Sub-decadal- to decadal-scale climate cyclicity during the Holsteinian interglacial (MIS 11) evidenced in annually laminated sediments

Climate of the Past

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 987-999

  Koutsodendris, A ^a   Brauer, A ^b   Palike H ^c   Muller U C ^a   Dulski, P ^b   Lotter, A F ^d   Pross, J ^a  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^d UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOGENIC DEPOSIT; CLIMATE CYCLE; CLIMATE VARIATION; DECADAL VARIATION; DIATOM; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; HOLSTEINIAN; INTERGLACIAL; LACUSTRINE DEPOSIT; LAMINATION; MARINE ISOTOPE STAGE; MICROFACIES; NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOPRODUCTIVITY; SEDIMENT ANALYSIS; SOLAR CYCLE; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; TIMESCALE; VARVE;

DETHLINGEN; GERMANY; LOWER SAXONY;

BACILLARIOPHYTA;

EID: 80053114422     PISSN: 18149324     EISSN: 18149332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/cp-7-987-2011     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Alley, R. B., Marotzke, J., Nordhaus, W. D., Overpeck, J. T., Peteet, D. M., Pielke, R. A. Jr., Pierrehumbert, R. T., Rhines, P. B., Stocker, T. F., Talley, L. D., and Wallace, J. M.: Abrupt climate change, Science, 299, 2005-2010, doi:10.1126/science.1081056, 2003. (Pubitemid 36383717)
2. Anderson, R. Y.: Solar-terrestrial climatic patterns in varved sediments, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 95, 424-439, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1961.tb50048.x, 1961.
3. Anderson, R. Y.: Possible connection between surface winds, solar activity and the Earth's magnetic field, Nature, 358, 51-53, doi:10.1038/358051a0, 1992.
4. Anderson, R. Y. and Koopmans, L. H.: Harmonic analysis of varve time series, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 877-893, doi:10.1029/JZ068i003p00877, 1963.
5. Appenzeller, C., Stocker, T. F., and Anklin, M.: North Atlantic Oscillation dynamics recorded in Greenland ice cores, Science, 282, 446-449, doi:10.1126/science.282.5388.446, 1998. (Pubitemid 28483665)
6. Baldwin, M. P., Gray, L.J., Dunkerton, T. J., Hamilton, K., Haynes, P. H., Randel, W. J., Holton, J. R., Alexander, M. J., Hirota, I., Horinouchi, T., Jones, D. B. A., Kinnersley, J. S., Marquardt, C., Sato, K., and Takahashi, M.: The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, Rev. Geophys., 39, 179-229, doi:10.1029/ 1999RG000073, 2001. (Pubitemid 32621043)
7. Beer, J., Mende,W., and Stellmacher, R.: The role of sun in climate forcing, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 403-415, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00072-4, 2000. (Pubitemid 30018306)
8. Benda, L. and Brandes, H.: Die Kieselgur-Lagerstätten Niedersachsens. I. Verbreitung, Alter und Genese, Geol. Jahrb. A, 21, 3-85, 1974.
9. Benda, L., Hofmeister, E., Mielke, K., and Müller, H.: Die Kieselgur-Lagerstätten Niedersachsens III. Neue Prospektionsergebnisse (Lagerstätte Dethlingen), Geol. Jahrb. A, 75, 585-609, 1984.
10. Berger, A. and Loutre, M. F.: An exceptionally long interglacial ahead? Science, 297, 1287-1288, doi:10.1126/science.1076120, 2002. (Pubitemid 34913156)
11. Bothwell, M. L., Darren, M. J. S., and Pollock, C. M.: Ecosystem response to solar ultraviolet-B radiation: Influence of trophic-level interactions, Science, 265, 97-100, doi:10.1126/science.265.5168.97, 1994.
12. Brauer, A.: Annually laminated lake sediments and their palaeoclimatic relevance, in: The climate in historical times, edited by: Fisher, H., Kumke, T., Lohmann, G., Flöser, G., Miller, H., von Storch, H., and Negendank, J. F. W., Towards a synthesis of Holocene proxy data and climate models, Springer Verlag, 111-129, 2004.
13. Brauer, A., Endres, C., Günter, C., Litt, T., Stebich, M., and Negendank, J. F. W.: High resolution sediment and vegetation responses to Younger Dryas climate change in varved lake sediments from Meerfelder Maar, Germany, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 18, 321-329, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00084-5, 1999a. (Pubitemid 29150724)
14. Brauer, A., Endres, C., and Negendank, J. F. W.: Lateglacial calendar year chronology based on annually laminated sediments from Lake Meerfelder Maar, Germany, Quatern. Int., 61, 17-25, doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(99)00014-2, 1999b. (Pubitemid 30192401)
15. Brauer, A., Allen, J. R. M., Mingram, J., Dulski, P., Wulf, S., and Huntley, B.: Evidence for last interglacial chronology and environmental change from Southern Europe, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 450-455, doi:10.1073/pnas.0603321104, 2007. (Pubitemid 46123046)
16. Brauer, A., Mangili, C., Moscariello, A., and Witt, A.: Palaeoclimatic implications from micro-facies data of a 5900 varve time series from the Pìanico interglacial sediment record, Southern Alps, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 259, 121-135, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.10.003, 2008. (Pubitemid 351317986)
17. Brönnimann, S.: Impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on European climate, Rev. Geophys., 45, RG3003, doi:10.1029/2006RG000199, 2007. (Pubitemid 350168235)
18. Brönnimann, S., Xoplaki, E., Casty, C., Pauling, A., and Luterbacher, J.: ENSO influence on Europe during the last centuries, Clim. Dynam., 28, 181-197, doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0175-z, 2007. (Pubitemid 44896860)
19. Carslaw, K. S., Harrison, R. G., and Kirkby, J.: Cosmic rays, clouds, and climate, Science, 298, 1732-1737, doi:10.1126/science.1076964, 2002. (Pubitemid 35404107)
20. Chapman, M. R. and Shackleton, N. J.: Evidence of 550-year and 1000-year cyclicities in North Atlantic circulation patterns during the Holocene, Holocene, 10, 287-291, doi:10.1191/095968300671253196, 2000. (Pubitemid 30244631)
21. D' Arrigo, R., Cook, E. R., Wilson, R. J., Allan, R., and Mann, M. E.: On the variability of ENSO over the past six centuries, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L03711, doi:10.1029/2004GL022055, 2005. (Pubitemid 40578660)
22. Damon, P. E. and Peristykh, A. N.: Radiocarbon calibration and application to geophysics, solar physics, and astrophysics, Radiocarbon, 42, 137-150, 2000.
23. de Abreu, L., Abrantes, F. F., Shackleton, N., Tzedakis, P. C., Mc-Manus, J. F., Oppo, D. W., and Hall, M. A.: Ocean climate variability in the eastern North atlantic during interglacial marine isotope stage 11: A partial analogue to the Holocene? Paleoceanography, 20, PA3009, doi:10.1029/2004PA001091, 2005. (Pubitemid 41601614)
24. de Beaulieu, J.-L., Andrieu-Ponel, V., Reille, M., Grüger, E., Tzedakis, P. C., and Svobodova, H.: An attempt at correlation between the Velay pollen sequence and the Middle Pleistocene stratigraphy from central Europe, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 20, 1593-1602, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00027-0, 2001 (Pubitemid 33044957)
25. Dean,W., Anderson, R., Bradbury, J. P., and Anderson, D.: A 1500-year record of climatic and environmental change in Elk Lake, Minnesota I: Varve thickness and gray-scale density, J. Paleolimnol., 27, 287-299, doi:10.1023/A:1016062207440, 2002. (Pubitemid 34657304)
26. Desprat, S., Sánchez-Goñi, M. F., Turon, J.-L., McManus, J. F., Loutre, M. F., Duprat, J., Malaize, B., Peyron, O., and Peypouquet, J.-P.: Is vegetation responsible for glacial inception duringperiods of muted insolation changes? Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24,1361-1374, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev. 2005.01.005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40717338)
27. Ehlers, J., Meyer, K.-D., and Stephan, H.-J.: The pre-Weichselian glaciations of North-West Europe. Quaternary Sci. Rev., 3, 1-40, doi:10.1016/0277-3791(84)90003-9, 1984.
28. Fagel, N., Boës, X., and Loutre, M. F.: Climate oscillations evidenced by spectral analysis of Southern Chilean lacustrine sediments: The assessment of ENSO over the last 600 years, J. Paleolimnol., 39, 253-266, doi:10.1007/s10933-007-9116-z, 2008.
29. Fedorov, A. V. and Philander, S. G.: Is El Niño changing? Science, 288, 1997-2002, doi:10.1126/science.288.5473.1997, 2000. (Pubitemid 30397672)
30. Geyh, M. A. and Müller, H.: Numerical 230Th/U dating and a palynological review of the Holsteinian/Hoxnian interglacial, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 1861-1872, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.01.007, 2005. (Pubitemid 40982700)
31. Gleissberg, W.: A table of secular variations of the solar cycle, Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, 49, 243-244, doi:10.1029/TE049i004p00243, 1944.
32. Graham, L. E. andWilcox, L.W.: Algae, Prentice Hall, USA, 2000.
33. Gray, L. J., Beer, J., Geller, M., Haigh, J. D., Lockwood, M., Matthes, K., Cubasch, U., Fleitmann, D., Harrison, G., Hood, L., Luterbacher, J., Meehl, G. A., Shindell, D., van Geel, B., and White, W.: Solar influences on climate, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG4001, doi:10.1029/2009RG000282, 2010.
34. Haigh, J. D.: The impact of solar variability on climate, Science, 272, 981-984, doi:10.1126/science.272.5264.981, 1996.
35. Helmke, J. P., Bauch, H. A., Röhl, U., and Kandiano, E. S.: Uniform climate development between the subtropical and subpolar Northeast Atlantic across marine isotope stage 11, Clim. Past, 4, 181-190, doi:10.5194/cp-4-181- 2008, 2008.
36. Hoyt, D. V. and Schatten, K. H.: The role of the sun in climate change, Oxford University Press, UK, 1997.
37. Hurrell, J. W.: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation, Science, 269, 676-679, doi:10.1126/science.269.5224.676, 1995. (Pubitemid 26439360)
38. Hurrell, J.W. and van Loon, H.: Decadal variations in climate associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, Climatic Change, 36, 301-326, doi:10.1023/A:1005314315270, 1997. (Pubitemid 27353936)
39. Ineson, S. and Scaife, A. A.: The role of the stratosphere in the European climate response to El Niño, Nat. Geosci., 2, 32-36, doi:10.1038/ngeo381, 2009.
40. Jones, P. D. and Mann, M. E.: Climate over past millennia, Rev. Geophys., 42, RG2002, doi:10.1029/2003RG000143, 2004. (Pubitemid 39174704)
41. Kilham, P., Kilham, S. S., and Hecky, R. E.: Hypothesized resource relationships among African planktonic diatoms, Limnol. Oceanogr., 31, 1169-1181, 1986.
42. Kirilova, E. P., Bluszcz, P., Heiri, O., Cremer, H., Ohlendorf, C., Lotter, A. F., and Zolitschka, B.: Seasonal and interannual dynamics of diatom assemblages in Sacrower See (NE Germany): A sediment trap study, Hydrobiologia, 614, 159-170, doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9504-z, 2008.
43. Koutsodendris, A.: The Holsteinian interglacial (MIS 11c) as a palaeoclimatic analogue to the Holocene: Comparison of climate and ecosystem variability, PhD thesis, Goethe University Frankfurt, 139 pp., 2011.
44. Koutsodendris, A.,Müller, U. C., Pross, J., Brauer, A., Kotthoff, U., and Lotter, A. F.: Vegetation dynamics and climate variability during the Holsteinian interglacial based on a pollen record from Dethlingen (northern Germany), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 3298-3307, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.07. 024, 2010.
45. Krupiński, K. M.: Pollen stratigraphy and succession of vegetation during the Mazovian interglacial, Acta Geographica Lodzensis, 70, 1-200, 1995.
46. Kukla, G.: Continental records of MIS 11, in: Earth's climate and orbital eccentricity; the marine isotope stage 11 question, edited by: Droxler, A. W., Poore, R. Z., and Burckle, L. H., AGU Geophysical Monograph Series, 137, 207-212, 2003.
47. Labitzke, K.: On the Solar cycle-QBO-relationship: A summary, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 67, 45-54, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2004.07.016, 2005. (Pubitemid 40071830)
48. Lewis, W. M.: A revised classification of lakes based on mixing, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 40, 1779-1787, doi:10.1139/f83-207, 1983.
49. Livingstone, D. M. and Hajdas, I.: Climatically relevant periodicities in the thickness of biogenic carbonate varves in Soppensee, Switzerland (9740-6870 calendar yr BP), J. Paleolimnol., 25, 17-24, doi:10.1023/A:1008131815116, 2001. (Pubitemid 32235117)
50. Lotter, A. F.: Evidence of annual layering in Holocene sediments of Soppensee, Switzerland, Aquat. Sci., 51, 19-30, doi:10.1007/BF00877778, 1989.
51. Lotter, A. F. and Birks, H. J. B.: The separation of the influence of nutrients and climate on the varve time-series of Baldeggersee, Switzerland, Aquat. Sci., 59, 362-375, doi:10.1007/BF02522364, 1997. (Pubitemid 28065567)
52. Lotter, A. F. and Lemcke, G.: Methods for preparing and counting biochemical varves, Boreas, 28, 243-252, doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00218.x, 1999. (Pubitemid 29432743)
53. Loutre, M. F. and Berger, A.: Marine Isotope Stage 11 as an analogue for the present interglacial, Global Planet. Change, 36, 209-217, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00186-8, 2003. (Pubitemid 36409050)
54. Mangili, C., Brauer, A., Moscariello, A., and Naumann, R.: Microfacies of detrital event layers deposited in Quaternary varved lake sediments of the Pìanico-Sèllere Basin (northern Italy), Sedimentology, 52, 927-943, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00717.x, 2005.
55. Mangili, C., Brauer, A., Plessen, B., and Moscariello, A.: Centennial-scale oscillations in oxygen and carbon isotopes of endogenic calcite from a 15,500 varve year record of the Pìanico interglacial, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 1725-1735, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.012, 2007. (Pubitemid 47189614)
56. Mangili, C., Plessen, B., Wolff, C., and Brauer, A.: Climatic implications of annual to decadal stable isotope data from calcite varves of the Pìanico interglacial lake record, Southern Alps, Global Planet. Change, 71, 168-174, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.01.027, 2010.
57. Mann, M. E. and Lees, J. M.: Robust estimation of background noise and signal detection in climatic time series, Climatic Change, 33, 409-445, doi:10.1007/BF00142586, 1996.
58. Mann, M. E. and Park, J.: Global-scale modes of surface temperature variability on interannual to century timescales, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25819-25833, doi:10.1029/94JD02396, 1994.
59. McManus, J. F., Oppo, D., Cullen, J., and Healey, S.: Marine isotope stage 11 (MIS 11); Analogue for Holocene and future climate? in: Earth's Climate and Orbital Eccentricity; the Marine Isotope Stage 11 Question, edited by: Droxler, A. W., Poore, R. Z., and Burckle, L.H., AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 137, 69-85, 2003.
60. Müller, H.: Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen und Jahresschichtenz ählungen an der holstein-zeitlichen Kieselgur von Munster-Breloh, Geol. Jahrb. A, 21, 107-140, 1974.
61. Müller, U. C. and Pross, J.: Lesson from the past: present insolation minimum holds potential for glacial inception, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 3025-3029, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.006, 2007. (Pubitemid 350235746)
62. Muscheler, R., Beer, J., and Vonmoos, M.: Causes and timing of the 8200 yr BP event inferred from the comparison of the GRIP 10Be and the tree ring 114C record, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23, 2101-2111, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08. 007, 2004. (Pubitemid 39320366)
63. Muscheler, R., Joos, F., Müller, S. A., and Snowball, I.: How unusual is today's solar activity?, Nature, 436, E3-E4, doi:10.1038/nature04045, 2005.
64. Nederbragt, A. J. and Thurow, J.: Amplitude of ENSO cycles in the Santa Barbara Basin, off California, during the past 15000 years, J. Quaternary Sci., 20, 447-456, doi:10.1002/jqs.946, 2005. (Pubitemid 41079188)
65. Nitychoruk, J., Bińka, K., Hoefs, J., Ruppert, H., and Schneider, J.: Climate reconstruction for the Holsteinian Interglacial in eastern Poland and its comparison with isotopic data from Marine Isotope Stage 11, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 631-644, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.07.023, 2005. (Pubitemid 40323483)
66. Nitychoruk, J., Bińka, K., Ruppert, H., and Schneider, J.: Holsteinian interglacial = Marine Isotope Stage 11?, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 2678-2681, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.07.004, 2006. (Pubitemid 44791700)
67. O'Sullivan, P. E.: Annually-laminated lake sediments and the study of Quaternary environmental changes-A review, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 1, 245-313, doi:10.1016/0277-3791(83)90008-2, 1983. (Pubitemid 14275152)
68. O'Sullivan, P. E., Moyeed, R., Cooper, M. C., and Nicholson, M. J.: Comparison between instrumental, observational and high resolution proxy sedimentary records of Holocene climatic change-a discussion of possibilities, Quatern. Int., 88, 27-44, doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00071-4, 2002. (Pubitemid 34082277)
69. Pozo-Vásquez, D., Esteban-Parra, M. J., Rodrigo, F. S., and Castro-Díez, Y.: An analysis of the variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation in the time and frequency domain, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1675-1692, 2000. (Pubitemid 32065364)
70. Prasad, S., Vos, H., Negendank, J. F. W., Waldmann, N., Goldstein, S. L., and Stein, M.: Evidence from Lake Lisan of solar influence on decadal-to centennial-scale climate variability during marine oxygen stage 2, Geology, 32, 581-584, doi:10.1130/G20553.1, 2004. (Pubitemid 39033210)
71. Preece, R. C., Parfitt, S. A., Bridgland, D. R., Lewis, S. G., Rowe, P. J., Atkinson, T. C., Candy, I., Debenham, N. C., Penkman, K. E. H., Rhodes, E. J., Schwenningerl, J.-L., Griffiths, H. I., Whittaker, J. E., and Gleed-Owen, C.: Terrestrial environments during MIS 11: evidence from the Palaeolithic site at West Stow, Suffolk, UK, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 1236-1300, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.11.016, 2007. (Pubitemid 46881268)
72. Reille, M., de Beaulieu, J.-L., Svobodova, H., Andrieu-Ponel, V., and Goeury, C.: Pollen stratigraphy of the five last climatic cycles in a long continental sequence from Velay (Massif Central, France), J. Quaternary Sci., 15, 665-685, 2000.
73. Risebrobakken, B., Jansen, E., Andersson, C., Mjelde, E., and Hevrøy, K.: A high-resolution study of Holocene paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes in the Nordic Seas, Paleoceanography, 18, PA1017, doi:10.1029/2002PA000764, 2003.
74. Rittenour, T. M., Brigham-Grette, J., and Mann, M. EEl Niño-like climate teleconnections in New England during the Late Pleistocene, Science, 288, 1039-1042, doi:10.1126/science.288.5468.1039, 2000. (Pubitemid 30324234)
75. Rodó, X., Baert, E., and Comin, F. A.: Variations in seasonal rainfall in Southern Europe during the present century: relationships with the North Atlantic Oscillation and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Clim. Dynam., 13, 275-284, doi:10.1007/s003820050165, 1997.
76. Rohling, E. J. and Pälike, H.: Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden cold event around 8,200 years ago, Nature, 434, 975-979, doi:10.1038/nature03421, 2005. (Pubitemid 40586039)
77. Rohling, E. J., Braun, K., Grant, K., Kucera, M., Roberts, A. P., Siddall, M., and Trommer, G.: Comparison between Holocene and Marine Isotope Stage 11 sea-level histories, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 291, 97-105, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.054, 2010.
78. Ruddiman, W. F.: Cold climate during the closest Stage 11 analog to recent Millennia, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 1111-1121, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev. 2004.10.012, 2005. (Pubitemid 40359193)
79. Sarnthein, M., Stremme, H. E., and Mangini, A.: The Holstein interglaciation: Time-stratigraphic position and correlation to stable-isotope stratigraphy of deep-sea sediments, Quaternary Res., 26, 283-298, doi:10.1016/0033-5894(86)90090-6, 1986. (Pubitemid 17266911)
80. Sarnthein, M., van Kreveld, S., Erlenkeuser, H., Grootes, P. M., Kucera, M., Pflaumann, U., and Schulz, M.: Centennial-tomillennial-scale periodicities of Holocene climate and sediment injections off the western Barents shelf, 75°N, Boreas, 32, 447-461, doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2003.tb01227.x, 2003. (Pubitemid 37065652)
81. Shindell, D. T., Schmidt, G. A., Mann, M. E., Rind, D., and Waple, A.: Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum, Science, 294, 2149-2152, doi:10.1126/science.1064363, 2001. (Pubitemid 33150668)
82. Solanki, S. K., Usoskin, I. G., Kromer, B., Schüssler, M., and Beer, J.: Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years, Nature, 431, 1084-1087, doi:10.1038/nature02995, 2004. (Pubitemid 39472229)
83. Stenseth, N. C., Ottersen, G., Hurrell, J. W., Mysterud, A., Lima, M., Chan, K.-S., Yoccoz, N. G., and Adlandsvik, B.: Studying climate effects on ecology through the use of climate indices: The North Atlantic Oscillation, El Niño Southern Oscillation and beyond, P. Roy. Soc. B, 270, 2087-2096, doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2415, 2003. (Pubitemid 37304034)
84. 2: An evaluation of causal and spectral relationships, Holocene, 3, 289-305, doi:10.1177/095968369300300401, 1993.
85. Stuiver, M., Grootes, P. M., and Braziunas, T. F.: The GISP2 18O climate record of the past 16,500 years and the role of the sun, ocean, and volcanoes, Quaternary Res., 44, 341-354, doi:10.1006/qres.1995.1079, 1995. (Pubitemid 26467392)
86. Theissen, K. M., Dunbar, R. B., Rowe, H. D., and Mucciarone, D. A.: Multidecadal-to century-scale arid episodes on the northern Altiplano during the middle Holocene, Palaeogeogr. Paleocl., 257, 361-376, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo. 2007.09.011, 2008.
87. Torrence, C. and Compo, G. P.: A practical guide to wavelet analysis, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 61-78, 1998. (Pubitemid 128494959)
88. Turner, C.: The Middle Pleistocene deposits at Marks Tey, Essex, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 257, 373-440, doi:10.1098/rstb.1970.0029, 1970.
89. Tzedakis, P. C.: The MIS 11-MIS 1 analogy, southern European vegetation, atmospheric methane and the "early anthropogenic hypothesis", Clim. Past, 6, 131-144, doi:10.5194/cp-6-131-2010, 2010.
90. Tzedakis, P. C., Raynaud, D., McManus, J. F., Berger, A., Brovkin, V., and Kiefer, T.: Interglacial diversity, Nat. Geosci., 2, 751-755, doi:10.1038/ngeo660, 2009.
91. Vautard, R., Yiou, P., and Ghil, M.: Singular-spectrum analysis: A toolkit for short, noisy chaotic signals, Physica D, 58, 95-126, doi:10.1016/0167-2789(92)90103-T, 1992.
92. Visbeck, M. H., Hurrell, J. M., Polvani, L., and Cullen, H. M.: The North Atlantic Oscillation: Past, present, and future, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 12876-12877, doi:10.1073/pnas.231391598, 2001. (Pubitemid 33051286)
93. Vos, H., Sanchez, A., Zolitschka, B., Brauer, A., and Negendank, J. F. W.: Solar activity variations recorded in varved sediments from the crater lake of Holzmaar-a maar lake in the Westeifel volcanic field, Surv. Geophys., 18, 163-182, doi:10.1023/A:1006531825130, 1997.
94. Wanner, H., Brönnimann, S., Casty, C., Gyalistras, D., Luterbacher, J., Schmutz, C., Stephenson, D. B., and Xoplaki, E.: North Atlantic Oscillation-concepts and studies, Surv. Geophys., 22, 321-381, doi:10.1023/A:1014217317898, 2001. (Pubitemid 34189055)
95. Weedon, G.: Time-series analysis and cyclostratigraphy. Cambridge University Press, UK, 2003.
96. Zolitschka, B.: Climatic change evidence and lacustrine varves from maar lakes, Germany, Clim. Dynam, 6, 229-232, doi:10.1007/BF00193553, 1992.