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0343937914
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note
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The Claremont gap in the NE varve chronology separated varves from the lower (NE varves 2701 through 6352) and upper (NE varves 6601 through 7750) Connecticut River valley (Glacial Lake Hitchcock). Ridge et al. (22) linked the two sequences (lower NE varve 6012 = upper NE varve 6601) to correct this gap. The Hudson Valley gap (NE varves 5600 through 5709) consisted of varves from Lake Albany that were used to span an interval not covered in Glacial Lake Hitchcock. Correlation with a core from Glacial Lake Hitchcock (23) has indicated a 10-varve error in the sequence (NE varves 5669 through 5678), which has been removed from the NE varve chronology (varve numbers were not adjusted, numbers 5669 through 5678 were just removed from the chronology).
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29
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0028974652
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30
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0343937912
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note
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Correlation between these data sets was highly statistically significant [correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.9 to 0.4 for 100 or more overlapping samples]. In one overlapping segment with only eight points in common, a statistically meaningful correlation was not obtained.
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33
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0343937911
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note
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We used the multitaper method of spectral analysis (31, 32) based on p = 8 tapers and a time-frequency half-bandwidth product of W = 5N as a compromise between spectral bandwidth and the stability of the spectrum estimate. The 4022 independent annual values were zero-padded to the nearest power of 2 (N = 4096), providing 2048/5 = 410 approximately independent estimates of the amplitude of the spectrum.
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35
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0343066143
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note
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Significance of narrowband features in the spectrum relative to the null hypothesis of red noise was determined with the robust method of noise background estimation of Mann and Lees (34). This analysis incorporates a separate application of Thomson's (37) F-test criterion for phase coherence to determine if the underlying signal is simply a narrowband feature of the spectrum or if it is a true harmonic oscillatory signal.
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41
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0342631872
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note
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Given the time-frequency bandwidth of the analysis (31), one would expect 1% of 410, or ∼4, spurious peaks at the 99% level, arising from random statistical fluctuations alone, including only 2 in the frequency range of 0.2 to 0.4 cycles per year.
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42
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0026286291
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M. E. Schlesinger, Ed. Elsevier, New York
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Zebiak, S.E.1
Cane, M.A.2
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47
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0343066142
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note
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The authors thank J. Ridge, Tufts University, for providing varve thickness measurements from the NE varve chronology and his own measured sections, along with providing useful information regarding the dating of the varve chronology. T.M.R. acknowledges support from the Geological Society of America, Sigma Xi, and the Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts. J.B.-G. acknowledges support from National Geographic and a University of Massachusetts faculty grant. M.E.M. acknowledges support from NOAA and NSF through the Earth Systems History Program and from the U.S. Department of Energy through the Alexander Hollaender Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship Program.
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