메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2007, Pages

Impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on European climate

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN COUPLING; DECADAL VARIATION; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; GLOBAL CLIMATE; REGIONAL CLIMATE;

EID: 36448956083     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2006RG000199     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (369)

References (182)
  • 1
    • 0344011979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proxy evidence for an El Niño-like response to volcanic forcing
    • Adams, J. B., M. E. Mann, and C. M. Ammann (2003), Proxy evidence for an El Niño-like response to volcanic forcing, Nature, 426, 274-278.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.426 , pp. 274-278
    • Adams, J.B.1    Mann, M.E.2    Ammann, C.M.3
  • 2
    • 0037104707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric bridge: Influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans
    • Alexander, M. A., et al. (2002), The atmospheric bridge: Influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans, J Clim., 15, 2205-2231.
    • (2002) J Clim , vol.15 , pp. 2205-2231
    • Alexander, M.A.1
  • 3
    • 33745959459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new globally-complete monthly historical gridded mean sea level pressure data set (HadSLP2): 1850-2003
    • Allan, R., and T. Ansell (2006), A new globally-complete monthly historical gridded mean sea level pressure data set (HadSLP2): 1850-2003, J. Clim., 19, 5816-5842.
    • (2006) J. Clim , vol.19 , pp. 5816-5842
    • Allan, R.1    Ansell, T.2
  • 4
    • 0032905333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent ENSO sequences: How unusual Was the 1990-1995 El Niño?
    • Allan, R., and R. D. D'Arrigo (1999), "Persistent" ENSO sequences: How unusual Was the 1990-1995 El Niño?, Holocene, 9, 101-118.
    • (1999) Holocene , vol.9 , pp. 101-118
    • Allan, R.1    D'Arrigo, R.D.2
  • 6
    • 0038010293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protracted ENSO episodes and their impacts in the Indian Ocean region
    • Allan, R. J., C. J. C. Reason, J. A. Lindesay, and T. J. Ansell (2003), Protracted ENSO episodes and their impacts in the Indian Ocean region, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 2, 2331-2347.
    • (2003) Deep Sea Res., Part II , vol.2 , pp. 2331-2347
    • Allan, R.J.1    Reason, C.J.C.2    Lindesay, J.A.3    Ansell, T.J.4
  • 7
    • 77956811437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relations between climate variability in the Mediterranean region and the Tropics: ENSO, South Asian and African monsoons, hurricanes and Saharan dust
    • edited by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, and R. Boscolo, pp, Elsevier, New York
    • Alpert, P., et al. (2006), Relations between climate variability in the Mediterranean region and the Tropics: ENSO, South Asian and African monsoons, hurricanes and Saharan dust, in The Mediterranean Climate: An Overview of the Main Characteristics and Issues, edited by P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, and R. Boscolo, pp. 149-177, Elsevier, New York.
    • (2006) The Mediterranean Climate: An Overview of the Main Characteristics and Issues , pp. 149-177
    • Alpert, P.1
  • 8
    • 0033785893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropospheric temperature variations adjusted for El Niño, 1958-1998
    • Angell, J. K. (2000), Tropospheric temperature variations adjusted for El Niño, 1958-1998, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11,841-11,849.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res , vol.105
    • Angell, J.K.1
  • 10
    • 0035913971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric harbingers of anomalous weather regimes
    • Baldwin, M. P., and T. J. Dunkerton (2001), Stratospheric harbingers of anomalous weather regimes, Science, 294, 581-584.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 581-584
    • Baldwin, M.P.1    Dunkerton, T.J.2
  • 11
    • 0029413363 scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric effects of ENSO-related tropospheric circulation anomalies
    • Baldwin, M. P., and D. O'Sullivan (1995), Stratospheric effects of ENSO-related tropospheric circulation anomalies, J. Clim., 8, 649-667.
    • (1995) J. Clim , vol.8 , pp. 649-667
    • Baldwin, M.P.1    O'Sullivan, D.2
  • 12
    • 17844403487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quasi-biennial oscillation
    • Baldwin, M. P., et al. (2001), The quasi-biennial oscillation, Rev. Geophys., 39, 179-229.
    • (2001) Rev. Geophys , vol.39 , pp. 179-229
    • Baldwin, M.P.1
  • 14
    • 0029730257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate predictability experiments with a general circulation model
    • Bengtsson, L., K. Arpe, E. Roeckner, and U. Schulzweida (1996), Climate predictability experiments with a general circulation model, Clim. Dyn., 12, 261-278.
    • (1996) Clim. Dyn , vol.12 , pp. 261-278
    • Bengtsson, L.1    Arpe, K.2    Roeckner, E.3    Schulzweida, U.4
  • 15
    • 77049083098 scopus 로고
    • Atlantic air-sea interaction
    • Bjerknes, J. (1964), Atlantic air-sea interaction, Adv. Geophys., 10, 1-82.
    • (1964) Adv. Geophys , vol.10 , pp. 1-82
    • Bjerknes, J.1
  • 16
    • 0000619110 scopus 로고
    • A possible response of the atmospheric Hadley circulation to anomalies of ocean temperature
    • Bjerknes, J. (1966), A possible response of the atmospheric Hadley circulation to anomalies of ocean temperature, Tellus, 18, 820-829.
    • (1966) Tellus , vol.18 , pp. 820-829
    • Bjerknes, J.1
  • 17
    • 0000397542 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific
    • Bjerknes, J. (1969). Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific, Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 163-172.
    • (1969) Mon. Weather Rev , vol.97 , pp. 163-172
    • Bjerknes, J.1
  • 18
    • 18544411240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstructing Northern Hemisphere upper-level fields during World War II
    • Brönnimann, S., and J. Luterbacher (2004), Reconstructing Northern Hemisphere upper-level fields during World War II, Clim. Dyn., 22, 499-510.
    • (2004) Clim. Dyn , vol.22 , pp. 499-510
    • Brönnimann, S.1    Luterbacher, J.2
  • 19
    • 7244226508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extreme climate of the global troposphere and stratosphere 1940-1942 related to El Niño
    • Brönnimann, S., J. Luterbacher, J. Staehelin, T. M. Svendby, G. Hansen, and T. Svenøe (2004), Extreme climate of the global troposphere and stratosphere 1940-1942 related to El Niño, Nature, 431, 971-974.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.431 , pp. 971-974
    • Brönnimann, S.1    Luterbacher, J.2    Staehelin, J.3    Svendby, T.M.4    Hansen, G.5    Svenøe, T.6
  • 21
    • 33847276208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidecadal signal of solar variability in the upper troposphere during the 20th century
    • Brönnimann, S., T. Ewen, T. Griesser, and R. Jenne (2007a), Multidecadal signal of solar variability in the upper troposphere during the 20th century, Space Sci. Rev., 125, 305-315.
    • (2007) Space Sci. Rev , vol.125 , pp. 305-315
    • Brönnimann, S.1    Ewen, T.2    Griesser, T.3    Jenne, R.4
  • 24
    • 0035880427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual influence of Atlantic and Pacific SST anomalies on the North Atlantic/Europe winter climate
    • Cassou, C., and L. Terray (2001a), Dual influence of Atlantic and Pacific SST anomalies on the North Atlantic/Europe winter climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3195-3198.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.28 , pp. 3195-3198
    • Cassou, C.1    Terray, L.2
  • 25
    • 0035891698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oceanic forcing of the winter-time low-frequency atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic European sector: A study with the ARPEGE model
    • Cassou, C., and L. Terray (2001b), Oceanic forcing of the winter-time low-frequency atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic European sector: A study with the ARPEGE model, J. Clim., 14, 4266-4291.
    • (2001) J. Clim , vol.14 , pp. 4266-4291
    • Cassou, C.1    Terray, L.2
  • 26
    • 0345975871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Pacific - North Atlantic relationships under stratospheric control?
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002754
    • Castanheira, J. M., and H.-F. Graf (2003), North Pacific - North Atlantic relationships under stratospheric control?, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4036, doi:10.1029/2002JD002754.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res , vol.108 , Issue.D1 , pp. 4036
    • Castanheira, J.M.1    Graf, H.-F.2
  • 27
    • 1942520295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictability of El Niño over the past 148 years
    • Chen, D., M. A. Cane, A. Kaplan, S. E. Zebiak, and D. J. Huang (2004), Predictability of El Niño over the past 148 years, Nature, 428, 733-736.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.428 , pp. 733-736
    • Chen, D.1    Cane, M.A.2    Kaplan, A.3    Zebiak, S.E.4    Huang, D.J.5
  • 28
    • 1642387743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual variations of planetary wave activity in the northern winter troposphere and stratosphere and their relations to NAM and SST
    • doi:10.1029/2003JD003834
    • Chen, W., M. Takahashi, and H.-F. Graf (2003), Interannual variations of planetary wave activity in the northern winter troposphere and stratosphere and their relations to NAM and SST, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4797, doi:10.1029/2003JD003834.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res , vol.108 , Issue.D24 , pp. 4797
    • Chen, W.1    Takahashi, M.2    Graf, H.-F.3
  • 29
    • 0033079662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal, interannual and zonal temperature variability of the tropical stratosphere based on TOVS satellite data: 1987-1991
    • Claud, C., N. A. Scott, and A. Chedin (1999), Seasonal, interannual and zonal temperature variability of the tropical stratosphere based on TOVS satellite data: 1987-1991, J. Clim., 12, 540-550.
    • (1999) J. Clim , vol.12 , pp. 540-550
    • Claud, C.1    Scott, N.A.2    Chedin, A.3
  • 30
    • 0042593383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium
    • Cobb, K. M., C. D. Charles, R. L. Edwards, H. Cheng, and M. Kastner (2003), El Niño/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium, Nature, 424, 271-276.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.424 , pp. 271-276
    • Cobb, K.M.1    Charles, C.D.2    Edwards, R.L.3    Cheng, H.4    Kastner, M.5
  • 31
    • 0345772925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of subseasonal variability associated with El Niño
    • Compo, G. P., P. D. Sardeshmukh, and C. Penland (2001), Changes of subseasonal variability associated with El Niño, J. Clim., 14, 3356-3374.
    • (2001) J. Clim , vol.14 , pp. 3356-3374
    • Compo, G.P.1    Sardeshmukh, P.D.2    Penland, C.3
  • 32
  • 33
    • 33645306312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical Pacific and Atlantic climate variability in CCSM3
    • Deser, C., A. Capotondi, R. Saravanan, and A. Phillips (2006), Tropical Pacific and Atlantic climate variability in CCSM3, J. Clim., 19, 2451-2481.
    • (2006) J. Clim , vol.19 , pp. 2451-2481
    • Deser, C.1    Capotondi, A.2    Saravanan, R.3    Phillips, A.4
  • 35
    • 0035710253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO variability, teleconnections, and climate change
    • Diaz, H. F., M. P. Hoerling, and J. K. Eischeid (2001), ENSO variability, teleconnections, and climate change, Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1845-1862.
    • (2001) Int. J. Climatol , vol.21 , pp. 1845-1862
    • Diaz, H.F.1    Hoerling, M.P.2    Eischeid, J.K.3
  • 36
    • 0034353258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictable winter climate in the North Atlantic sector during the 1997-1999 ENSO cycle
    • Dong, B. W., R. T. Sutto, S. P. Jewson, A. O'Neill, and J. M. Slingo (2000), Predictable winter climate in the North Atlantic sector during the 1997-1999 ENSO cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 985-988.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.27 , pp. 985-988
    • Dong, B.W.1    Sutto, R.T.2    Jewson, S.P.3    O'Neill, A.4    Slingo, J.M.5
  • 37
    • 0030946848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability and its relation to El Niño-Southern Oscillation
    • Enfield, D. B., and D. A. Meyer (1997), Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability and its relation to El Niño-Southern Oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 929-945.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res , vol.102 , pp. 929-945
    • Enfield, D.B.1    Meyer, D.A.2
  • 38
    • 0033843479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of global sea surface temperature on summer and winter temperatures in Europe in a set of seasonal ensemble simulations
    • Feddersen, H. (2000), Impact of global sea surface temperature on summer and winter temperatures in Europe in a set of seasonal ensemble simulations, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 2089-2109.
    • (2000) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc , vol.126 , pp. 2089-2109
    • Feddersen, H.1
  • 39
    • 0034674554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is El Niño changing?
    • Fedorov, A., and S. Philander (2000), Is El Niño changing?, Science, 288, 1997-2002.
    • (2000) Science , vol.288 , pp. 1997-2002
    • Fedorov, A.1    Philander, S.2
  • 40
    • 0034451903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A coral oxygen isotope record from the northern Red Sea documenting NAO, ENSO, and North Pacific teleconnections on Middle East climate variability since the year 1750
    • Felis, T., J. Pätzold, Y. Loya, M. Fine, A. H. Nawar, and G. Wefer (2000), A coral oxygen isotope record from the northern Red Sea documenting NAO, ENSO, and North Pacific teleconnections on Middle East climate variability since the year 1750, Paleoceanography, 15, 679-694.
    • (2000) Paleoceanography , vol.15 , pp. 679-694
    • Felis, T.1    Pätzold, J.2    Loya, Y.3    Fine, M.4    Nawar, A.H.5    Wefer, G.6
  • 41
    • 34249885609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European climate response to tropical volcanic eruptions over the last half millennium
    • doi:10.1029/2006GL027992
    • Fischer, E. M., J. Luterbacher, E. Zorita, S. F. B. Tett, C. Casty, and H. Wanner (2007), European climate response to tropical volcanic eruptions over the last half millennium, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05707, doi:10.1029/2006GL027992.
    • (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.34
    • Fischer, E.M.1    Luterbacher, J.2    Zorita, E.3    Tett, S.F.B.4    Casty, C.5    Wanner, H.6
  • 42
    • 36448940278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Folland, C., et al. (2001), Observed climate variability and change, in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis: Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by J. Houghton et al., pp. 99-181, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
    • Folland, C., et al. (2001), Observed climate variability and change, in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis: Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by J. Houghton et al., pp. 99-181, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
  • 43
    • 0036662910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative influences of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and ENSO on the South Pacific Convergence Zone
    • doi:10.1029/2001GL014201
    • Folland, C. K., J. A. Renwick, M. J. Salinger, and A. B. Mullan (2002), Relative influences of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and ENSO on the South Pacific Convergence Zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(13), 1643, doi:10.1029/2001GL014201.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.29 , Issue.13 , pp. 1643
    • Folland, C.K.1    Renwick, J.A.2    Salinger, M.J.3    Mullan, A.B.4
  • 44
    • 0025227194 scopus 로고
    • European Grosswetter during the warm and cold extremes of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation
    • Fraedrich, K. (1990), European Grosswetter during the warm and cold extremes of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, Int. J. Climatol., 10, 21-31.
    • (1990) Int. J. Climatol , vol.10 , pp. 21-31
    • Fraedrich, K.1
  • 45
    • 0028573159 scopus 로고
    • ENSO impact on Europe? - A review
    • Fraedrich, K. (1994), ENSO impact on Europe? - A review, Tellus, Ser. A, 46, 541-552.
    • (1994) Tellus, Ser. A , vol.46 , pp. 541-552
    • Fraedrich, K.1
  • 46
    • 0026447117 scopus 로고
    • Climate anomalies in Europe associated with ENSO extremes
    • Fraedrich, K., and K. Müller (1992), Climate anomalies in Europe associated with ENSO extremes, Int. J. Climatol., 12, 25-31.
    • (1992) Int. J. Climatol , vol.12 , pp. 25-31
    • Fraedrich, K.1    Müller, K.2
  • 47
    • 0026495496 scopus 로고
    • Northern Hemisphere circulation regimes during the extremes of ENSO
    • Fraedrich, K., K. Müller, and R. Kuglin (1992), Northern Hemisphere circulation regimes during the extremes of ENSO, Tellus, Ser. A, 44, 33-40.
    • (1992) Tellus, Ser. A , vol.44 , pp. 33-40
    • Fraedrich, K.1    Müller, K.2    Kuglin, R.3
  • 48
    • 0142153721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential seasonal predictability of the observed Euro-Atlantic atmospheric variability using SST forced ECHAM4-T42 simulations
    • Friedrichs, P., and C. Frankignoul (2003), Potential seasonal predictability of the observed Euro-Atlantic atmospheric variability using SST forced ECHAM4-T42 simulations, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 129, 2879-2896.
    • (2003) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc , vol.129 , pp. 2879-2896
    • Friedrichs, P.1    Frankignoul, C.2
  • 49
    • 33646408107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propagation of ENSO temperature signals into the middle atmosphere: A comparison of two general circulation models and ERA-40 reanalysis data
    • doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006061
    • García-Herrera, R., N. Calvo, R. R. Garcia, and M. A. Giorgetta (2006), Propagation of ENSO temperature signals into the middle atmosphere: A comparison of two general circulation models and ERA-40 reanalysis data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06101, doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006061.
    • (2006) J. Geophys. Res , vol.111
    • García-Herrera, R.1    Calvo, N.2    Garcia, R.R.3    Giorgetta, M.A.4
  • 50
    • 27144453723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classification of synchronous oceanic and atmospheric El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events for palaeoclimate reconstruction
    • Gergis, J. L., and A. M. Fowler (2005), Classification of synchronous oceanic and atmospheric El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events for palaeoclimate reconstruction, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 1541-1565.
    • (2005) Int. J. Climatol , vol.25 , pp. 1541-1565
    • Gergis, J.L.1    Fowler, A.M.2
  • 51
    • 0032466323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interdecadal modulation of ENSO teleconnections
    • Gershunov, A., and T. P. Barnett (1998), Interdecadal modulation of ENSO teleconnections, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 2715-2725.
    • (1998) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc , vol.79 , pp. 2715-2725
    • Gershunov, A.1    Barnett, T.P.2
  • 53
    • 0345414546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of the impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on sea-level pressure anomalies over the North Atlantic in January to March
    • Gouirand, I., and V. Moron (2003), Variability of the impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on sea-level pressure anomalies over the North Atlantic in January to March (1874-1996), Int. J. Climatol., 23, 1549-1566.
    • (2003) Int. J. Climatol , vol.23 , pp. 1549-1566
    • Gouirand, I.1    Moron, V.2
  • 54
    • 36448981167 scopus 로고
    • Blockierungssituationen im europäisch-atlantischen Raum, Teil 1: Phänomenologische Untersuchungen
    • Graf, H.-F., and H. Funke (1986), Blockierungssituationen im europäisch-atlantischen Raum, Teil 1: Phänomenologische Untersuchungen, Z. Meteorol., 36, 104-112.
    • (1986) Z. Meteorol , vol.36 , pp. 104-112
    • Graf, H.-F.1    Funke, H.2
  • 55
    • 2442604215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonstationary impact of ENSO on Euro-Atlantic winter climate
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL018542
    • Greatbatch, R. J., J. Lu, and K. A. Peterson (2004), Nonstationary impact of ENSO on Euro-Atlantic winter climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L02208, doi:10.1029/2003GL018542.
    • (2004) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.31
    • Greatbatch, R.J.1    Lu, J.2    Peterson, K.A.3
  • 56
    • 0033848104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric response to sea surface temperature anomalies during El Niño 1997 /98 as simulated by ECHAM4
    • Grötzner, A., M. Latif, and D. Dommenget (2000), Atmospheric response to sea surface temperature anomalies during El Niño 1997 /98 as simulated by ECHAM4, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 2175-2198.
    • (2000) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc , vol.126 , pp. 2175-2198
    • Grötzner, A.1    Latif, M.2    Dommenget, D.3
  • 57
    • 0001351087 scopus 로고
    • Surface temperature patterns associated with the Southern Oscillation
    • Halpert, M. S., and C. F. Ropelewski (1992), Surface temperature patterns associated with the Southern Oscillation, J. Clim., 5, 577-593.
    • (1992) J. Clim , vol.5 , pp. 577-593
    • Halpert, M.S.1    Ropelewski, C.F.2
  • 58
    • 0023756298 scopus 로고
    • A detailed examination of the extratropical response to tropical El Niño/Southern Oscillation events
    • Hamilton, K. (1988), A detailed examination of the extratropical response to tropical El Niño/Southern Oscillation events, J. Climatol., 8, 67-86.
    • (1988) J. Climatol , vol.8 , pp. 67-86
    • Hamilton, K.1
  • 59
    • 0027843005 scopus 로고
    • An examination of observed Southern Oscillation effects in the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere
    • Hamilton, K. (1993a), An examination of observed Southern Oscillation effects in the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3468-3473.
    • (1993) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.50 , pp. 3468-3473
    • Hamilton, K.1
  • 60
    • 0027845752 scopus 로고
    • A general circulation model simulation of El Niño effects in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere stratosphere
    • Hamilton, K. (1993b), A general circulation model simulation of El Niño effects in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1803-1806.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.20 , pp. 1803-1806
    • Hamilton, K.1
  • 61
    • 0031732262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño-Southern Oscillation sea surface temperature and wind anomalies
    • Harrison, D. E., and N. K. Larkin (1998), El Niño-Southern Oscillation sea surface temperature and wind anomalies, Rev. Geophys., 36, 353-399.
    • (1998) Rev. Geophys , vol.36 , pp. 353-399
    • Harrison, D.E.1    Larkin, N.K.2
  • 62
    • 0344983923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upper-air circulation of the Southern Oscillation from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis
    • Hastenrath, S. (2003), Upper-air circulation of the Southern Oscillation from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 83, 51-65.
    • (2003) Meteorol. Atmos. Phys , vol.83 , pp. 51-65
    • Hastenrath, S.1
  • 63
    • 0035418684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual variations of temperature and vertical motion at the tropical tropopause associated with ENSO
    • Hatsushika, H., and K. Yamazaki (2001), Interannual variations of temperature and vertical motion at the tropical tropopause associated with ENSO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2891-2894.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.28 , pp. 2891-2894
    • Hatsushika, H.1    Yamazaki, K.2
  • 64
    • 0001702348 scopus 로고
    • Katalog der Grosswetterlagen Europas. 2. Neu bearbeitete und ergänzte Auflage
    • 56 pp
    • Hess, P., and H. Brezowsky (1969), Katalog der Grosswetterlagen Europas. 2. Neu bearbeitete und ergänzte Auflage, Ber. Dtsch. Wetterdienstes, 15(113), 56 pp.
    • (1969) Ber. Dtsch. Wetterdienstes , vol.15 , Issue.113
    • Hess, P.1    Brezowsky, H.2
  • 65
    • 0008537305 scopus 로고
    • Quelques recherches sur les centres d'action de l'atmosphere
    • 36 pp
    • Hildebrandsson, H. H. (1897), Quelques recherches sur les centres d'action de l'atmosphere, Kongl. Sven. Vetenskaps Akad. Hand., 29(3), 36 pp.
    • (1897) Kongl. Sven. Vetenskaps Akad. Hand , vol.29 , Issue.3
    • Hildebrandsson, H.H.1
  • 66
    • 0028666198 scopus 로고
    • On the organization of extratropical transients during El Niño
    • Hoerling, M. P., and M. Ting (1994), On the organization of extratropical transients during El Niño, J. Clim., 7, 745-766.
    • (1994) J. Clim , vol.7 , pp. 745-766
    • Hoerling, M.P.1    Ting, M.2
  • 67
    • 0031207768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño, La Niña, and the nonlinearity of their teleconnections
    • Hoerling, M. P., A. Kumar, and M. Zhong (1997), El Niño, La Niña, and the nonlinearity of their teleconnections, J. Clim., 10, 1769-1786.
    • (1997) J. Clim , vol.10 , pp. 1769-1786
    • Hoerling, M.P.1    Kumar, A.2    Zhong, M.3
  • 68
    • 0035869793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robustness of the nonlinear atmospheric response to opposite phases of ENSO
    • Hoerling, M. P., A. Kumar, and T.-Y. Xu (2001a), Robustness of the nonlinear atmospheric response to opposite phases of ENSO, J. Clim., 14, 1277-1293.
    • (2001) J. Clim , vol.14 , pp. 1277-1293
    • Hoerling, M.P.1    Kumar, A.2    Xu, T.-Y.3
  • 69
    • 0035815468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical origins for recent North Atlantic climate change
    • Hoerling, M. P., J. W. Hurrell, and T.-Y. Xu (2001b), Tropical origins for recent North Atlantic climate change, Science, 292, 90-92.
    • (2001) Science , vol.292 , pp. 90-92
    • Hoerling, M.P.1    Hurrell, J.W.2    Xu, T.-Y.3
  • 70
    • 0001641126 scopus 로고
    • The influence of the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation on the global circulation at 50 mb
    • Holton, J. R., and H.-C. Tan (1980), The influence of the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation on the global circulation at 50 mb, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2200-2208.
    • (1980) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.37 , pp. 2200-2208
    • Holton, J.R.1    Tan, H.-C.2
  • 72
    • 0035869805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual seesaw between the Aleutian and Icelandic lows, part I: Seasonal dependence and life cycle
    • Honda, M., H. Nakamura, J. Ukita, I. Kousaka, and K. Takeuchi (2001), Interannual seesaw between the Aleutian and Icelandic lows, part I: Seasonal dependence and life cycle, J. Clim., 14, 1029-1041.
    • (2001) J. Clim , vol.14 , pp. 1029-1041
    • Honda, M.1    Nakamura, H.2    Ukita, J.3    Kousaka, I.4    Takeuchi, K.5
  • 73
    • 0019655505 scopus 로고
    • Planetary-scale atmospheric phenomena associated with the Southern Oscillation
    • Horel, J. D., and J. M. Wallace (1981), Planetary-scale atmospheric phenomena associated with the Southern Oscillation, Mon. Weather Rev., 103, 813-829.
    • (1981) Mon. Weather Rev , vol.103 , pp. 813-829
    • Horel, J.D.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 74
    • 0019697466 scopus 로고
    • The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing
    • Hoskins, B. J., and D. J. Karoly (1981), The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1179-1196.
    • (1981) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.38 , pp. 1179-1196
    • Hoskins, B.J.1    Karoly, D.J.2
  • 75
    • 33646823821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonlinear atmospheric teleconnections
    • doi:10.1029/ 2005GL025471
    • Hsieh, W. W., A. Wu, and A. Shabbar (2006), Nonlinear atmospheric teleconnections, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07714, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL025471.
    • (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.33
    • Hsieh, W.W.1    Wu, A.2    Shabbar, A.3
  • 76
    • 0032129104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation and El Niño-Southern Oscillation
    • Huang, J., K. Higuchi, and A. Shabbar (1998), The relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation and El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2707-2710.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.25 , pp. 2707-2710
    • Huang, J.1    Higuchi, K.2    Shabbar, A.3
  • 77
    • 0038227570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and update to 2001
    • Jones, P. D., and A. Moberg (2003), Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and update to 2001, J. Clim., 16, 206-223.
    • (2003) J. Clim , vol.16 , pp. 206-223
    • Jones, P.D.1    Moberg, A.2
  • 78
    • 0343621490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of Turkish precipitation compared to El Niño events
    • Kadioǧlu, M., Y. Tulunay, and Y. Borhan (1999), Variability of Turkish precipitation compared to El Niño events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1597-1600.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.26 , pp. 1597-1600
    • Kadioǧlu, M.1    Tulunay, Y.2    Borhan, Y.3
  • 79
    • 0000589570 scopus 로고
    • Global climatic anomalies associated with extremes in the Southern Oscillation
    • Kiladis, G. N., and H. F. Diaz (1989), Global climatic anomalies associated with extremes in the Southern Oscillation, J. Clim., 2, 1069-1090.
    • (1989) J. Clim , vol.2 , pp. 1069-1090
    • Kiladis, G.N.1    Diaz, H.F.2
  • 80
    • 0042092646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation
    • Kistler, R., et al. (2001), The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation, Br. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 247-267.
    • (2001) Br. Am. Meteorol. Soc , vol.82 , pp. 247-267
    • Kistler, R.1
  • 81
    • 0141959765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decadal changes in the link between El Niño and springtime North Atlantic Oscillation and European-North African rainfall
    • Knippertz, P., U. Ulbrich, F. Marques, and J. Corte-Real (2003), Decadal changes in the link between El Niño and springtime North Atlantic Oscillation and European-North African rainfall, Int. J. Climatol., 23, 1293-1311.
    • (2003) Int. J. Climatol , vol.23 , pp. 1293-1311
    • Knippertz, P.1    Ulbrich, U.2    Marques, F.3    Corte-Real, J.4
  • 82
    • 0032444451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annual cycle of Pacific/North American seasonal predictability associated with different phases of ENSO
    • Kumar, A., and M. P. Hoerling (1998), Annual cycle of Pacific/North American seasonal predictability associated with different phases of ENSO, J. Clim., 11, 3295-3308.
    • (1998) J. Clim , vol.11 , pp. 3295-3308
    • Kumar, A.1    Hoerling, M.P.2
  • 83
    • 0033603403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the weakening relationship between the Indian monsoon and ENSO
    • Kumar, K. K., B. Rajagopalan, and M. A. Cane (1999), On the weakening relationship between the Indian monsoon and ENSO, Science, 284, 2156-2159.
    • (1999) Science , vol.284 , pp. 2156-2159
    • Kumar, K.K.1    Rajagopalan, B.2    Cane, M.A.3
  • 84
    • 0001511909 scopus 로고
    • The Southern Oscillation. part IX: The influence of volcanic eruptions on the Southern Oscillation in the stratosphere
    • Labitzke, K., and H. van Loon (1989), The Southern Oscillation. part IX: The influence of volcanic eruptions on the Southern Oscillation in the stratosphere, J. Clim., 2, 1223-1226.
    • (1989) J. Clim , vol.2 , pp. 1223-1226
    • Labitzke, K.1    van Loon, H.2
  • 86
    • 33745826674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sunspots, the QBO and the stratosphere in the North Polar region - 20 years later
    • Labitzke, K., M. Kunze, and S. Brönnimann (2006), Sunspots, the QBO and the stratosphere in the North Polar region - 20 years later, Meteorol. Z., 15, 355-363.
    • (2006) Meteorol. Z , vol.15 , pp. 355-363
    • Labitzke, K.1    Kunze, M.2    Brönnimann, S.3
  • 87
    • 26844450159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global seasonal temperature and precipitation anomalies during El Niño autumn and winter
    • doi:10.1029/2005GL022860
    • Larkin, N. K., and D. E. Harrison (2005), Global seasonal temperature and precipitation anomalies during El Niño autumn and winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16705, doi:10.1029/2005GL022860.
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.32
    • Larkin, N.K.1    Harrison, D.E.2
  • 88
    • 0030869086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between global SST anomalies and the midlatitude atmospheric circulation
    • Lau, N. C. (1997), Interactions between global SST anomalies and the midlatitude atmospheric circulation, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78 21-33.
    • (1997) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc , vol.78 , pp. 21-33
    • Lau, N.C.1
  • 89
    • 33744477364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The annular response to tropical Pacific SST forcing
    • Li, S., M. P. Hoerling, S. Peng, and K. M. Weickmann (2006), The annular response to tropical Pacific SST forcing, J. Clim., 19, 1802-1818.
    • (2006) J. Clim , vol.19 , pp. 1802-1818
    • Li, S.1    Hoerling, M.P.2    Peng, S.3    Weickmann, K.M.4
  • 90
    • 3843113475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the life cycle of Northern Hemisphere stratospheric sudden wanning
    • Limpasuvan, V., D. W. J. Thompson, and D. L. Hartmann (2004), On the life cycle of Northern Hemisphere stratospheric sudden wanning, J. Clim., 17, 2584-2596.
    • (2004) J. Clim , vol.17 , pp. 2584-2596
    • Limpasuvan, V.1    Thompson, D.W.J.2    Hartmann, D.L.3
  • 91
    • 3843051446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonlinearity of the extratropical response to tropical forcing
    • Lin, H., and J. Derome (2004), Nonlinearity of the extratropical response to tropical forcing, J. Clim., 17, 2597-2608.
    • (2004) J. Clim , vol.17 , pp. 2597-2608
    • Lin, H.1    Derome, J.2
  • 92
    • 34548259963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric bridge, oceanic tunnel, and global climatic teleconnections
    • RG2005, doi:10.1029/2005RG000172
    • Liu, Z., and M. Alexander (2007), Atmospheric bridge, oceanic tunnel, and global climatic teleconnections, Rev. Geophys., 45, RG2005, doi:10.1029/2005RG000172.
    • (2007) Rev. Geophys , vol.45
    • Liu, Z.1    Alexander, M.2
  • 93
    • 0036128919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal prediction of European spring precipitation from El Niño-Southern Oscillation and local sea-surface temperatures
    • Lloyd-Hughes, B., and M. A. Saunders (2002), Seasonal prediction of European spring precipitation from El Niño-Southern Oscillation and local sea-surface temperatures, Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1-14.
    • (2002) Int. J. Climatol , vol.22 , pp. 1-14
    • Lloyd-Hughes, B.1    Saunders, M.A.2
  • 94
    • 3142625011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extending North Atlantic Oscillation reconstructions back to 1500
    • Luterbacher, J., et al. (2002), Extending North Atlantic Oscillation reconstructions back to 1500, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 2, 114-124.
    • (2002) Atmos. Sci. Lett , vol.2 , pp. 114-124
    • Luterbacher, J.1
  • 95
    • 1542317584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500
    • Luterbacher, J., D. Dietrich, E. Xoplaki, M. Grosjean, and H. Wanner (2004), European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500, Science, 303, 1499-1503.
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , pp. 1499-1503
    • Luterbacher, J.1    Dietrich, D.2    Xoplaki, E.3    Grosjean, M.4    Wanner, H.5
  • 98
    • 33646400159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of sea surface temperatures on the northern winter stratosphere: Ensemble simulations with the MAECHAM5 model
    • Manzini, E., M. A. Giorgetta, M. Esch, L. Kornblueh, and E. Roeckner (2006), The influence of sea surface temperatures on the northern winter stratosphere: Ensemble simulations with the MAECHAM5 model, J. Clim., 19, 3863-3881.
    • (2006) J. Clim , vol.19 , pp. 3863-3881
    • Manzini, E.1    Giorgetta, M.A.2    Esch, M.3    Kornblueh, L.4    Roeckner, E.5
  • 99
    • 0037098825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Euro-Mediterranean rainfall and ENSO - A seasonally varying relationship
    • doi:10.1029/2001GL014248
    • Mariotti, A., N. Zeng, and K.-M. Lau (2002), Euro-Mediterranean rainfall and ENSO - A seasonally varying relationship, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(12), 1621, doi:10.1029/2001GL014248.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.29 , Issue.12 , pp. 1621
    • Mariotti, A.1    Zeng, N.2    Lau, K.-M.3
  • 100
    • 17544369767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical influence on Euro-Asian autumn rainfall variability
    • Mariotti, A., J. Ballabrera-Poy, and N. Zeng (2005), Tropical influence on Euro-Asian autumn rainfall variability, Clim. Dyn., 24, 511-521.
    • (2005) Clim. Dyn , vol.24 , pp. 511-521
    • Mariotti, A.1    Ballabrera-Poy, J.2    Zeng, N.3
  • 101
    • 0033208161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential predictability of European winters from the analysis of seasonal simulations with an AGCM
    • Martineu, C., J. Y. Caneill, and R. Sadourny (1999), Potential predictability of European winters from the analysis of seasonal simulations with an AGCM, J. Clim., 12, 3033-3061.
    • (1999) J. Clim , vol.12 , pp. 3033-3061
    • Martineu, C.1    Caneill, J.Y.2    Sadourny, R.3
  • 102
    • 0001874416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probabilistic precipitation anomalies associated with ENSO
    • Mason, S. J., and L. Goddard (2001), Probabilistic precipitation anomalies associated with ENSO, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 619-638.
    • (2001) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc , vol.82 , pp. 619-638
    • Mason, S.J.1    Goddard, L.2
  • 103
    • 2442644927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictability of winter climate over the North Atlantic European region during ENSO events
    • Mathieu, P. P., R. T. Sutton, B. W. Dong, and M. Collins (2004), Predictability of winter climate over the North Atlantic European region during ENSO events, J. Clim., 17, 1953-1974.
    • (2004) J. Clim , vol.17 , pp. 1953-1974
    • Mathieu, P.P.1    Sutton, R.T.2    Dong, B.W.3    Collins, M.4
  • 104
    • 0032263150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The signature of ENSO in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude seasonal mean flow and high-frequency intraseasonal variability
    • May, W., and L. Bengtsson (1998), The signature of ENSO in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude seasonal mean flow and high-frequency intraseasonal variability, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 69, 81-100.
    • (1998) Meteorol. Atmos. Phys , vol.69 , pp. 81-100
    • May, W.1    Bengtsson, L.2
  • 105
    • 33845702072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO as an integrating concept in Earth science
    • McPhaden, M. J., S. E. Zebiak, and M. H. Glantz (2006), ENSO as an integrating concept in Earth science, Science, 314, 1740-1745.
    • (2006) Science , vol.314 , pp. 1740-1745
    • McPhaden, M.J.1    Zebiak, S.E.2    Glantz, M.H.3
  • 107
    • 23844553142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Atlantic Oscillation sensitivity to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation polarity in a large-ensemble simulation
    • Melo-Gonçalves, P., A. C. Rocha, J. M. Castanheira, and J. A. Ferreira (2005), North Atlantic Oscillation sensitivity to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation polarity in a large-ensemble simulation, Clim. Dyn., 24, 599-606.
    • (2005) Clim. Dyn , vol.24 , pp. 599-606
    • Melo-Gonçalves, P.1    Rocha, A.C.2    Castanheira, J.M.3    Ferreira, J.A.4
  • 108
    • 0036558552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A high resolution AGCM study of the El Niño impact on the North Atlantic/European sector
    • doi:10.1029/2001GL013726
    • Merkel, U., and M. Latif (2002), A high resolution AGCM study of the El Niño impact on the North Atlantic/European sector, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(9), 1291, doi:10.1029/2001GL013726.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.29 , Issue.9 , pp. 1291
    • Merkel, U.1    Latif, M.2
  • 109
    • 33645807643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño-Southern Oscillaion drives North Atlantic Oscillation as revealed with nonlinear techniques from climatic indices
    • doi:10.1029/2005GL024557
    • Mokhov, I. I., and D. A. Smirnov (2006), El Niño-Southern Oscillaion drives North Atlantic Oscillation as revealed with nonlinear techniques from climatic indices, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03708, doi:10.1029/2005GL024557.
    • (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.33
    • Mokhov, I.I.1    Smirnov, D.A.2
  • 110
    • 0000541812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed nonlinearities on monthly teleconnections between tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies and central and eastern North American precipitation
    • Montroy, D. L., M. B. Richman, and P. J. Lamb (1998), Observed nonlinearities on monthly teleconnections between tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies and central and eastern North American precipitation, J. Clim., 11, 1812-1835.
    • (1998) J. Clim , vol.11 , pp. 1812-1835
    • Montroy, D.L.1    Richman, M.B.2    Lamb, P.J.3
  • 111
    • 0037324909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal modulation of the ENSO relationship with sea level pressure anomalies over the North Atlantic in October-March 1873-1996
    • Moron, M., and I. Gouirand (2003), Seasonal modulation of the ENSO relationship with sea level pressure anomalies over the North Atlantic in October-March 1873-1996, Int. J. Climatol., 23, 143-155.
    • (2003) Int. J. Climatol , vol.23 , pp. 143-155
    • Moron, M.1    Gouirand, I.2
  • 112
    • 0037473368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation upon weather regimes over Europe and the North Atlantic boreal winter
    • Moron, M., and G. Plaut (2003), The impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation upon weather regimes over Europe and the North Atlantic boreal winter, Int. J. Climatol., 23, 363-379.
    • (2003) Int. J. Climatol , vol.23 , pp. 363-379
    • Moron, M.1    Plaut, G.2
  • 113
    • 0000439726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO teleconnections with climate variability in the European and African sectors
    • Moron, V., and M. N. Ward (1998), ENSO teleconnections with climate variability in the European and African sectors, Weather, 53, 287-294.
    • (1998) Weather , vol.53 , pp. 287-294
    • Moron, V.1    Ward, M.N.2
  • 114
    • 33646366404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO impact on midlatitude circulation patterns in future climate projections
    • doi:10.1029/2005GL025032
    • Müller, W. A., and E. Roeckner (2006), ENSO impact on midlatitude circulation patterns in future climate projections, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L05711, doi:10.1029/2005GL025032.
    • (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.33
    • Müller, W.A.1    Roeckner, E.2
  • 115
    • 30444455488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the probability of dry and wet seasons in Spain
    • Muñoz-Díaz, D., and F. S. Rodrigo (2005), Influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the probability of dry and wet seasons in Spain, Clim. Res., 30, 1-12.
    • (2005) Clim. Res , vol.30 , pp. 1-12
    • Muñoz-Díaz, D.1    Rodrigo, F.S.2
  • 116
    • 0347765858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO-forced variability of the Pacific decadal oscillation
    • Newman, M., G. Compo, and M. A. Alexander (2003), ENSO-forced variability of the Pacific decadal oscillation, J. Clim., 16, 3853-3857.
    • (2003) J. Clim , vol.16 , pp. 3853-3857
    • Newman, M.1    Compo, G.2    Alexander, M.A.3
  • 117
    • 0034773087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What controls the temperature of the Arctic stratosphere during the spring?
    • Newman, P. A., E. R. Nash, and J. Rosenfield (2001), What controls the temperature of the Arctic stratosphere during the spring?, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 19,999-20,010.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res , vol.106
    • Newman, P.A.1    Nash, E.R.2    Rosenfield, J.3
  • 118
    • 33646821916 scopus 로고
    • Scientific assessment of the prospect of seasonal forecasting: A European perspective,
    • Tech. Rep. 70, 34 pp, Eur. Cent. for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bracknell, U. K
    • Palmer, T. N., and D. L. T. Anderson (1993), Scientific assessment of the prospect of seasonal forecasting: A European perspective, Tech. Rep. 70, 34 pp., Eur. Cent. for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bracknell, U. K.
    • (1993)
    • Palmer, T.N.1    Anderson, D.L.T.2
  • 119
    • 0033839934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wintertime variability in the Euro-Atlantic region in observations and in ECMWF seasonal ensemble experiments
    • Pavan, V., F. Molteni, and C. Brankovic (2000), Wintertime variability in the Euro-Atlantic region in observations and in ECMWF seasonal ensemble experiments, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 2142-2173.
    • (2000) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc , vol.126 , pp. 2142-2173
    • Pavan, V.1    Molteni, F.2    Brankovic, C.3
  • 120
    • 0029477542 scopus 로고
    • The statistical connection between tropospheric and stratospheric circulation of the Northern Hemisphere in winter
    • Perlwitz, J., and H.-F. Graf (1995), The statistical connection between tropospheric and stratospheric circulation of the Northern Hemisphere in winter, J. Clim., 8, 2281-2295.
    • (1995) J. Clim , vol.8 , pp. 2281-2295
    • Perlwitz, J.1    Graf, H.-F.2
  • 123
    • 20444451674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atlantic versus Indo-Pacific influence on Atlantic-European climate
    • doi:10.1029/2004GL021316
    • Pohlmann, H., and M. Latif (2005), Atlantic versus Indo-Pacific influence on Atlantic-European climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05707, doi:10.1029/2004GL021316.
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.32
    • Pohlmann, H.1    Latif, M.2
  • 124
    • 0032848620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-decadal modulation of the impact of ENSO on Australia
    • Power, S., T. Casey, C. K. Folland, A. Colman, and V. Mehta (1999), Inter-decadal modulation of the impact of ENSO on Australia, Clim. Dyn., 15, 319-323.
    • (1999) Clim. Dyn , vol.15 , pp. 319-323
    • Power, S.1    Casey, T.2    Folland, C.K.3    Colman, A.4    Mehta, V.5
  • 125
    • 0000297369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between ENSO and winter atmospheric circulation and temperature in the North Atlantic region
    • Pozo-Vázquez, D., M. J. Esteban-Parra, F. S. Rodrigo, and Y. Castro-Diez (2001), The association between ENSO and winter atmospheric circulation and temperature in the North Atlantic region, J. Clim., 14, 3408-3420.
    • (2001) J. Clim , vol.14 , pp. 3408-3420
    • Pozo-Vázquez, D.1    Esteban-Parra, M.J.2    Rodrigo, F.S.3    Castro-Diez, Y.4
  • 129
    • 24044499314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamical variability in the modelling of chemistry-climate interactions
    • Pyle, J. A., P. Braesicke, and G. Zeng (2005), Dynamical variability in the modelling of chemistry-climate interactions, Faraday Discuss., 130, 27-39.
    • (2005) Faraday Discuss , vol.130 , pp. 27-39
    • Pyle, J.A.1    Braesicke, P.2    Zeng, G.3
  • 130
    • 0036946407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dependence of the structure of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode on the polarity of ENSO
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL015807
    • Quadrelli, R., and J. M. Wallace (2002), Dependence of the structure of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode on the polarity of ENSO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(23), 2132, doi:10.1029/2002GL015807.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.29 , Issue.23 , pp. 2132
    • Quadrelli, R.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 131
    • 0034820036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wintertime variability of Mediterranean precipitation and its links with large-scale circulation anomalies
    • Quadrelli, R., V. Pavan, and F. Molteni (2001), Wintertime variability of Mediterranean precipitation and its links with large-scale circulation anomalies, Clim. Dyn., 17, 457-466.
    • (2001) Clim. Dyn , vol.17 , pp. 457-466
    • Quadrelli, R.1    Pavan, V.2    Molteni, F.3
  • 132
    • 7044258251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change of the Hadley circulation since 1950
    • edited by H. F. Diaz and R. S. Bradley, pp, Springer, New York
    • Quan, X. W., H. F. Diaz, and M. P. Hoerling (2004), Change of the Hadley circulation since 1950, in The Hadley Circulation: Past, Present, and Future, edited by H. F. Diaz and R. S. Bradley, pp. 85-120, Springer, New York.
    • (2004) The Hadley Circulation: Past, Present, and Future , pp. 85-120
    • Quan, X.W.1    Diaz, H.F.2    Hoerling, M.P.3
  • 133
    • 0035676575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Atlantic decadal regimes in a coupled GCM simulation
    • Raible, C. C., U. Luksch, K. Fraedrich, and R. Voss (2001), North Atlantic decadal regimes in a coupled GCM simulation, Clim. Dyn., 18, 321-330.
    • (2001) Clim. Dyn , vol.18 , pp. 321-330
    • Raible, C.C.1    Luksch, U.2    Fraedrich, K.3    Voss, R.4
  • 134
    • 4143114651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitation and Northern Hemisphere regimes
    • Raible, C. C., U. Luksch, and K. Fraedrich (2004), Precipitation and Northern Hemisphere regimes, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 5, 43-55.
    • (2004) Atmos. Sci. Lett , vol.5 , pp. 43-55
    • Raible, C.C.1    Luksch, U.2    Fraedrich, K.3
  • 135
    • 7244260638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate: Wider connections for El Niño
    • Randel, W. J. (2004), Climate: Wider connections for El Niño, Nature, 431, 920-921.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.431 , pp. 920-921
    • Randel, W.J.1
  • 136
    • 0036770638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in column ozone correlated with the stratospheric EP flux
    • Randel, W. J., F. Wu, and R. Stolarski (2002), Changes in column ozone correlated with the stratospheric EP flux, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 80, 849-862.
    • (2002) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn , vol.80 , pp. 849-862
    • Randel, W.J.1    Wu, F.2    Stolarski, R.3
  • 137
    • 0038606793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shift in ENSO teleconnections recorded by a northern Red Sea coral
    • Rimbu, N., G. Lohmann, T. Felis, and J. Patzold (2003), Shift in ENSO teleconnections recorded by a northern Red Sea coral, J. Clim., 16, 1414-1422.
    • (2003) J. Clim , vol.16 , pp. 1414-1422
    • Rimbu, N.1    Lohmann, G.2    Felis, T.3    Patzold, J.4
  • 138
    • 0034463336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Volcanic eruptions and climate
    • Robock, A. (2000), Volcanic eruptions and climate, Rev. Geophys., 38, 191-219.
    • (2000) Rev. Geophys , vol.38 , pp. 191-219
    • Robock, A.1
  • 139
    • 0033617910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-frequency variability of seasonal rainfall over the Iberian Peninsula and ENSO
    • Rocha, A. (1999), Low-frequency variability of seasonal rainfall over the Iberian Peninsula and ENSO, Int. J. Climatol., 19, 889-901.
    • (1999) Int. J. Climatol , vol.19 , pp. 889-901
    • Rocha, A.1
  • 140
    • 0031451083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in seasonal rainfall in southern Europe during the present century: Relationship with the North Atlantic Oscillation and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation
    • Rodó, X., E. Baert, and F. A. Comin (1997), Variations in seasonal rainfall in southern Europe during the present century: Relationship with the North Atlantic Oscillation and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Clim. Dyn., 13, 275-284.
    • (1997) Clim. Dyn , vol.13 , pp. 275-284
    • Rodó, X.1    Baert, E.2    Comin, F.A.3
  • 141
    • 0030394575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO variability and atmospheric response in a global coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM
    • Roeckner, E., J. M. Oberhuber, A. Bacher, M. Christoph, and I. Kirchner (1996), ENSO variability and atmospheric response in a global coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM, Clim. Dyn., 12, 737-754.
    • (1996) Clim. Dyn , vol.12 , pp. 737-754
    • Roeckner, E.1    Oberhuber, J.M.2    Bacher, A.3    Christoph, M.4    Kirchner, I.5
  • 142
    • 0021535477 scopus 로고
    • The association between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere
    • Rogers, J. C. (1984), The association between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 1999-2015.
    • (1984) Mon. Weather Rev , vol.122 , pp. 1999-2015
    • Rogers, J.C.1
  • 143
    • 0000335197 scopus 로고
    • Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
    • Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert (1987), Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 1606-1626.
    • (1987) Mon. Weather Rev , vol.115 , pp. 1606-1626
    • Ropelewski, C.F.1    Halpert, M.S.2
  • 144
    • 0042346356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the atmosphere in climate variability of the tropical Atlantic
    • Ruiz-Barradas, A., J. A. Carton, and S. Nigain (2003), Role of the atmosphere in climate variability of the tropical Atlantic, J. Clim., 16, 2052-2065.
    • (2003) J. Clim , vol.16 , pp. 2052-2065
    • Ruiz-Barradas, A.1    Carton, J.A.2    Nigain, S.3
  • 145
    • 0024226014 scopus 로고
    • The generation of global rotational flow by steady idealized tropical divergence
    • Sardeshmukh, P. D., and B. J. Hoskins (1988), The generation of global rotational flow by steady idealized tropical divergence, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1228-1251.
    • (1988) J. Atmos. Sci , vol.45 , pp. 1228-1251
    • Sardeshmukh, P.D.1    Hoskins, B.J.2
  • 146
    • 0034670340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of probability associated with El Niño
    • Sardeshmukh, P. D., G. P. Compo, and C. Penland (2000), Changes of probability associated with El Niño, J. Clim., 13, 4268-4286.
    • (2000) J. Clim , vol.13 , pp. 4268-4286
    • Sardeshmukh, P.D.1    Compo, G.P.2    Penland, C.3
  • 147
    • 9144244269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the dynamical, thermal, and chemical structure of the middle atmosphere
    • doi:10.1029/2003JD004434
    • Sassi, F., D. Kinnison, B. A. Boville, R. R. Garcia, and R. Roble (2004), Effect of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the dynamical, thermal, and chemical structure of the middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D17108, doi:10.1029/2003JD004434.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res , vol.109
    • Sassi, F.1    Kinnison, D.2    Boville, B.A.3    Garcia, R.R.4    Roble, R.5
  • 148
    • 3242698027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved extended reconstruction of SST
    • Smith, T. M., and R. W. Reynolds (2004), Improved extended reconstruction of SST (1854-1997), J. Clim., 17, 2466-2477.
    • (2004) J. Clim , vol.17 , pp. 2466-2477
    • Smith, T.M.1    Reynolds, R.W.2
  • 149
    • 0038684010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The simulation of peak and delayed ENSO teleconnections
    • Spencer, H., and J. M. Slingo (2003), The simulation of peak and delayed ENSO teleconnections, J. Clim., 16, 1757-1774.
    • (2003) J. Clim , vol.16 , pp. 1757-1774
    • Spencer, H.1    Slingo, J.M.2
  • 150
    • 0036748286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does ENSO force the PNA?
    • Straus, D. M., and J. Shukla (2003), Does ENSO force the PNA?, J. Clim., 15, 2340-2358.
    • (2003) J. Clim , vol.15 , pp. 2340-2358
    • Straus, D.M.1    Shukla, J.2
  • 151
    • 0344984309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the ocean on North Atlantic Climate variability 1871-1999
    • Sutton, R. T., and D. L. R. Hodson (2003), Influence of the ocean on North Atlantic Climate variability 1871-1999, J. Clim., 16, 3296-3313.
    • (2003) J. Clim , vol.16 , pp. 3296-3313
    • Sutton, R.T.1    Hodson, D.L.R.2
  • 152
    • 33645216722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased occurrence of stratospheric sudden warmings during El Niño as simulated by WACCM
    • Taguchi, M., and D. L. Hartmann (2006), Increased occurrence of stratospheric sudden warmings during El Niño as simulated by WACCM, J. Clim., 19, 324-332.
    • (2006) J. Clim , vol.19 , pp. 324-332
    • Taguchi, M.1    Hartmann, D.L.2
  • 153
    • 34548029153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of ENSO on winter North Atlantic climate
    • doi: 10.1029/2006GL027881
    • Toniazzo, T., and A. A. Scaife (2006), The influence of ENSO on winter North Atlantic climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24704, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027881.
    • (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.33
    • Toniazzo, T.1    Scaife, A.A.2
  • 154
    • 0025590085 scopus 로고
    • Recent observed interdecadal climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere
    • Trenberth, K. E. (1990), Recent observed interdecadal climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 71, 988-993.
    • (1990) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc , vol.71 , pp. 988-993
    • Trenberth, K.E.1
  • 155
    • 0031400134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The definition of El Niño
    • Trenberth, K. E. (1997), The definition of El Niño, Br. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2771-2777.
    • (1997) Br. Am. Meteorol. Soc , vol.78 , pp. 2771-2777
    • Trenberth, K.E.1
  • 156
    • 0034670345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Southern Oscillation revisited: Sea level pressures, surface temperatures and precipitation
    • Trenberth, K. E., and J. M. Caron (2000), The Southern Oscillation revisited: Sea level pressures, surface temperatures and precipitation, J. Clim., 13, 4358-4365.
    • (2000) J. Clim , vol.13 , pp. 4358-4365
    • Trenberth, K.E.1    Caron, J.M.2
  • 157
    • 0028580006 scopus 로고
    • Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific
    • Trenberth, K. E., and J. W. Hurrell (1994), Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific, Clim. Dyn., 9, 303-319.
    • (1994) Clim. Dyn , vol.9 , pp. 303-319
    • Trenberth, K.E.1    Hurrell, J.W.2
  • 158
    • 0032577959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Geophys. Res., 103
    • 14, 291-14,324
    • Trenberth, K. E., et al. (1998), Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14, 291-14,324.
    • (1998)
    • Trenberth, K.E.1
  • 159
    • 0000941749 scopus 로고
    • The Southern Oscillation
    • Troup, A. J. (1965), The Southern Oscillation, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 490-506.
    • (1965) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc , vol.91 , pp. 490-506
    • Troup, A.J.1
  • 160
    • 36448959897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ulbrich, U., and M. Christoph (2001), Variable coupling of the NAO to PNA, Eos Trans. AGU, 82(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A21C-07.
    • Ulbrich, U., and M. Christoph (2001), Variable coupling of the NAO to PNA, Eos Trans. AGU, 82(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A21C-07.
  • 161
    • 0023507669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Southern Oscillation. part V. The anomalies in the lower stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere in winter and a comparison with the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation
    • van Loon, H., and K. Labitzke (1997), The Southern Oscillation. part V. The anomalies in the lower stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere in winter and a comparison with the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 357-369.
    • (1997) Mon. Weather Rev , vol.115 , pp. 357-369
    • van Loon, H.1    Labitzke, K.2
  • 162
    • 0019678845 scopus 로고
    • The Southern Oscillation. part 1. Global associations with pressure and temperature in northern winter
    • van Loon, H., and R. A. Madden (1981), The Southern Oscillation. part 1. Global associations with pressure and temperature in northern winter, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 1150-1162.
    • (1981) Mon. Weather Rev , vol.109 , pp. 1150-1162
    • van Loon, H.1    Madden, R.A.2
  • 163
    • 0019704512 scopus 로고
    • The Southern Oscillation. part II. Associations with changes in the middle troposphere in the northern winter
    • van Loon, H., and J. C. Rogers (1981), The Southern Oscillation. part II. Associations with changes in the middle troposphere in the northern winter, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 1163-1168.
    • (1981) Mon. Weather Rev , vol.109 , pp. 1163-1168
    • van Loon, H.1    Rogers, J.C.2
  • 164
    • 26844495652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comments on Predictability of winter climate over the North Atlantic European region during ENSO events
    • van Oldenborgh, G. J. (2005), Comments on "Predictability of winter climate over the North Atlantic European region during ENSO events", J Clim., 18, 2770-2772.
    • (2005) J Clim , vol.18 , pp. 2770-2772
    • van Oldenborgh, G.J.1
  • 165
    • 25844520103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Searching for decadal variations in ENSO precipitation teleconnections
    • doi:10.1029/2005GL023110
    • van Oldenborgh, G. J., and G. Burgers (2005), Searching for decadal variations in ENSO precipitation teleconnections, Geophys, Res. Lett., 32, L15701, doi:10.1029/2005GL023110.
    • (2005) Geophys, Res. Lett , vol.32
    • van Oldenborgh, G.J.1    Burgers, G.2
  • 166
    • 0034127076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the El Niño teleconnection to spring precipitation in Europe
    • van Oldenborgh, G. J., G. Burgers, and A. Klein Tank (2000), On the El Niño teleconnection to spring precipitation in Europe, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 565-574.
    • (2000) Int. J. Climatol , vol.20 , pp. 565-574
    • van Oldenborgh, G.J.1    Burgers, G.2    Klein Tank, A.3
  • 167
    • 33646461730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term behaviour of ENSO: Interactions with the PDO over the past 400 years inferred from paleoclimate records
    • doi:10.1029/2005GL025052
    • Verdon, D. C., and S. W. Franks (2006), Long-term behaviour of ENSO: Interactions with the PDO over the past 400 years inferred from paleoclimate records, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06712, doi:10.1029/2005GL025052.
    • (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.33
    • Verdon, D.C.1    Franks, S.W.2
  • 168
    • 36448930292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vose, R. S., R. L. Schmoyer, P. M. Steurer, T. C. Peterson, R. Heim, T. R. Karl, and J. K. Eischeid (1992), The Global Historical Climatology Network: Long-term monthly temperature, precipitation, sea-level pressure, and station pressure data, Rep. 3912, Environ. Sci. Div., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, Tenn.
    • Vose, R. S., R. L. Schmoyer, P. M. Steurer, T. C. Peterson, R. Heim, T. R. Karl, and J. K. Eischeid (1992), The Global Historical Climatology Network: Long-term monthly temperature, precipitation, sea-level pressure, and station pressure data, Rep. 3912, Environ. Sci. Div., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, Tenn.
  • 169
    • 0000470576 scopus 로고
    • Correlation in seasonal variation of weather VIII: A preliminary study of world weather
    • Walker, G. T. (1923), Correlation in seasonal variation of weather VIII: A preliminary study of world weather, Mem. Indian Meteorol. Dep., 24, 75-131.
    • (1923) Mem. Indian Meteorol. Dep , vol.24 , pp. 75-131
    • Walker, G.T.1
  • 170
    • 0000470576 scopus 로고
    • Correlation in seasonal variation of weather IX: A further study of world weather
    • Walker, G. T. (1924), Correlation in seasonal variation of weather IX: A further study of world weather, Mem. Indian Meteorol. Dep., 24, 225 -232.
    • (1924) Mem. Indian Meteorol. Dep , vol.24 , pp. 225-232
    • Walker, G.T.1
  • 172
    • 0029412478 scopus 로고
    • Interdecadal changes in El Niño onset in the last four decades
    • Wang, B. (1995), Interdecadal changes in El Niño onset in the last four decades, J. Clim., 8, 267-285.
    • (1995) J. Clim , vol.8 , pp. 267-285
    • Wang, B.1
  • 173
    • 0036649771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atlantic climate variability and its associated atmospheric circulation cells
    • Wang, C. (2002), Atlantic climate variability and its associated atmospheric circulation cells, J. Clim., 15, 1516-1536.
    • (2002) J. Clim , vol.15 , pp. 1516-1536
    • Wang, C.1
  • 174
    • 27744511644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO, climate variability and the Walker and Hadley circulations
    • edited by H. F. Diaz and R. S. Bradley, pp, Springer, New York
    • Wang, C. (2004), ENSO, climate variability and the Walker and Hadley circulations, in The Hadley Circulation: Present, Past and Future, Adv. Global Change Res., vol. 21, edited by H. F. Diaz and R. S. Bradley, pp. 173-202, Springer, New York.
    • (2004) The Hadley Circulation: Present, Past and Future, Adv. Global Change Res , vol.21 , pp. 173-202
    • Wang, C.1
  • 175
    • 77949747544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding ENSO physics - A review
    • Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys, edited by C. Wang et al, pp, AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Wang, C., and J. Picaut (2004), Understanding ENSO physics - A review, in Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys. Monogr Ser., vol. 147, edited by C. Wang et al., pp. 21-48, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (2004) Monogr Ser , vol.147 , pp. 21-48
    • Wang, C.1    Picaut, J.2
  • 176
    • 85011411786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global survey of ocean atmosphere interaction and climate variability
    • edited by C. Wang et al, pp, AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Wang, C., S.-P. Xie, and J. A. Carton (2004), A global survey of ocean atmosphere interaction and climate variability, in Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 147, edited by C. Wang et al., pp. 1- 19, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (2004) Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys. Monogr. Ser , vol.147 , pp. 1-19
    • Wang, C.1    Xie, S.-P.2    Carton, J.A.3
  • 178
    • 84977733429 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of ENSO in the synoptic climate of the British Isles since 1880
    • Wilby, R. (1993), Evidence of ENSO in the synoptic climate of the British Isles since 1880, Weather, 48, 234-239.
    • (1993) Weather , vol.48 , pp. 234-239
    • Wilby, R.1
  • 179
    • 34249007635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring the strength of ENSO - How does 1997/98 rank?
    • Wolter, K., and M. S. Timlin (1998), Measuring the strength of ENSO - How does 1997/98 rank?, Weather, 53, 315-324.
    • (1998) Weather , vol.53 , pp. 315-324
    • Wolter, K.1    Timlin, M.S.2
  • 180
    • 12744255397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nonlinear association between ENSO and the Euro-Atlantic winter sea level pressure
    • Wu, A., and W. W. Hsieh (2004a), The nonlinear association between ENSO and the Euro-Atlantic winter sea level pressure, Clim. Dyn., 23, 859-868.
    • (2004) Clim. Dyn , vol.23 , pp. 859-868
    • Wu, A.1    Hsieh, W.W.2
  • 181
    • 18144451211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nonlinear Northern Hemisphere winter atmospheric response to ENSO
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL018885
    • Wu, A., and W. W. Hsieh (2004b), The nonlinear Northern Hemisphere winter atmospheric response to ENSO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L02203, doi:10.1029/2003GL018885.
    • (2004) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.31
    • Wu, A.1    Hsieh, W.W.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.