Planetary magnetic fields: Observations and models

Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors

Volumn 187, Issue 3-4, 2011, Pages 92-108

  Schubert, G ^a   Soderlund, K M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Numerical dynamo models; Planetary cores; Planetary magnetic fields; Spacecraft observations

Indexed keywords

BOUSSINESQ MODEL; DYNAMO MODELS; EARTH'S CORE; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; FUTURE SPACECRAFT; GANYMEDE; GIANT PLANETS; INTERNAL PRESSURE; NUMERICAL DYNAMOS; PARAMETER REGIMES; PLANETARY CORES; PLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELDS; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; TERRESTRIAL PLANETS;

ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; INTERACTIVE DEVICES; INTERPLANETARY FLIGHT; INTERPLANETARY SPACECRAFT; MAGNETIC FIELDS; MERCURY (METAL); PLANETS;

DC GENERATORS;

BOUSSINESQ EQUATION; BUOYANCY; DENSITY; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; GEODYNAMO; MAGNETIC FIELD; NUMERICAL MODEL; PRESSURE; TEMPERATURE;

EID: 80053178956     PISSN: 00319201     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pepi.2011.05.013     Document Type: Article

References (237)

1. Abramson E.H. Viscosity of water measured to pressures of 6GPa and temperatures of 300°C. Phys. Rev. E 2005, 76:051203.
2. Abramson E.H., Brown J.M., Slutsky L.J. The thermal diffusivity of water at high pressures and temperatures. J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 115:10461-10463.
3. Acuña M.H., et al. Magnetic field and plasma observations at Mars: initial results of the Mars Global Surveyor Mission. Science 1998, 279:1676-1680.
4. Acuña M.H., et al. Global distribution of crustal magnetism discovered by the Mars Global Surveyor MAG/ER experiment. Science 1999, 284:790-793.
5. Acuña M.H., et al. The magnetic field of Mars: summary of results from the aerobraking and mapping orbits. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:23403-23417.
6. Aharonson O., Auber M., Solomon S. Crustal remnance in an internally magnetized non-uniform shell: a possible source for Mercury's magnetic field?. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 218:261-268.
7. Anderson B.J., Acuña M.H., Korth H., Purucker M.E., Johnson C.L., Slavin J.A., Solomon S.C., McNutt R.L. The structure of Mercury's magnetic field from MESSENGER's first flyby. Science 2008, 321:82-85.
8. Anderson B.J., Acuña M.H., Korth H., Slavin J.A., Uno H., Johnson C.L., Purucker M.E., Solomon S.C., Raines J.M., Zurbuchen T.H., Gloeckler G., McNutt R.L. The magnetic field of Mercury. Space Sci. Rev. 2010, 152:307-339.
9. Anderson J.D., Schubert G. Saturn's gravitational field, internal rotation, and interior structure. Science 2007, 371:1384-1387.
10. Andrews-Hanna J.C., Zuber M.T., Banerdt W.B. The Borealis basin and the origin of the martian crustal dichotomy. Nature 2008, 453:1212-1215.
11. Arkani-Hamed J. Timing of the Martian core dynamo. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:E03006.
12. Atkinson D.H., Pollack J.B., Seiff A. The Galileo probe doppler wind experiment: measurement of the deep zonal winds on Jupiter. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:22911-22928.
13. Aubert J. Steady zonal flows in spherical shell dynamos. J. Fluid Mech. 2005, 542:53-67.
14. Aurnou J.M. Planetary core dynamics and convective heat transfer scaling. Geophys. Astro. Fluid Dyn. 2007, 101:327-345.
15. Aurnou J.M., Heimpel M.H., Wicht J. The effects of vigorous mixing in a convective model of zonal flow on the ice giants. Icarus 2007, 190:110-126.
16. Aurnou J.M., Heimpel M., Allen L., King E.M., Wicht J. Convective heat transfer and the pattern of thermal emission on the gas giants. Geophys. J. Int. 2008, 173:793-801.
17. Balogh A., Dougherty M.K., Forsyth R.J., Southwood D.J., Tsurutani B.T., Murphy N., Burton M.E. Magnetic field observations in the vicinity of Jupiter during the Ulysses flyby. Science 1992, 257:1515-1518.
18. Bibring J.P., et al. Global mineralogical and aqueous Mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars express data. Science 2006, 312:400-404.
19. Bland M.T., Showman A.P., Tobie G. The production of Ganymede's magnetic field. Icarus 2008, 198:384-399.
20. Bloxham J., Gubbins D., Jackson A. Geomagnetic secular variation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 1989, 329:415-502.
21. Bloxham J., Jackson A. Fluid flow near the surface of Earth's outer core. Rev. Geophys. 1991, 29:97-120.
22. Binder A.B. Lunar prospector: overview. Science 1998, 281:1475-1476.
23. Boehler R. Melting temperature of the Earth's mantle and core: Earth's thermal structure. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1996, 24:15-40.
24. Bogue S.W., Merrill R.T. The character of the field during geomagnetic reversals. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1992, 20:181-219.
25. Bretherton F.P., Turner J.S. On the mixing of angular momentum in a stirred rotating fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 1968, 32:449-464.
26. Breuer D., Yuen D.A., Spohn T., Zhang S. Three dimensional models of Martian mantle convection with phase transitions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25:229-232.
27. Bridge H.S., Lazarus A.J., Snyder C.W., Smith E.J., Davis L., Coleman P.J., Jones D.E. The Venus Atmosphere 1969, 533.
28. Brun A.S., Palacios A. Numerical simulations of a rotating red giant star. I. Three-dimensional models of turbulent convection and associated mean flows. Astrophys. J. 2009, 702:1078-1097.
29. Bullard E.C. The magnetic field within the Earth. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 1949, 197:433-453.
30. Burke B.F., Franklin K.L. Observations of a variable radio source associated with the planet Jupiter. J. Geophys. Res. 1955, 60:213-217.
31. Burton M.E., Dougherty M.K., Russell C.T. Model of Saturn's internal planetary magnetic field based on Cassini observations. Planet. Space Sci. 2009, 57:1706-1713.
32. Busse F.H. A simple model of convection in the Jovian atmosphere. Icarus 1976, 20:255-260.
33. Cande S.C., Kent D.V. A new geomagnetic polarity time scale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 97:13917-13951.
34. Carr T.D., Schauble J.J., Schauble C.C. Pre-encounter distributions of Saturn's low frequency radio emission. Nature 1981, 292:745-747.
35. Carr T.D., Desch M.D., Alexander J.K. Phenomenology of magnetospheric radio emissions. Physics of the Jovian Magnetosphere 1983, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. A.J. Dessler (Ed.).
36. Cavazzoni C., Chiarotti G.L., Scandolo S., Tosatti E., Bernasconi M., Parrinello M. Superionic and metallic states of water and ammonia at giant planet conditions. Science 1999, 283:44-46.
37. Chen B., Li J., Hauck S.A. Non-ideal liquidus curve in the Fe-S system and Mercury's snowing core. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L07201.
38. Christensen U.R. Zonal flow driven by deep convection on the major planets. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:2553-2556.
39. Christensen U.R. Zonal flow driven by strongly supercritical convection in rotating spherical shells. J. Fluid Mech. 2002, 470:115-133.
40. Christensen U.R. A deep dynamo generating Mercury's magnetic field. Nature 2006, 444:1056-1058.
41. Christensen U.R. Dynamo scaling laws and applications to the planets. Space Sci. Rev. 2010, 152:565-590.
42. Christensen U.R., Aubert J. Scaling properties of convection-driven dynamos in rotating spherical shells and application to planetary magnetic fields. Geophys. J. Int. 2006, 166:97-114.
43. Christensen U.R., Wicht J. Models of magnetic field generation in partly stable planetary cores: applications to Mercury and Saturn. Icarus 2008, 196:16-34.
44. Clune T.C., Elliot J.R., Miesch M., Toomre J., Glatzmaier G.A. Computational aspects of a code to study rotating turbulent convection in spherical shells. Parallel Computing 1999, 25:361-380.
45. Coleman P.J., Schubert G., Russell C.T., Sharp L.R. Satellite measurements of the Moon's magnetic field: a preliminary report. Moon 1972, 4:419-429.
46. Connerney J.E.P. Magnetic fields of the outer planets. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:18659-18679.
47. Connerney J.E.P., et al. Magnetic lineations in the ancient crust of Mars. Science 1999, 284:794-798.
48. Connerney J.E.P., et al. The global magnetic field of Mars and implications for crustal evolution. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:4015-4018.
49. Desch M.D., Kaiser M.L. Voyager measurement of the rotation period of Saturn's magnetic field. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1981, 8:253-256.
50. de Pater I., Lissauer J.J. Planetary science 2001, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
51. Dougherty M.K., et al. Cassini magnetometer observations during Saturn orbit insertion. Science 2005, 307:1266-1270.
52. Dwyer, C.A., Stevenson, D.J., Nimmo, F., 2010. An early nutation-driven lunar dynamo. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, Abstract #GP31A-02.
53. Dziewonski A.M., Anderson D.L. Preliminary reference earth model. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 1981, 25:297-356.
54. Elkins-Tanton L.T., Parmentier E.M., Hess P.C. A model for martian magma ocean crystallization and overturn. Meteoritics and Planetary 2003, 38:1753-1772.
55. Elkins-Tanton L.T., Hess P.C., Parmentier E.M. Possible formation of ancient crust on Mars through magma ocean processes. J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110:E12S01.
56. Elsasser W.M. On the origin of the Earth's magnetic field. Phys. Rev. 1939, 55:489-498.
57. Evonuk M. The role of density stratification in generating zonal flow structures in a rotating fluid. Astrophys. J. 2008, 673:1154-1159.
58. Finlay C.C., Dumberry M., Chulliat A., Pais M.A. Short timescale core dynamics: theory and observations. Space Sci. Rev. 2010, 152:177-218.
59. Folkner W.M., Yoder C.F., Yuan D.N., Standish E.M., Preston R.A. Interior structure and seasonal mass redistribution of Mars from radio tracking of Mars Pathfinder. Science 1997, 278:1749-1752.
60. Fortney J.J., Ikoma M., Nettelmann N., Guillot T., Marley M.S. Self-consistent model atmospheres and the cooling of the solar system's giant planets. Astrophys. J. 2011, 729:32-46.
61. Frey H.V., Schultz R.A. Large impact basins and the mega-impact origin for the crustal dichotomy on Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1988, 15:229-232.
62. Frey, H.V., 2003. Buried impact basins and the earliest history of Mars. Sixth Intl. Conf. on Mars, Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, 20-25 July.
63. Frey, H.V., Edgar, L., Lillis, R., 2007. Very large visible and buried impact basins on Mars: implications for internal and crustal evolution and the late heavy bombardment in the inner solar system. Seventh Intl. Conf. on Mars, Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, CA, 9-13 July.
64. Garrick-Bethell I., Weiss B.P., Shuster D.L., Buz J. Early lunar magnetism. Science 2009, 323:356-359.
65. Giampieri G., Balogh A. Mercury's thermoelectric dynamo model revisited. Planet. Space Sci. 2002, 50:757-762.
66. Giampieri G., Dougherty M. Rotation rate of Saturn's interior from magnetic field observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L16701.
67. Glassmeier K.H., Auster H.U., Motschmann U. A feedback dynamo generating Mercury's magnetic field. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L22201.
68. Glatzmaier G.A. Geodynamo simulations - How realistic are they?. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2002, 30:237-257.
69. Glatzmaier G.A., Gilman P.A. Compressible convection in a rotating spherical shell. III. Analytic model for compressible vorticity waves. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 1981, 45:381-388.
70. Glatzmaier G.A., Coe R.S., Hongre L., Roberts P.H. The role of the Earth's mantle in controlling the frequency of geomagnetic reversals. Nature 1999, 401:885-890.
71. Glatzmaier G.A., Evonuk M., Rogers T.M. Differential rotation in giant planets maintained by density-stratified turbulent convection. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 2009, 103:31-51.
72. Gomez-Perez N., Heimpel M.H. Numerical models of zonal flow dynamos: an application to the ice giants. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 2007, 101:371-388.
73. Gomez-Perez N., Solomon S. Mercury's weak magnetic field: a result of magnetospheric feedback?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37:L20204.
74. Gomez-Perez N., Wicht J. Behavior of planetary dynamos under the influence of external magnetic fields: application to Mercury and Ganymede. Icarus 2010, 1:53-62.
75. Gough D.O., Lynden-Bell D. Vorticity expulsion by turbulence: astrophysical implications of an AlkaSeltzer experiment. J. Fluid Mech. 1968, 32:437-447.
76. Greeley R., Crown D.A. Volcanic geology of tyrrhena patera. Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95(B5):7133-7149.
77. Grote E., Busse F.H., Tilgner A. Convection-driven quadrupolar dynamos in rotating spherical shells. Phys. Rev. E 1999, 60:5025-5028.
78. Grote E., Busse F.H., Tilgner A. Regular and chaotic spherical shell dynamos. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 2000, 117:259-272.
79. Guillot T. Interiors of giant planets inside and outside the solar system. Science 1999, 286:72-77.
80. Guillot T. A comparison of the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn. Planet. Space Sci. 1999, 47:1183-1200.
81. Guillot T. The interiors of giant planets: models and outstanding questions. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2005, 33:493-530.
82. Gubbins D. The Rayleigh number for convection in the Earth's core. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 2001, 128:3-12.
83. Gurnett D.A., et al. The variable rotation period of the inner region of Saturn's plasma disk. Science 2007, 316:442-445.
84. Hale C., Dunlop D. Evidence for an early archean geomagnetic field: a paleomagnetic study of the Komati Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt. South Africa Geophys. Res. Lett. 1984, 11:97-100.
85. Hammel H.B., de Pater I., Gibbard S., Lockwood G.W., Rages K. Uranus in 2003: zonal winds, banded structure, and discrete features. Icarus 2005, 175:534-545.
86. Harder H. Phase transitions and the three-dimensional planform of thermal convection in the Martian mantle. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:16775-16797.
87. Hauck S.A., Aurnou J.M., Dombard A.J. Sulfur's impact on core evolution and magnetic field generation on Ganymede. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111:E09008.
88. Heimpel M.H., Aurnou J.M., Wicht J. Simulation of equatorial and high-latitude jets on Jupiter in a deep convection model. Nature 2005, 438:193-196.
89. Heimpel M.H., Aurnou J.M., Al-Shamali F., Gomez-Perez N. A numerical study of dynamo action as a function of spherical shell geometry. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 236:542-557.
90. Heimpel M.H., Aurnou J.M. Turbulent convection in rapidly rotating spherical shells: a model for equatorial and high-latitude jets on Jupiter and Saturn. Icarus 2007, 187:540-557.
91. Helled R., Anderson J., Schubert G. Uranus and Neptune: shape and rotation. Icarus 2010, 210:446-454.
92. Hewitt J.M., McKenzie D.P., Weiss N.O. Dissipative heating in convective flows. J. Fluid Mech. 1975, 68:721-738.
93. Holme R., Bloxham J. The magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune: methods and models. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101:2177-2200.
94. Hood L.L., Richmond N.C., Pierazzo E., Rochette P. Distribution of crustal magnetic fields on Mars: shock effects of basin-forming impacts. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2003, 30:1281.
95. Hood L.L., Harrison K.P., Langlais B., Lillis R.J., Poulet F., Williams D.A. Magnetic anomalies near Apollinaris Patera and the Medusae Fossae Formation in Lucus Planum, Mars. Icarus 2010, 208:118-131.
96. Hubbard W., Podolak M., Stevenson D. Interior of Neptune. Neptune and Triton 1995, Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson. D. Cruickshank (Ed.).
97. Hulot G., Finlay C.C., Constable C.G., Olsen N., Mandea M. The magnetic field of planet Earth. Space Sci. Rev. 2010, 152:159-222.
98. Iess L., Rappaport N.J., Jacobson R.A., Racioppa P., Stevenson D.J., Tortora P., Armstrong J.W., Asmar S.W. Gravity field, shape, and moment of inertia of Titan. Science 2010, 327:1367-1369.
99. Jia X., Kivelson M.G., Khurana K.K., Walker R.J. Magnetic fields of the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn. Space Sci. Rev. 2010, 152:271-305.
100. Johnson C., Constable C., Tauxe L. Mapping long-term changes in Earth's magnetic field. Science 2003, 300:2044-2045.
101. Jones C.A. Convection-driven geodynamo models. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 2000, 204:227-238.
102. Jones C.A., Kuzanyan K.M. Compressible convection in the deep atmospheres of giant planets. Icarus 2009, 358:873-897.
103. Kabin K., Heimpel M.H., Rankin R., Aurnou J.M., Gomez-Perez N., Paral J., Gombosi T.I., Zurbuchen T.H., Koehn P.L., DeZeeuw D.L. Global MHD modeling of Mercury's magnetosphere with applications to the MESSENGER mission and dynamo theory. Icarus 2008, 195:1-15.
104. Ke Y., Solomatov V.S. Early transient superplumes and the origin of the Martian crustal dichotomy. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111:E10001.
105. Khan A., Mosegaard K., Williams J.G., Lognonné P. Does the Moon possess a molten core? Probing the deep lunar interior using results from LLR and lunar prospector. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:E09007.
106. Khurana K.K., Jia X., Kivelson M.G., Nimmo F., Schubert G., Russell C.T. Evidence of a global magma ocean in Io's interior. Science 2011, 10.1126/science.1201425.
107. Kimura J., Nakagawa T., Kurita K. Size and compositional constraints of Ganymede's metallic core for driving an active dynamo. Icarus 2009, 202:216-224.
108. King E.M., Soderlund K.M., Christensen U.R., Wicht J., Aurnou J.M. Convective heat transfer in planetary dynamo models. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2010, 11:Q06016.
109. Kivelson M.G., Khurana K.K., Russell C.T., Walker R.J., Warnecke J., Coroniti F.V., Polanskey C., Southwood D.J., Schubert G. Discovery of Ganymede's magnetic field by the Galileo spacecraft. Nature 1996, 384:537-541.
110. Kivelson M.G., Khurana K.K., Volwerk M. The permanent and inductive magnetic moments of Ganymede. Icarus 2002, 157:507-522.
111. Kono M., Roberts P.H. Recent geodynamo simulations and observations of the geomagnetic field. Rev. Geophys. 2002, 40:1013.
112. Konopliv A.S., Yoder C.F. Venusian k(2) tidal Love number from Magellan and PVO tracking data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1996, 23:1857-1860.
113. Konopliv A.S., Binder A.B., Hood L.L., Kucinskas A.B., Sjogren W.L., Williams J.G. Improved gravity field of the Moon from lunar prospector. Science 1998, 281:1476-1480.
114. Kuang W., Jiang W., Wang T. Sudden termination of Martian dynamo? Implications from subcritical dynamo simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L14204.
115. Kutzner C., Christensen U.R. Effects of driving mechanisms in geodynamo models. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000, 27:29-32.
116. Kutzner C., Christensen U.R. From stable dipolar to reversing numerical dynamos. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 2002, 131:29-45.
117. Langlais B., Purucker M.E., Mandea M. Crustal magnetic field of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:E02008.
118. Langlais B., Lesur V., Purucker M.E., Connerney J.E.P., Mandea M. Crustal magnetic fields of terrestrial planets. Space Sci. Rev. 2010, 152:223-249.
119. Lee K.K.M., et al. Laser-driven shock experiments on precompressed water: implications for " icy" giant planets. J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125:014701.
120. Lillis R.J., Mitchell D.L., Lin R.P., Connerney J.E.P., Acuña M.H. Mapping crustal magnetic fields at Mars using electron reflectometry. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L15702.
121. Lillis, R.J., Manga, M., Mitchell, D.L., Lin, R.P., Acuña, M.H., 2005. Evidence for a second Martian dynamo from electron reflection magnetometry. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXVI 1578.
122. Lillis R.J., Manga M., Mitchell D.L., Lin R.P., Acuña M.H. Unusual magnetic signature of the Hadriaca Patera Volcano: implications for early Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L03202.
123. Lillis R.J., Frey H.V., Manga M. An improved crustal magnetic field map of Mars from electron reflectometry: highland volcano magmatic history and the end of the martian dynamo. Icarus 2008, 194:575-596.
124. Lillis R.J., Frey H.V., Manga M. Rapid decrease in Martian crustal magnetization in the Noachian era: implications for the dynamo and climate of early Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L14203.
125. Lingenfelter R.E., Schubert G. Evidence for convection in planetary interiors from first-order topography. Earth Moon Planets 1973, 7:172-180.
126. Liu J., Goldreich P.M., Stevenson D.J. Constraints on deep-seated zonal winds inside Jupiter and Saturn. Icarus 2008, 196:653-664.
127. Lodders K., Fegley B. The Planetary Scientist's Companion 1998, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
128. Longhi J., Knittle E., Holloway J.R., Waenke H. The bulk composition, mineralogy and internal structure of Mars. Mars 1992, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson. H.H. Kieffer (Ed.).
129. Malavergne V., Toplis M.J., Berthet S., Jones J. Highly reducing conditions during core formation on Mercury: implications for internal structure and the origin of a magnetic field. Icarus 2010, 206:199-209.
130. Malkus W.V.R. Energy sources for planetary dynamos. Lectures on Solar and Planetary Dynamos 1994, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. M.R.E. Proctor, A.D. Gilbert (Eds.).
131. Margot J., Peale S., Jurgens R., Slade M., Holin I. Large longitude libration of Mercury reveals a molten core. Science 2007, 316:710-714.
132. Marinova M.M., Aharonson O., Asphaug E. Mega-impact formation of the Mars hemispheric dichotomy. Nature 2008, 453:1216-1219.
133. McComas D.J., Allegrini F., Bagenal F., Crary F., Ebert R.W., Elliott H., Stern A., Valek P. Diverse plasma populations and structures in Jupiter's magnetotail. Science 2007, 318:217-220.
134. McEwen, A.S., Lunine, J.I., Carr, M.H., 1989. Dynamic Geophysics of Io. In Time Variable Phenomena in the Jovian System, NASA-SP-494, pp. 11-46.
135. McNutt R.L., et al. Energetic particles in the Jovian magnetotail. Science 2007, 318:220-222.
136. McNutt R.L., et al. The MESSENGER mission: results from the first two Mercury flybys. Acta Astronautica 2010, 67:681-687.
137. Merrill R.T., McElhinny M.W., McFadden P.L. The magnetic field of the Earth: paleomagnetism, the core, and the deep mantle 1996, Academic Press, London.
138. Milbury C., Schubert G. Search for the global signature of the Martian dynamo. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:E10010.
139. Milbury C., Schubert G., Raymond C., Smrekar S. Modeling gravity and magnetic anomalies at Tyrrhena Patera, Mars: implications for early polar wander and a late dynamo. In review. J. Geophys. Res. 2011.
140. Mitchell D.L., Lillis R.J., Lin R.P., Connerney J.E.P., Acuña M.H. A global map of Mars' crustal magnetic field based on electron reflectometry. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:E01002.
141. Mohit P.S., Arkani-Hamed J. Impact demagnetization of the Martian crust. Icarus 2004, 168:305-317.
142. Nellis W.J. Metallization of fluid hydrogen at 140GPa (1.4Mbar): implications for Jupiter. Planet. Space Sci. 2000, 48:671-677.
143. Ness N.F., Behannon K., Lepping R., Whang Y. Magnetic field of Mercury confirmed. Science 1975, 255:204-206.
144. Ness N.F., Behannon K., Lepping R., Whang Y. Observations of Mercury's magnetic field. Icarus 1976, 28:479-488.
145. Ness N.F., Acuña M.H., Lepping R.P., Burlaga L.F., Behannon K.W., Neubauer F.M. Magnetic field studies at Jupiter by Voyager 1: preliminary results. Science 1979, 204:982-987.
146. Ness N.F., et al. Magnetic field studies by Voyager 1 - preliminary results at Saturn. Science 1981, 212:211-217.
147. Ness N.F., Acuña M.H., Behannon K.W., Burlaga L.F., Connerney J.E.P., Lepping R.P., Neubauer F.M. Magnetic field studies by Voyager 2: preliminary results at Saturn. Science 1982, 215:558-563.
148. Ness N.F., Acuña M.H., Behannon K.W., Burlaga L.F., Connerney J.E.P., Lepping R.P., Neubauer F.M. Magnetic fields at Uranus. Science 1986, 233:85-89.
149. Ness N.F., Acuña M.H., Burlaga L.F., Connerney J.E.P., Lepping R.P., Neubauer F.M. Magnetic fields at Neptune. Science 1989, 246:1473-1478.
150. Ness N.F., et al. MGS magnetic fields and electron reflectometer investigation: discovery of paleomagnetic fields due to crustal remanence. Adv. Space Res. 1999, 23:1879-1886.
151. Nimmo F., Stevenson D.J. Influence of early plate tectonics on the thermal evolution and magnetic field of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:11969-11979.
152. Nimmo F., Hart S.D., Korycansky D., Agnor C.B. Implications of an impact origin for the martian hemispheric dichotomy. Nature 2008, 453:1220-1223.
153. Olsen N., Mandea M. Rapidly changing flows in the Earth's core. Nature 2008, 1:390-394.
154. Olson P., Christensen U.R. Dipole moment scaling for convection-driven planetary dynamos. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 250:561-571.
155. Pearl J.C., Conrath B.J. The albedo, effective temperature, and energy balance of Neptune as determined from Voyager data. J. Geophys. Res. Suppl. 1991, 96:18921-18930.
156. Pearl J.C., Conrath B.J., Hanel R.A., Pirraglia J.A. The albedo, effective temperature, and energy balance of Uranus as determined from Voyager IRIS data. Icarus 1990, 84:12-28.
157. Phillips J.L., Russell C.T. Upper limit on the intrinsic magnetic field of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. 1987, 92:2253-2263.
158. Pirraglia J.A. Meridional energy balance of Jupiter. Icarus 1984, 59:169-176.
159. Podolak, M., Hubbard, W.B., Stevenson, D.J., 1991. Models of Uranus' interior and magnetic field. In: Bergstralh, J.T., Miner, E.D. (Eds.), Uranus, Matthews, M.S., Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson.
160. Porco C.C., et al. Cassini imaging of Jupiter's atmosphere, satellites and rings. Science 2003, 299:1541-1547.
161. Proudman J. On the motion of solids in a liquid possessing vorticity. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 1916, 92:408-424.
162. Purucker M.E., Ravat D., Frey H., Voorhies C., Sabaka T., Acuña M. An altitude-normalized magnetic map of Mars and its interpretation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000, 27:2449-2452.
163. Purucker M.E. A global model of the internal magnetic field of the Moon based on lunar prospector magnetometer observations. Icarus 2008, 197:19-23.
164. Read P.L., Dowling T.E., Schubert G. Saturn's rotation period from its atmospheric planetary-wave configuration. Nature 2009, 460:608-610.
165. Rhines P.B. Waves and turbulence on a beta-plane. J. Fluid Mech. 1975, 69:417-443.
166. Riner M.A., Bina C.R., Robinson M.S., Desch S.J. Internal structure of Mercury: implications of a molten core. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:E08013.
167. Robbins S.J., Achille G.D., Hynek B.M. The volcanic history of Mars: high-resolution crater-based studies of the calderas of 20 volcanoes. Icarus 2011, 211:1179-1203.
168. Roberts J.H., Zhong S. Degree-1 convection in the Martian mantle and the origin of the hemispheric dichotomy. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111:E06013.
169. Russell, C.T., Weiss, H., Coleman, P.J., Jr., Soderblom, L.A., Stuart-Alexander, D.E., Wilhelms, D.E., 1977. In: Proc. 8th Lunar Sci. Conf., Pergamon, New York, pp. 1171-1185.
170. Russell C.T., Elphic R.C., Slavin J.A. Limits on the possible intrinsic magnetic field of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. 1980, 85(A13):8319-8332.
171. Russell C.T., Yu Z.J., Kivelson M.G. The rotation period of Jupiter. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:1911-1912.
172. Russell C.T., Dougherty M.K. Magnetic fields of the outer planets. Space Sci. Rev. 2010, 152:251-269.
173. Sakuraba M., Roberts P.H. Generation of a strong magnetic field using uniform heat flux at the surface of the core. Nature Geol. 2009, 2:802-805.
174. Sanchez-Lavega A., Rojas J.F., Sada P.V. Saturn's zonal winds at cloud level. Icarus 2000, 147:405-420.
175. Sanchez-Lavega A. The magnetic field in giant extrasolar planets. Astrophys. J. 2004, 609:L87-L90.
176. Sarson G.R., Jones C.A., Zhang K., Schubert G. Magnetoconvection dynamos and the magnetic fields of Io and Ganymede. Science 1997, 276:1106-1108.
177. Schubert G., Lingenfelter R.E. Martian centre of mass - centre of figure offset. Nature 1973, 242:251-252.
178. Schubert G., Ross M.N., Stevenson D.J., Spohn T. Mercury's thermal history and the generation of its magnetic field. Mercury 1988, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson. F. Vilas, C.R. Chapman, M.S. Matthews (Eds.).
179. Schubert G., Zhang K., Kivelson M.G., Anderson J.D. The magnetic field and internal structure of Ganymede. Nature 1996, 384:544-545.
180. Schubert G., Russell C.T., Moore W.B. Geophysics - timing of the Martian dynamo. Nature 2000, 408:666-667.
181. Schubert G., Turcotte D.L., Olson P. Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets 2001, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
182. Schubert G., Chan K., Liao X., Zhang K. Planetary dynamos: effects of electrically conducting flows overlying turbulent regions of magnetic field generation. Icarus 2004, 172:305-315.
183. Schubert G., Anderson J.D., Spohn T., McKinnon W.B. Interior composition, structure and dynamics of the Galilean satellites. Jupiter 2007, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK. F. Bagenal, T.E. Dowling, W.B. McKinnon (Eds.).
184. Scorer R.S. Origin of cylcones. Sci. J. 1966, 2:46-52.
185. Shkolnik E., Walker G.A.H., Bohlender D.A., Gu P.-G., Kuerster M. Hot Jupiters and hot spots: the short- and long-term chromospheric activity on stars with giant planets. Astrophys. J. 2005, 622:1075-1090.
186. Shkolnik E., Bohlender D.A., Walker G.A.H., Collier Cameron A. The on/off nature of star-planet interactions. Astrophys. J. 2008, 676:628-638.
187. Simitev R., Busse F.H. Prandtl-number dependence of convection-driven dynamos in rotating spherical fluid shells. J. Fluid Mech. 2005, 532:365-388.
188. Smith E.J., Davis L., Jones D.E., Coleman P.J., Colburn D.S., Pyal P., Sonett C.P., Frandsen A.M.A. The planetary magnetic field and magnetosphere of Jupiter: Pioneer 10. J. Geophys. Res. 1974, 79:3501-3513.
189. Smith E.J., Davis L., Jones D.E., Coleman P.J., Colburn D.S., Pyal P., Sonett C.P. Jupiter's magnetic field, magnetosphere, and interaction with the solar wind: Pioneer II. Science 1975, 188:451-454.
190. Smith E.J., Davis L., Jones D.E., Coleman P.J., Colburn D.S., Sonett C.P. Saturn's magnetic field and magnetosphere. Science 1980, 207:407-410.
191. Smith E.J., et al. The equatorial shape and gravity field of Mercury from MESSENGER flybys 1 and 2. Science 2010, 209:88-100.
192. Smylie D.E., Rochester M.G. Compressibility, core dynamics and the subseismic wave equation. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 1980, 24:308-319.
193. Solomon S. A new look at the planet Mercury. Phys. Today 2011, 64:50-55.
194. Soderlund, K.M., Aurnou, J.M., 2010. Simulation of an ice giant-style dynamo. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2010. San Francisco.
195. Soderlund, K.M., King, E.M., Aurnou, J.M., in review. The weak influence of magnetic fields in planetary dynamo models. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
196. Sreenivasan B., Jones C.A. The role of inertia in the evolution of spherical dynamos. Geophys. J. Int. 2006, 164:467-476.
197. Sromovsky L.A., Fry P.M., Dowling T.E., Baines K.H., Limaye S.S. Neptune's atmospheric circulation and cloud morphology: Changes revealed by 1998 HST imaging. Icarus 2001, 150:244-260.
198. Stanley S. A dynamo model for axisymmetrizing Saturn's magnetic field. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37:L05201.
199. Stanley S., Bloxham J. Convective-region geometry as the cause of Uranus' and Neptune's magnetic fields. Nature 2004, 428:151-153.
200. Stanley S., Bloxham J. Numerical dynamo models of Uranus' and Neptune's unusual magnetic fields. Icarus 2006, 184:556-572.
201. Stanley S., Bloxham J., Hutchison W.E., Zuber M.T. Thin shell dynamo models consistent with Mercury's weak observed magnetic field. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 234:27-38.
202. Stanley S., Mohammadi A. Effects of an outer thin stably stratified layer on planetary dynamos. Phys. Earth Planet. Sci. 2008, 168:179-190.
203. Stanley S., Elkins-Tanton L., Zuber M., Parmentier E.M. Mars' paleomagnetic field as the result of a single-hemisphere dynamo. Science 2008, 321:1822-1825.
204. Stanley S., Glatzmaier G.A. Dynamo models for planets other than Earth. Space Sci. Rev. 2010, 152:617-649.
205. Stegman D.R., Jellinek A.M., Zatman S.A., Baumgardner J.R., Richards M.A. An early lunar core dynamo driven by thermochemical mantle convection. Nature 2003, 421:143-146.
206. Stevenson D.J. Saturn's luminosity and magnetism. Science 1980, 208:746-748.
207. Stevenson D.J. Reducing the non-axisymmetry of a planetary dynamo and an application to Saturn. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 1982, 21:113-127.
208. Stevenson D.J. Planetary magnetic fields. Rep. Prog. Phys. 1983, 46:555-620.
209. Stevenson D.J. Mercury's magnetic field: a thermoelectric dynamo?. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1987, 82:114-120.
210. Stevenson D.J. Planetary magnetic fields. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2003, 208:1-11.
211. Stevenson D.J. Planetary magnetic fields: achievements and prospects. Space Sci. Rev. 2010, 152:651-664.
212. Stevenson D.J., Salpeter E.E. The phase diagram and transport properties for hydrogen-helium fluid planets. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 1977, 35:221-237.
213. Stevenson D.J., Spohn T., Schubert G. Magnetism and thermal evolution of the terrestrial planets. Icarus 1983, 54:466-489.
214. Stacey F. Core properties, physical. Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism 2007, Springer-Verlag, Netherlands. D. Gubbins, E. Herrero-Bervera (Eds.).
215. Suomi V.E., Limaye S.S., Johnson D.R. High winds of Neptune: a possible mechanism. Science 1991, 251:929-932.
216. Takahashi F., Matsushima M. Dipolar and non-dipolar dynamos in a thin shell geometry with implications for the magnetic field of Mercury. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L10202.
217. Takahashi F., Tsunakawa H. Thermal core-mantle coupling in an early lunar dynamo: implications for a global magnetic field and magnetosphere of the early Moon. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36:L24202.
218. Taylor G. Motion of solids in fluids when the flow is not irrotational. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 1917, 93:99-113.
219. Tilgner A. Kinematic dynamos with precession driven flow in a sphere. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 2007, 101:1-9.
220. Uno H., Johnson C.L., Anderson B.J., Korth H., Solomon S.C. Modeling Mercury's internal magnetic field with smooth inversions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 285:328-339.
221. Vilim R., Stanley S., Hauck S.A. Iron snow zones as a mechanism for generating Mercury's weak observed magnetic field. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:E11003.
222. Watters W., Zuber M., Hager B. Thermal perturbations caused by large impacts and consequences for mantle convection. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:E02001.
223. Weinstein S.A. The effects of a deep mantle endothermic phase change on the structure of thermal convection in silicate planets. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100(E6):11719-11728.
224. Weiss B.P., Vali H., Baudenbacher F.J., Kirschvink J.L., Stewart S.T., Shuster D.L. Records of an ancient Martian magnetic field in ALH84001. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 201:449-463.
225. Weiss B.P., Berdahl J.S., Elkins-Tanton L., Stanley S., Lima E.A., Carporzen L. Magnetism on the angrite parent body and the early differentiation of planetesimals. Science 2008, 322:713-716.
226. Werner S.C. The global martian volcanic evolutionary history. Icarus 2009, 201:44-68.
227. Wicht, J., Stellmach, S., Harder, H., 2009. Numerical models of the geodynamo: from fundamental cartesian models to 3D simulations of field reversals. In: Geomagnetic Field Variations, Springer, p. 107.
228. Wienbruch U., Spohn T. A self-sustained magnetic field on Io?. Planet. Space Sci. 1995, 43:1045-1057.
229. Wilhelms D.E., Squyres S.W. The martian hemispheric dichotomy may be due to a giant impact basin. Nature 1984, 309:138-140.
230. Williams J.-P., Aharonson O., Nimmo F. Powering Mercury's dynamo. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L21201.
231. Williams D.A., Greeley R., Werner S.C., Michael G., Crown D.A., Neukum G., Raitala J. Tyrrhena Patera: geologic history derived from Mars express high resolution stereo camera. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:E11005.
232. Yoder C.F., Konopliv A.S., Yuan D.N., Standish E.M., Folkner W.M. Fluid core size of Mars from detection of the solar tide. Science 2003, 300:299-303.
233. Yu Z.J., Leinweber H., Russell C.T. Galileo constraints on the secular variation of the Jovian magnetic field. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:E03002.
234. Zhang K. Spiraling columnar convection in rapidly rotating spherical fluid shells. J. Fluid Mech. 1992, 236:535-554.
235. Zhang C.Z., Zhang K. On the internal structure and magnetic fields of Venus. Earth Moon Planets 1995, 69:237-247.
236. Zharkov V.N. Models of the internal structure of Venus. Earth Moon Planets 1983, 29:139-175.
237. Zhong S., Zuber M.T. Degree-1 mantle convection and the crustal dichotomy on Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 189:75-84.