ACS symposium series 644 1996 ACS Washington, DC 218 235
261. P.M. Lahti, and A.S. Ichimura Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 176 1989 125 138
262. P.M. Lahti ACS Polym Preprints 31 1990 710 711
263. P.M. Lahti, and A.S. Ichimura J Org Chem 56 1991 3030 3042
264. P.M. Lahti, C. Ling, N. Yoshioka, F.C. Rossitto, and H. van Willigen Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sect A 233 1993 17 32
265. H. Nishide, N. Yoshioka, K. Inagaki, T. Kaku, and E. Tsuchida Macromolecules 25 1992 569 575
266. H. Nishide, T. Kaneko, N. Yoshioka, H. Akiyama, M. Igarashi, and E. Tsuchida Macromolecules 26 1993 4567 4571
267. N. Yoshioka, H. Nishide, T. Kaneko, H. Yoshiki, and E. Tsuchida Macromolecules 25 1992 3838 3842
268. H. Nishide, and T. Kaneko P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials. 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY p285ff
269. H. Nishide, T. Kaneko, M. Igarashi, E. Tsuchida, N. Yoshioka, and P.M. Lahti Macromolecules 27 1994 3082 3086
270. N. Yoshioka, P.M. Lahti, T. Kaneko, Y. Kuzumaki, E. Tsuchida, and H. Nishide J Org Chem 59 1994 4272 4280
271. H. Nishide, T. Kaneko, T. Nii, K. Katoh, E. Tsuchida, and P.M. Lahti J Am Chem Soc 118 1996 9695 9704
272. H. Nishide, Y. Hozumi, T. Nii, and E. Tsuchida Macromolecules 30 1997 3986 3991
273. T. Kaneko, S. Toriu, E. Tsuchida, H. Nishide, D. Yamaki, G. Maruta, and K. Yamaguchi Chem Lett 1995 421 422
274. H. Nishide, T. Kaneko, S. Toriu, Y. Kuzumaki, and E. Tsuchida Bull Chem Soc Jpn 69 1996 499 508
275. M. Takahashi, T. Nakazawa, E. Tsuchida, and H. Nishide Macromolecules 32 1999 6383 6385
276. H. Murata, M. Takahashi, K. Namba, N. Takahashi, and H. Nishide J Org Chem 69 2004 631 638
277. H. Murata, R. Takada, and H. Nishide Polyhedron 24 2005 2309 2314
278. K. Takashi, Y.-J. Pu, and H. Nishide Polym J 39 2007 675 683
279. C. Xie, and P.M. Lahti J Polym Sci Part A 37 1999 779 788
280. M. Miyasaka, T. Yamazaki, E. Tsuchida, and H. Nishide Macromolecules 33 2000 8211 8217
281. See also a model study of nitronylnitroxide and iminoylnitroxide radicals exchange-coupled through bithienyl units: (a) Mitsumori T, Inoue K, Koga N, Iwamura H. J Am Chem Soc 1995; 117:2467-78.
282. T. Akita, Y. Mazaki, K. Kobayashi, N. Koga, and H. Iwamura J Org Chem 60 1995 2092 2098
283. Y. Miura P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials. 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY 267ff
284. A. Ito, K. Ota, K. Tanaka, and T. Yamabe Macromolecules 28 1995 5618 5625
285. H. Oka, T. Tamura, Y. Miura, and Y. Teki J Mater Chem 9 1999 1227 1232
286. Y. Miura, and Y. Ushitani Macromolecules 26 1993 7079 7082
287. Y. Miura, T. Ushitani, K. Inui, Y. Teki, T. Takui, and K. Itoh Macromolecules 26 1993 3698 3701
288. Y. Miura, T. Issiki, Y. Ushitani, Y. Teki, and K. Itoh J Mater Chem 6 1996 1745 1750
289. R. Saf, D. Hengg, K. Hummel, K. Gatterer, and H.P. Fritzer Polymer 34 1993 2680 2683
290. P. Swoboda, R. Saf, K. Hummel, F. Hofer, and R. Czaputa Macromolecules 28 1995 4255 4259
291. H. Nishide, T. Kawasaki, R. Morikawa, and E. Tsuchida Polym Preprints Jpn 45 1996 451
292. H. Hayashi, and T. Yamamoto Macromolecules 30 1997 330 332
293. D.A. Modarelli, F.C. Rossitto, and P.M. Lahti Tetrahedron Lett 30 1989 4473 4476 4477-4480
294. D.A. Modarelli, and P.M. Lahti Chem Commun 1990 1167 1168
295. D.A. Modarelli, P.M. Lahti, and C. George J Am Chem Soc 113 1991 6329 6330
296. P.M. Lahti, D.A. Modarelli, F.C. Rossitto, A.L. Inceli, A.S. Ichimura, and S. Ivatury J Org Chem 61 1996 1730 1738
297. Y. Togo, N. Nakamura, and H. Iwamura Chem Lett 1991 1201 1204
298. F.C. Rossitto, and P.M. Lahti J Polym Sci Part A 30 1992 1335 1345
299. F.C. Rossitto, and P.M. Lahti Macromolecules 26 1993 6308 6309
300. P.M. Lahti, A.L. Inceli, and F.C. Rossitto J Polym Sci Part A Chem 35 1997 2167 2176
301. R. Kalgutkar, A.S. Ionkin, L.D. Quin, and P.M. Lahti Tetrahedron Lett 35 1994 3889 3892
302. G. Lazarev, J.R. Pilbrow, V.L. Kouskov, P.M. Lahti, and R. Kalgutkar Appl Magn Res 15 1998 173 180
303. M. Takahashi, H. Nishide, E. Tsuchida, and P.M. Lahti Chem Mater 9 1997 11 13
304. H. Nishide, M. Miyasaka, and E. Tsuchida Angew Chem Int Ed 37 1998 2400 2402
305. H. Nishide, M. Miyasaka, and E. Tsuchida J Org Chem 63 1998 7399 7407
306. H. Nishide, T. Ozawa, M. Miyasaka, and E. Tsuchida J Am Chem Soc 123 2001 5942 5946
307. H. Nishide, M. Nambo, and M. Miyasaka J Mater Chem 12 2002 3578 3584
308. M. Miyasaka, Y. Saito, and H. Nishide Adv Funct Mater 13 2003 113 117
309. E. Fukuzaki, and H. Nishide J Am Chem Soc 128 2006 996 1000
310. A. Rajca, J. Wongsriratanakul, S. Rajca, and R. Cerny Angew Chem 110 1998 1284 1288
311. A. Rajca, J. Wongsriratanakul, and S. Rajca Science 294 2001 1503 1505
312. A. Rajca Chem Eur J 8 2002 4834 4841
313. A.R. Forrester, J.M. Hay, and R.H. Thomson Organic chemistry of stable free radicals 1968 Academic Press London, UK
314. For good overview of such radicals, see Fischer H, editor. Magnetic properties of free radicals: nitrogen and oxygen centered radicals. New York NY: Springer; 2004; Vol. 26C.
315. H.M. McConnell J Chem Phys 39 1963 1910 1911
316. H.M. McConnell Proc RA Welch Found Conf 11 1967 1144
317. A. Izuoka, S. Murata, T. Sugawara, and H. Iwamura J Am Chem Soc 107 1985 1786 1787
318. A. Izuoka, S. Murata, T. Sugawara, and H. Iwamura J Am Chem Soc 109 1987 2631 2639
319. A.R. Forrester, and R. Ramasseul J Chem Soc B 8 1971 1645 1647
320. For a summary with primary references, see Yamaguchi K, Kawakami T, Oda A, Yoshioka Y. In. Lahti PM, editor. Magnetic properties of organic materials. New York NY: Marcel-Dekker; 1999. p. 403ff.
321. K. Yoshizawa P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York NY 377ff
322. M. Deumal, J.J. Novoa, M.J. Bearpark, P. Celani, M. Olivucci, and M.A. Robb J Phys Chem A 102 1998 8404 8412
323. J. Cirujeda, J. Vidal-Gancedo, O. Juergens, F. Mota, J.J. Novoa, C. Rovira, and J. Veciana J Am Chem Soc 122 2000 11393 11405
324. M. Deumal, J. Cirujeda, J. Veciana, and J.J. Novoa Chem Eur J 5 1999 1631 1642
325. J. Veciana, J. Cirujeda, J.J. Novoa, and M. Deumal P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials. 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY 573ff
326. D.B. Amabilino, J. Cirujeda, and J. Veciana Phil Trans Math Phys Eng Sci 357 1999 2873 2891
327. M. Kinoshita Jpn J Appl Phys 33 1994 5718 5733
328. K. Itoh, and M. Kinoshita Molecular magnetism: new magnetic materials 1999 Gordon & Breach and Kodansha Ltd Tokyo, Japan Ch 5. p. 207ff
329. K. Togashi, R. Imachi, K. Tomioka, H. Tsuboi, T. Ishida, T. Nogami, N. Takeda, and M. Ishikawa Bull Chem Soc Jpn 69 1996 2821 2830
330. T. Nogami, and T. Ishida Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 296 1997 305 322
331. M. St Paul, and C. Veyret Phys Lett 45A 1973 362 364
332. A. Benoit, J. Flouquet, B. Gillon, and J. Schweizer J Magn Magn Mater 31-34 1983 1155 1156
333. R. Chiarelli, M.A. Novak, A. Rassat, and J.L. Tholence Nature 363 1993 147 149
334. Y. Dromzee, R. Chiarelli, S. Gambarelli, and A. Rassat Acta Cryst C52 1996 474 477
335. B. Pilawa Ann Phys 8 1999 191 254
336. S.A. Blundell Mol Magn Lect Notes Phys 697 2006 345 373
337. J.V. Yakhmi Bull Mater Sci 32 2009 217 225
338. M. Tamura, Y. Nakazawa, D. Shiomi, K. Nozawa, Y. Hosokoshi, M. Ishikawa, M. Takahashi, and M. Kinoshita Chem Phys Lett 186 1991 401 404
339. Y. Nakazawa, M. Tamura, N. Shirakawa, D. Shiomi, M. Takahashi, M. Kinoshita, and M. Ishikawa Phys Rev B 46 1992 8906 8914
340. T. Kambe, K. Kajiyoshi, K. Oshima, Tamura, and M. Kinoshita Synth Met 154 2005 301 304
341. Sugawara T, Matsushita MM, Izuoka A, Wada N, Takeda N, Ishikawa M. Chem Commun 1994:1723-4.
342. M.M. Matsushita, A. Izuoka, and T. Sugawara Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sect A 279 1996 139 144
343. M.M. Matsushita, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara, T. Kobayashi, N. Wada, N. Takeda, and M. Ishikawa J Am Chem Soc 119 1997 4369 4379
344. L.Y. Chiang, R.B. Upasani, and J.W. Swirczewski MRS Symp Proc 247 1992 435 442
345. J. Cirujeda, M. Mas, E. Molins, F. Lanfranc de Panthou, J. Laugier, J.G. Park, C. Paulsen, P. Rey, C. Rovira, and J. Veciana Chem Commun 1995 709 710
346. J. Veciana, J. Cirujeda, C. Rovira, and J. Vidal-Gancedo Adv Mater 7 1995 221 225
347. J. Cirujeda, C. Rovira, and J. Veciana Synth Met 71 1995 1799 1800
348. J. Cirujeda, E. Hernandez-Gasio, F. Lanfranc de Panthou, J. Laugier, M. Mas, E. Molins, C. Rovira, J.J. Novoa, P. Rey, and J. Veciana Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sect A 271 1995 1 12
349. J.L. Garcia-Munoz, J. Cirujeda, J. Veciana, and S.F.J. Cox Chem Phys Lett 293 1998 160 166
350. H. Heise, F.H. Koehler, F. Mota, J.J. Novoa, and J. Veciana J Am Chem Soc 121 1999 9659 9667
351. J. Cirujeda, J. Vidal-Gancedo, O. Juergens, F. Mota, J.J. Novoa, C. Rovira, and J. Veciana J Am Chem Soc 122 2000 11393 11405
352. J. Cirujeda, E. Hernandez-Gasio, C. Rovira, J.-L. Stanger, P. Turek, and J. Veciana J Mater Chem 5 1995 243 252
353. E. Hernandez, M. Mas, E. Molins, C. Rovira, and J. Veciana Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 32 1993 882 884
354. J. Cirujeda, L.E. Ochando, J.M. Amigo, C. Rovira, J. Rius, and J. Veciana Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 34 1995 55 57
355. P. Taylor, and P.M. Lahti Chem Commun 2004 2686 2688
356. ChemistruckV, D. Chambers, and D.J.R. Brook J Org Chem 74 2009 1850 1857
357. R. Hicks, M. Lemaire, L. Öhrström, J. Richardson, L. Thompson, and X. Zhiqiang J Am Chem Soc 123 2001 7154 7159
358. M. Deumal, M.J. Bearpark, J.J. Novoa, and M.A. Robb J Phys Chem A 106 2002 1299 1315
359. J. Jornet, M. Deumal, J. Jordi Ribas-Ariño, M.J. Bearpark, M.A. Robb, R.G. Hicks, and J.J. Novoa Chem Eur J 12 2006 3995 4005
360. C.S. Clarke, J. Jornet-Somoza, F. Mota, J.J. Novoa, and M. Deumal J Am Chem Soc 132 2010 17817 17830
361. R. Feher, D.B. Amabilino, K. Wurst, and J. Veciana Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sect A 334 1999 333 346
362. P. Taylor, P.R. Serwinski, and P.M. Lahti Chem Commun 2003 1400 1401
363. D. Shiomi, M. Nozaki, T. Ise, K. Sato, and T. Takui J Phys Chem B 108 2004 16606 16608
364. K. Das, M. Pink, S. Rajca, and A. Rajca J Am Chem Soc 128 2006 5334 5335
365. M. Aso, T. Ikeno, K. Norihisa, M. Tanaka, N. Koga, and H. Suemune J Chem Soc Perkin 2 2000 1637 1638
366. M. Aso, T. Ikeno, K. Norihis, M. Tanaka, N. Koga, and H. Suemune J Org Chem 66 2001 3513 3520
367. T. Kaneko, M. Aso, N. Koga, and H. Suemune Org Lett 7 2005 303 306
368. P. Taylor, P.M. Lahti, J.B. Carroll, and V.M. Rotello Chem Commun 2005 895 897
369. H. Murata, P.M. Lahti, and S. Aboaku Chem Commun 2008 3441 3443
370. T. Ise, D. Shiomi, K. Sato, and T. Takui Chem Commun 2006 4832 4834
371. H. Tanaka, D. Shiomi, T. Ise, K. Sato, and T. Takui CrystEngComm 9 2007 767 771
372. K. Maekawa, D. Shiomi, T. Ise, K. Sato, and T. Takui Org Biomol Chem 5 2007 1641 1645
373. C.J. Dik-Edixhoven, H. Schenk, and H. van der Mee Cryst Struct Commun 2 1973 23 24
374. P.M. Lahti F. Palacio, T. Makarova, Carbon based magnetism: an overview of the magnetism of metal free carbon-based compounds and material. 2006 Elsevier Amsterdam, Netherlands 23ff
375. J.R. Ferrer, P.M. Lahti, C. George, P. Oliete, M. Julier, and F. Palacio Chem Mater 13 2001 2447 2454
376. P.M. Lahti, B. Esat, J.R. Ferrer, Y. Liu, K.A. Marby, C. Xie, C. George, G. Antorrena, and F. Palacio Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sect A 334 1999 285 924
377. J.R. Ferrer, P.M. Lahti, C. George, G. Antorrena, and F. Palacio Chem Mater 11 1999 2205 2210
378. Y. Miyazaki, T. Sakakibara, J.R. Ferrer, P.M. Lahti, G. Antorrena, F. Palacio, and M. Sorai J Phys Chem B 106 2002 8615 8620
379. Miyazaki Y, Inaba A, Lahti PM. unpublished.
380. K. Sato, D. Baba, R. Rahimi, K. Toyota, D. Shiomi, M. Kitagawa, T. Takui, J.R. Ferrer, Z. Delen, and P.M. Lahti Pacifichem poster 2005 Honolulu, HI
381. L.J. de Jongh, and A.R. Miedema Adv Phys 23 1974 1 260
382. Y. Miyazaki, A. Inaba, M. Sorai, P.S. Taylor, and P.M. Lahti J Phys Chem B 112 2008 8144 8150
383. N. Yoshioka, M. Irasawa, Y. Mochizuki, T. Kato, H. Inoue, and S. Ohba Chem Lett 1997 251 252
384. N. Yoshioka, M. Irisawa, Y. Mochizuki, T. Aoki, and H. Inoue Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 306 1997 403 408
385. N. Yoshioka, and H. Inoue P.M. Lahti, Magnetic properties of organic materials. 1999 Marcel-Dekker New York, NY 553ff
386. T. Sugano, S.J. Blundell, W. Hayes, and P. Day Polyhedron 22 2003 2343 2358
387. T. Sugano, S.J. Blundell, T. Lancaster, F.L. Pratt, and H. Mori Phys Rev B 82 2010 180401R
388. H. Nagashima, N. Yoshioka, and H. Inoue Polyhedron 20 2001 1151 1155
389. H. Nagashima, N. Hashimoto, H. Inoue, and N. Yoshioka New J Chem 27 2003 805 810
390. H. Nagashima, H. Inoue, and N. Yoshioka Polyhedron 22 2003 1823 1827
391. H. Nagashima, S. Fujita, H. Inoue, and N. Yoshioka Cryst Growth Des 4 2004 19 21
392. H. Nagashima, H. Inoue, and N. Yoshioka J Phys Chem B 108 2004 6144 6151
393. Lahti PM, Taylor P. Cambridge Structure Database; CCDC #294955.(REVPAK).
394. H. Murata, Z. Delen, and P.M. Lahti Chem Mater 18 2006 2625 2627
395. H. Murata, Y. Miyazaki, A. Inaba, A. Paduan-Filho, V. Bindilatti, N.F. Oliveira Jr., Z. Delen, and P.M. Lahti J Am Chem Soc 130 2008 186 194
396. Seber G, Halder GJ, Schluetter JA, Lahti PM, to be published.
397. H. Murata, J.T. Mague, S. Aboaku, N. Yoshioka, and P.M. Lahti Chem Mater 19 2007 4111 4113
398. Seber G, Lahti PM, Mague JT, Freitas R, Paduan-Filho A, Oliveira NF Jr. Unpublished results.
399. Y. Kusaba, M. Tamura, Y. Hosokoshi, M. Kinoshita, H. Sawa, R. Kato, and H. Hobayashi J Mater Chem 7 1997 1377 1382
400. A. Zakrassov, V. Shteiman, Y. Sheynin, B. Tumanskii, M. Botashansky, M. Katon, A. Keren, M. Kaftory, T.E. Vos, and J.S. Miller J Mater Chem 14 2004 1827 1837
401. Murata H, Lahti PM. Unpublished results.
402. Ruiz J, Lahti PM. Unpublished results.
403. A.A. Leitch, K. Lekin, S.M. Winter, L.E. Downie, H. Tsuruda, J.S. Tse, M. Mito, S. Desgreniers, P.A. Dube, S. Zhang, Q. Liu, C. Jin, Y. Ohishi, and R.T. Oakley J Am Chem Soc 133 2011 6051 6060
404. M. Mito, Y. Komorida, H. Tsuruda, J.S. Tse, S. Serge Desgreniers, T. Ohishi, A.A. Leitch, K. Kristina Cvrkalj, C.M. Robertson, T. Richard, and R.T. Oakley J Am Chem Soc 131 2009 16012 16013
405. C.M. Robertson, A.A. Leitch, K. Cvrkalj, R.W. Reed, D.J.T. Myles, P.A. Dube, and R.T. Oakley J Am Chem Soc 130 2008 8414 8425
406. C.M. Robertson, D.J.T. Myles, A.A. Leitch, R.W. Reed, D.M. Dooley, N.L. Frank, P.A. Dube, L.K. Thompson, and R.T. Oakley J Am Chem Soc 129 2007 12688 12689
407. K. Oyaizu, and H. Nishide Adv Nanomater 1 2010 319 332
408. H. Nishide, K. Koshika, and K. Oyaizu Pure Appl Chem 81 2009 1961 1970
409. K. Koshika, N. Sano, K. Oyaizu, and H. Nishide Chem Commun 2009 836 838
410. H. Nishide, and K. Oyaizu Science 319 2008 737 738
411. A. Iwasaki, L. Hu, R. Suizu, K. Nomura, H. Yoshikawa, K. Awaga, Y. Noda, K. Kanai, Y. Ouchi, K. Seki, and H. Ito Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 48 2009 4022 4024
412. K. Matsuda Pure Appl Chem 80 2008 555 561
413. K. Matsuda, and M. Irie J Photochem Photobiol C Photochem Rev 5 2004 169 182
414. T. Yoshino, S. Nishida, K. Sato, S. Nakazawa, R.D. Rahimi, K. Toyota, D. Shiomi, Y. Morita, M. Kitagawa, and T. Takui J Phys Chem Lett 2 2011 449 453
415. K. Sato, S. Nakazawa, R. Rahimi, T. Ise, S. Nishida, T. Yoshino, N. Mori, K. Toyota, D. Shiomi, Y. Yakiyama, Y. Morita, M. Kitagawa, K. Nakasuji, M. Nakahara, H. Hara, P. Carl, P. Hoefer, and T. Takui J Mater Chem 19 2009 3739 3754
416. J. Lehmann, A. Gaita-Arino, E. Coronado, and D. Loss J Mater Chem 19 2009 1672 1677
417. K. Sato, R. Rahimi, N. Mori, S. Nishida, K. Toyota, D. Shiomi, Y. Morita, A. Ueda, S. Suzuki, K. Furukawa, T. Nakamura, M. Kitagawa, K. Nakasuji, M. Nakahara, H. Hara, P. Carl, P. Hoefer, and T. Takui Phys E 40 2007 363 366
418. G.P. Berman, A.R. Bishop, and B.M. Chernobrod Selected Topics in Electronics & Systems 47 2008 607 618