mTOR Inhibitors: Sirolimus and Everolimus

Kidney Transplantation

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 293-308

  Watson, Christopher J E ^a   Bradley, J Andrew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052686535     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-3343-1.50023-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (153)

1. Aboujaoude W, Milgrom ML, Govani MV Lymphedema associated with sirolimus in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2004, 77:1094.
2. Afzali B, Al-Khoury S, Shah N, et al. Anemia after renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 2006, 48:519.
3. Akselband Y, Harding MW, Nelson PA Rapamycin inhibits spontaneous and fibroblast growth factor beta-stimulated proliferation of endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Transplant Proc 1991, 23:2833.
4. Andoh TF, Lindsley J, Franceschini N, et al. Synergistic effects of cyclosporine and rapamycin in a chronic nephrotoxicity model. Transplantation 1996, 62:311.
5. Anglicheau D, Le Corre D, Lechaton S, et al. Consequences of genetic polymorphisms for sirolimus requirements after renal transplant in patients on primary sirolimus therapy. Am J Transplant 2005, 5:595.
6. Babinska A, Markell MS, Salifu MO, et al. Enhancement of human platelet aggregation and secretion induced by rapamycin. Nephrol Dial Transpl 1998, 13:3153.
7. Baker H, Sidorowicz A, Sehgal SN, et al. Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic, III: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Antibiot 1978, 31:539.
8. Baldan N, Rigotti P, Furian L, et al. Co-administration of sirolimus alters tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in a dose-dependent manner in adult renal transplant recipients. Pharmacol Res 2006, 54:181.
9. Banaszynski LA, Liu CW, Wandless TJ Characterization of the FKBP. rapamycin. FRB ternary complex. J Am Chem Soc 2005, 127:4715.
10. Barone GW, Gurley BJ, Abul-Ezz SR, et al. Sirolimus-induced thrombotic microangiopathy in a renal transplant recipient. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 42:202.
11. Buchler M, Lebranchu Y, Beneton M, et al. Higher exposure to mycophenolic acid with sirolimus than with cyclosporine cotreatment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005, 78:34.
12. Budde K, Lehne G, Winkler M, et al. Influence of everolimus on steady-state pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in maintenance renal transplant patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2005, 45:781.
13. Bumbea V, Kamar N, Ribes D, et al. Long-term results in renal transplant patients with allograft dysfunction after switching from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus. Nephrol Dial Transpl 2005, 20:2517.
14. Butani L Investigation of pediatric renal transplant recipients with heavy proteinuria after sirolimus rescue. Transplantation 2004, 78:1362.
15. Caillard S, Dharnidharka V, Agodoa L, et al. Posttransplant lymphopro-liferative disorders after renal transplantation in the United States in era of modern immunosuppression. Transplantation 2005, 80:1233.
16. Calne RY, Collier DS, Lim S, et al. Rapamycin for immunosuppression in organ allografting. Lancet 1989, 2:227.
17. Campistol JM, Holt DW, Epstein S, et al. Bone metabolism in renal transplant patients treated with cyclosporine or sirolimus. Transplant Int 2005, 18:1028.
18. Campistol JM, Eris J, Oberbauer R, et al. Sirolimus therapy after early cyclosporine withdrawal reduces the risk for cancer in adult renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 17:581.
19. Cao W, Mohacsi P, Shorthouse R, et al. Effects of rapamycin on growth factor-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis: inhibition of basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor action and antagonism of rapamycin by FK506. Transplantation 1995, 59:390.
20. Cattaneo D, Merlini S, Pellegrino M, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus: effect of concomitant immunosuppressive therapy and optimization of drug dosing. Am J Transplantation 2004, 4:1345.
21. Champion L, Stern M, Israel-Biet D, et al. Brief communication: sirolimus-associated pneumonitis: 24 cases in renal transplant recipients. Ann Intern Med 2006, 144:505.
22. Chen J, Zheng XF, Brown EJ, et al. Identification of an 11-kDa FKBP12-rapamycin-binding domain within the 289-kDa FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein and characterization of a critical serine residue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995, 92:4947.
23. Ciancio G, Burke GW, Gaynor JJ, et al. A randomized long-term trial of tacrolimus/sirolimus versus tacrolimus/mycophenolate versus cyclosporine/sirolimus in renal transplantation: three-year analysis. Transplantation 2006, 81:845.
24. Collier DS, Calne RY, Thiru S, et al. FK506 in experimental renal allo-grafts in dogs and primates. Transplant Proc 1987, 19:3975.
25. Cullis B, D'Souza R, McCullagh P, et al. Sirolimus-induced remission of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. Am J Kidney Dis 2006, 47:e67.
26. Dean PG, Lund WJ, Larson TS, et al. Wound-healing complications after kidney transplantation: a prospective, randomized comparison of sirolimus and tacrolimus. Transplantation 2004, 77:1555.
27. Dervaux T, Caillard S, Meyer C, et al. Is sirolimus responsible for pro-teinuria?. Transplant Proc 2005, 37:2828.
28. Diekmann F, Budde K, Oppenheimer F, et al. Predictors of success in conversion from calcineurin inhibitor to sirolimus in chronic allograft dysfunction. Am J Transplant 2004, 4:1869.
29. Diekmann F, Fritsche L, Neumayer HH, et al. Sirolimus dosage during and after conversion from calcineurin inhibitor therapy to sirolimus in chronic kidney transplant patients. Kidney Blood Press Res 2004, 27:186.
30. Diekmann F, Campistol JM Conversion from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus in chronic allograft nephropathy: benefits and risks. Nephrol Dial Transpl 2006, 21:562.
31. Dirks NL, Huth B, Yates CR, et al. Pharmacokinetics of immunosup-pressants: a perspective on ethnic differences. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004, 42:701.
32. Dittrich E, Schmaldienst S, Soleiman A, et al. Rapamycin-associated post-transplantation glomerulonephritis and its remission after rein-troduction of calcineurin-inhibitor therapy. Transplant Int 2004, 17:215.
33. Dumont FJ, Kastner C, Iacovone F, et al. Quantitative and temporal analysis of the cellular interaction of FK-506 and rapamycin in T-lymphocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994, 268:32.
34. Duran I, Siu LL, Oza AM, et al. Characterisation of the lung toxicity of the cell cycle inhibitor temsirolimus. Eur J Cancer 2006, 42:1875.
35. Dutly AE, Gaspert A, Inci I, et al. The influence of the rapamycin-derivate SDZ RAD on the healing of airway anastomoses. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003, 24:154.
36. Easton JB, Houghton PJ mTOR and cancer therapy. Oncogene 2006, 25:6436.
37. Eisen HJ, Tuzcu EM, Dorent R, et al. Everolimus for the prevention of allograft rejection and vasculopathy in cardiac-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:847.
38. Ekberg H, Tedesco-Silva H, Demirbas A, et al. Reduced exposure to calcineurin inhibitors in renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:2562.
39. El Haggan W, Ficheux M, Debruyne D, et al. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in kidney transplant patients receiving sirolimus versus cyclosporine. Transplant Proc 2005, 37:864.
40. Elder GJ From marrow oedema to osteonecrosis: common paths in the development of post-transplant bone pain. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic) 2006, 11:560.
41. Elloso MM, Azrolan N, Sehgal SN, et al. Protective effect of the immunosuppressant sirolimus against aortic atherosclerosis in apo E-deficient mice. Am J Transplant 2003, 3:562.
42. Eng CP, Sehgal SN, Vezina C Activity of rapamycin (AY-22,989) against transplanted tumors. J Antibiot 1984, 37:1231.
43. Ferron GM, Mishina EV, Zimmerman JJ, et al. Population pharmacoki-netics of sirolimus in kidney transplant patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997, 61:416.
44. Fingar DC, Salama S, Tsou C, et al. Mammalian cell size is controlled by mTOR and its downstream targets S6K1 and 4EBP1/eIF4E. Genes Dev 2002, 16:1472.
45. Flechner SM, Goldfarb D, Modlin C, et al. Kidney transplantation without calcineurin inhibitor drugs: a prospective, randomized trial of sirolimus versus cyclosporine. Transplantation 2002, 74:1070.
46. Flechner SM, Feng J, Mastroianni B, et al. The effect of 2-gram versus 1-gram concentration controlled mycophenolate mofetil on renal transplant outcomes using sirolimus-based calcineurin inhibitor drug-free immunosuppression. Transplantation 2005, 79:926.
47. Fruman DA, Burakoff SJ, Bierer BE Immunophilins in protein folding and immunosuppression. FASEB J 1994, 8:391.
48. Fuchs U, Zittermann A, Berthold HK, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy with everolimus can be associated with potentially life-threatening lingual angioedema. Transplantation 2005, 79:981.
49. Fuller TF, Freise CE, Serkova N, et al. Sirolimus delays recovery of rat kidney transplants after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transplantation 2003, 76:1594.
50. Garrean S, Massad MG, Tshibaka M, et al. Sirolimus-associated interstitial pneumonitis in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2005, 19:698.
51. Gomez-Cambronero J Rapamycin inhibits GM-CSF-induced neutrophil migration. FEBS Lett 2003, 550:94.
52. Groth CG, Backman L, Morales JM, et al. Sirolimus (rapamycin)-based therapy in human renal transplantation: similar efficacy and different toxicity compared with cyclosporine. Sirolimus European Renal Transplant Study Group. Transplantation 1999, 67:1036.
53. Hachem RR, Yusen RD, Chakinala MM, et al. Thrombotic microan-giopathy after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2006, 81:57.
54. Halloran PF Sirolimus and cyclosporin for renal transplantation. Lancet 2000, 356:179.
55. Haydar AA, Denton M, West A, et al. Sirolimus-induced pneumonitis: three cases and a review of the literature. Am J Transplant 2004, 4:137.
56. Heitman J, Movva NR, Hall MN Targets for cell cycle arrest by the immunosuppressant rapamycin in yeast. Science 1991, 253:905.
57. Hong JC, Kahan BD Sirolimus-induced thrombocytopenia and leukopenia in renal transplant recipients: risk factors, incidence, progression, and management. Transplantation 2000, 69:2085.
58. Houchens DP, Ovejera AA, Riblet SM, et al. Human brain tumor xenografts in nude mice as a chemotherapy model. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1983, 19:799.
59. Ikonen TS, Gummert JF, Hayase M, et al. Sirolimus (rapamycin) halts and reverses progression of allograft vascular disease in non-human primates. Transplantation 2000, 70:969.
60. Inoki K, Guan K-L Complexity of the TOR signaling network. Trends Cell Biol 2006, 16:206.
61. Johnson RW, Kreis H, Oberbauer R, et al. Sirolimus allows early cyclosporine withdrawal in renal transplantation resulting in improved renal function and lower blood pressure. Transplantation 2001, 72:777.
62. Jusko WJ, Ferron GM, Mis SM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of prednisolone during administration of sirolimus in patients with renal transplants. J Clin Pharmacol 1996, 36:1100.
63. Kahan BD, Gibbons S, Tejpal N, et al. Synergistic effect of the rapamycin-cyclosporine combination: median effect analysis of in vitro immune performances by human T lymphocytes in PHA, CD3, and MLR proliferative and cytotoxicity assays. Transplant Proc 1991, 23:1090.
64. Kahan BD, Julian BA, Pescovitz MD, et al. Sirolimus reduces the incidence of acute rejection episodes despite lower cyclosporine doses in caucasian recipients of mismatched primary renal allografts: a phase II trial. Rapamune Study Group. Transplantation 1999, 68:1526.
65. Kahan BD, Wong RL, Carter C, et al. A phase I study of a 4-week course of SDZ-RAD (RAD) quiescent cyclosporine-prednisone-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1999, 68:1100.
66. Kahan BD Efficacy of sirolimus compared with azathioprine for reduction of acute renal allograft rejection: a randomised multicentre study. The Rapamune US Study Group. Lancet 2000, 356:194.
67. Kahan BD, Kramer WG Median effect analysis of efficacy versus adverse effects of immunosuppressants. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 70:74.
68. Kahan BD, Yakupoglu YK, Schoenberg L, et al. Low incidence of malignancy among sirolimus/cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2005, 80:749.
69. Kahn D, Spearman CW, Mall A, et al. The effect of rapamycin on the healing of the ureteric anastomosis and wound healing. Transplant Proc 2005, 37:830.
70. Kauffman HM, Cherikh WS, Cheng Y, et al. Maintenance immunosup-pression with target-of-rapamycin inhibitors is associated with a reduced incidence of de novo malignancies. Transplantation 2005, 80:883.
71. Kelly PA, Napoli K, Kahan BD Conversion from liquid to solid rapamycin formulations in stable renal allograft transplant recipients. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1999, 20:249.
72. Kimball PM, Kerman RH, Kahan BD Production of synergistic but nonidentical mechanisms of immunosuppression by rapamycin and cyclosporine. Transplantation 1991, 51:486.
73. King-Biggs MB, Dunitz JM, Park SJ, et al. Airway anastomotic dehis-cence associated with use of sirolimus immediately after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2003, 75:1437.
74. Kneissel M, Luong-Nguyen N-H, Baptist M, et al. Everolimus suppresses cancellous bone loss, bone resorption, and cathepsin K expression by osteoclasts. Bone 2004, 35:1144.
75. Kovarik JM, Hsu CH, McMahon L, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of everolimus in de novo renal transplant patients: impact of ethnicity and comedications. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 70:247.
76. Kovarik JM, Kahan BD, Kaplan B, et al. Longitudinal assessment of everolimus in de novo renal transplant recipients over the first post-transplant year: pharmacokinetics, exposure-response relationships, and influence on cyclosporine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 69:48.
77. Kreis H, Cisterne JM, Land W, et al. Sirolimus in association with mycophenolate mofetil induction for the prevention of acute graft rejection in renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 2000, 69:1252.
78. Kreis H, Oberbauer R, Campistol JM, et al. Long-term benefits with sirolimus-based therapy after early cyclosporine withdrawal. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15:809.
79. Kuo CJ, Chung J, Fiorentino DF, et al. Rapamycin selectively inhibits interleukin-2 activation of p70 S6 kinase. Nature 1992, 358:70.
80. Lai JH, Tan TH CD28 signaling causes a sustained down-regulation of I kappa B alpha which can be prevented by the immunosuppressant rapamycin. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:30077.
81. Langer RM, Van Buren CT, Katz SM, et al. De novo hemolytic uremic syndrome after kidney transplantation in patients treated with cyclosporine-sirolimus combination. Transplantation 2002, 73:756.
82. Langer RM, Kahan BD Sirolimus does not increase the risk for postoperative thromboembolic events among renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2003, 76:318.
83. Larson TS, Dean PG, Stegall MD, et al. Complete avoidance of calcineurin inhibitors in renal transplantation: a randomized trial comparing sirolimus and tacrolimus. Am J Transplant 2006, 6:514.
84. Le Meur Y, Djebli N, Szelag J-C, et al. CYP3A53 influences sirolimus oral clearance in de novo and stable renal transplant recipients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006, 80:51.
85. Lebbe C, Euvrard S, Barrou B, et al. Sirolimus conversion for patients with posttransplant Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Transplant 2006, 6:2164.
86. Letavernier E, Pe'raldi M-N, Pariente A, et al. Proteinuria following a switch from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus. Transplantation 2005, 80:1198.
87. Lorber MI, Mulgaonkar S, Butt KMH, et al. Everolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil in the prevention of rejection in de novo renal transplant recipients: a 3-year randomized, multicenter, phase III study. Transplantation 2005, 80:244.
88. Loverre A, Ditonno P, Crovace A, et al. Ischemia-reperfusion induces glomerular and tubular activation of proinflammatory and antiapop-totic pathways: differential modulation by rapamycin. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15:2675.
89. MacDonald A, Scarola J, Burke JT, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus. Clin Ther 2000, 22(Suppl B):B101.
90. MacDonald A, for the Rapamune Global Study Group A worldwide, phase III, randomized, controlled, safety and efficacy study of a sirolimus/cyclosporine regimen for prevention of acute rejection in recipients of primary mismatched renal allografts. Transplantation 2001, 71:271.
91. MacDonald AS, Group RGS A worldwide, phase III, randomized, controlled, safety and efficacy study of a sirolimus/cyclosporine regimen for prevention of acute rejection in recipients of primary mismatched renal allografts. Transplantation 2001, 71:271.
92. Mahe E, Morelon E, Lechaton S, et al. Cutaneous adverse events in renal transplant recipients receiving sirolimus-based therapy. Transplantation 2005, 79:476.
93. Mahe E, Morelon E, Lechaton S, et al. Acne in recipients of renal transplantation treated with sirolimus: clinical, microbiologic, histologic, therapeutic, and pathogenic aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006, 55:139.
94. Maiorano A, Stallone G, Schena A, et al. Sirolimus interferes with iron homeostasis in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2006, 82:908.
95. Majewski M, Korecka M, Kossev P, et al. The immunosuppressive macrolide RAD inhibits growth of human Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo: a potential approach to prevention and treatment of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:4285.
96. Majewski M, Korecka M, Joergensen J, et al. Immunosuppressive TOR kinase inhibitor everolimus (RAD) suppresses growth of cells derived from posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder at allograft-protecting doses. Transplantation 2003, 75:1710.
97. Maluf DG, Mas VR, Archer KJ, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotypes as predictors of high-risk groups for developing hyperlipidemia in kidney transplant recipients undergoing sirolimus treatment. Transplantation 2005, 80:1705.
98. Martel RR, Klicius J, Galet S Inhibition of the immune response by rapamycin, a new antifungal antibiotic. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1977, 55:48.
99. Marx SO, Jayaraman T, Go LO, et al. Rapamycin-FKBP inhibits cell cycle regulators of proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1995, 76:412.
100. McAlister VC, Gao Z, Peltekian K, et al. Sirolimus-tacrolimus combination immunosuppression. Lancet 2000, 355:376.
101. McLaren A, Fuggle S, Welsh K, et al. Chronic allograft failure in human renal transplantation: a multivariate risk factor analysis. Ann Surg 2000, 232:98.
102. McTaggart RA, Gottlieb D, Brooks J, et al. Sirolimus prolongs recovery from delayed graft function after cadaveric renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2003, 3:416.
103. McTaggart RA, Tomlanovich S, Bostrom A, et al. Comparison of outcomes after delayed graft function: sirolimus-based versus other calcineurin-inhibitor sparing induction immunosuppression regimens. Transplantation 2004, 78:475.
104. Meier-Kriesche H-U, Schold JD, Srinivas TR, et al. Sirolimus in combination with tacrolimus is associated with worse renal allograft survival compared to mycophenolate mofetil combined with tacrolimus. Am J Transplant 2005, 5:2273.
105. Mohaupt MG, Vogt B, Frey FJ Sirolimus-associated eyelid edema in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001, 72:162.
106. Monti P, Mercalli A, Leone BE, et al. Rapamycin impairs antigen uptake of human dendritic cells. Transplantation 2003, 75:137.
107. Morales JM, Wramner L, Kreis H, et al. Sirolimus does not exhibit nephrotoxicity compared to cyclosporine in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2002, 2:436.
108. Morales JM, Andres A, Dominguez-Gil B, et al. Tubular function in patients with hypokalemia induced by sirolimus after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 2003, 35:154S.
109. Morelon E, Stern M, Kreis H Interstitial pneumonitis associated with sirolimus therapy in renal-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:225.
110. Neff GW, Ruiz P, Madariaga JR, et al. Sirolimus-associated hepatotox-icity in liver transplantation. Ann Pharmacother 2004, 38:1593.
111. Nepomuceno RR, Balatoni CE, Natkunam Y, et al. Rapamycin inhibits the interleukin 10 signal transduction pathway and the growth of Epstein Barr virus B-cell lymphomas. Cancer Res 2003, 63:4472.
112. Niemczyk M, Wyzgal J, Perkowska A, et al. Sirolimus-associated hepa-totoxicity in the kidney graft recipient. Transpl Int 2005, 18:1302.
113. Oberbauer R, Segoloni G, Campistol JM, et al. Early cyclosporine withdrawal from a sirolimus-based regimen results in better renal allograft survival and renal function at 48 months after transplantation [erratum appears in Transpl Int 18(3):369, 2005]. Transpl Int 2005, 18:22.
114. Oshiro N, Yoshino K-I, Hidayat S, et al. Dissociation of raptor from mTOR is a mechanism of rapamycin-induced inhibition of mTOR function [erratum appears in Genes Cells 9(5):497, 2004]. Genes Cells 2004, 9:359.
115. Peterson RT, Desai BN, Hardwick JS, et al. Protein phosphatase 2A interacts with the 70-kDa S6 kinase and is activated by inhibition of FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96:4438.
116. Podder H, Stepkowski SM, Napoli KL, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions augment toxicities of sirolimus/cyclosporine combinations. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001, 12:1059.
117. Quesniaux VF, Wehrli S, Steiner C, et al. The immunosuppressant rapamycin blocks in vitro responses to hematopoietic cytokines and inhibits recovering but not steady-state hematopoiesis in vivo. Blood 1994, 84:1543.
118. Rehm B, Keller F, Mayer J, et al. Resolution of sirolimus-induced pneu-monitis after conversion to everolimus. Transplant Proc 2006, 38:711.
119. Robson M, Cote I, Abbs I, et al. Thrombotic micro-angiopathy with sirolimus-based immunosuppression: potentiation of calcineurin-inhibitor-induced endothelial damage?. Am J Transplant 2003, 3:324.
120. Romero DF, Buchinsky FJ, Rucinski B, et al. Rapamycin: a bone sparing immunosuppressant?. J Bone Miner Res 1995, 10:760.
121. Ruiz JC, Diekmann F, Campistol JM, et al. Evolution of proteinuria after conversion from calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) to sirolimus (SRL) in renal transplant patients: a multicenter study. Transplant Proc 2005, 37:3833.
122. Sartelet H, Toupance O, Lorenzato M, et al. Sirolimus-induced throm-botic microangiopathy is associated with decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in kidneys. Am J Transplant 2005, 5:2441.
123. Saurina A, Campistol JM, Piera C, et al. Conversion from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus in chronic allograft dysfunction: changes in glomerular haemodynamics and proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006, 21:488.
124. Schuler W, Sedrani R, Cottens S, et al. SDZ RAD, a new rapamycin derivative: pharmacological properties in vitro and in vivo. Transplantation 1997, 64:36.
125. Schwarz C, Bohmig GA, Steininger R, et al. Impaired phosphate handling of renal allografts is aggravated under rapamycin-based immunosuppression. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001, 16:378.
126. Sehgal SN, Baker H, Vezina C Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic, II: fermentation, isolation and characterization. J Antibiot 1975, 28:727.
127. Senior PA, Paty BW, Cockfield SM, et al. Proteinuria developing after clinical islet transplantation resolves with sirolimus withdrawal and increased tacrolimus dosing. Am J Transplant 2005, 5:2318.
128. Simon JF, Swanson SJ, Agodoa LYC, et al. Induction sirolimus and delayed graft function after deceased donor kidney transplantation in the United States. Am J Nephrol 2004, 24:393.
129. Singer SJ, Tiernan R, Sullivan EJ Interstitial pneumonitis associated with sirolimus therapy in renal-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:1815.
130. Srinivas TR, Schold JD, Guerra G, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil/sirolimus compared to other common immunosuppressive regimens in kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2007, 7:586.
131. Stallone G, Di Paolo S, Schena A, et al. Addition of sirolimus to cyclosporine delays the recovery from delayed graft function but does not affect 1-year graft function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15:228.
132. Stallone G, Infante B, Di Paolo S, et al. Sirolimus and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors together induce tongue oedema in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004, 19:2906.
133. Stallone G, Schena A, Infante B, et al. Sirolimus for Kaposi's sarcoma in renal-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:1317.
134. Starzl TE, Todo S, Fung J, et al. FK 506 for liver, kidney, and pancreas transplantation. Lancet 1989, 2:1000.
135. Stephany BR, Augustine JJ, Krishnamurthi V, et al. Differences in pro-teinuria and graft function in de novo sirolimus-based vs. calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppression in live donor kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2006, 82:368.
136. Stepkowski SM, Kahan BD Rapamycin and cyclosporine synergisti-cally prolong heart and kidney allograft survival. Transplant Proc 1991, 23:3262.
137. Straathof-Galema L, Wetzels JFM, Dijkman HBPM, et al. Sirolimus-associated heavy proteinuria in a renal transplant recipient: evidence for a tubular mechanism. Am J Transplant 2006, 6:429.
138. Sundberg AK, Rohr MS, Hartmann EL, et al. Conversion to sirolimus-based maintenance immunosuppression using daclizumab bridge therapy in renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2004, 18(Suppl 12):61.
139. Terada N, Lucas JJ, Szepesi A, et al. Rapamycin blocks cell cycle progression of activated T cells prior to events characteristic of the middle to late G1 phase of the cycle. J Cell Physiol 1993, 154:7.
140. van Gelder T, ter Meulen CG, Hene R, et al. Oral ulcers in kidney transplant recipients treated with sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Transplantation 2003, 75:788.
141. Vezina C, Kudelski A, Sehgal SN Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new anti-fungal antibiotic, I: taxonomy of the producing streptomycete and isolation of the active principle. J Antibiot 1975, 28:721.
142. Vitko S, Margreiter R, Weimar W, et al. Everolimus (Certican) 12-month safety and efficacy versus mycophenolate mofetil in de novo renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2004, 78:1532.
143. Vitko S, Wlodarczyk Z, Kyllonen L, et al. Tacrolimus combined with two different dosages of sirolimus in kidney transplantation: results of a multicenter study. Am J Transplant 2006, 6:531.
144. Vu MD, Qi S, Xu D, et al. Tacrolimus (FK506) and sirolimus (rapamycin) in combination are not antagonistic but produce extended graft survival in cardiac transplantation in the rat. Transplantation 1997, 64:1853.
145. Wadei H, Gruber SA, El-Amm JM, et al. Sirolimus-induced angioedema. Am J Transplant 2004, 4:1002.
146. Watson CJE, Firth J, Williams PF, et al. A randomized controlled trial of late conversion from CNI-based to sirolimus-based immunosup-pression following renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2005, 5:2496.
147. Webster AC, Lee VW, Chapman JR, et al. Target of rapamycin inhibitors (sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression of kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Transplantation 2006, 81:1234.
148. Webster AC, Lee VW, Chapman JR, et al: Target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR-I; sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immuno-suppression in kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004290, 2006.
149. West M Bronchiolitis obliterans and organising pneumonia in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2000, 69:1531.
150. Woltman AM, de Fijter JW, Kamerling SW, et al. Rapamycin induces apoptosis in monocyte- and CD34-derived dendritic cells but not in monocytes and macrophages. Blood 2001, 98:174.
151. Wullschleger S, Loewith R, Hall MN TOR signaling in growth and metabolism. Cell 2006, 124:471.
152. Yatscoff R, LeGatt D, Keenan R, et al. Blood distribution of rapamycin. Transplantation 1993, 56:1202.
153. Zimmerman JJ, Harper D, Getsy J, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between sirolimus and microemulsion cyclosporine when orally administered jointly and 4 hours apart in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2003, 43:1168.