Investigating the effect of emetic compounds on chemotaxis in Dictyostelium identifies a non-sentient model for bitter and hot tastant research

PLoS ONE

Volumn 6, Issue 9, 2011, Pages

  Robery, Steven ^a   Mukanowa, Janina ^a   Percie du Sert, Nathalie ^b   Andrews, Paul L R ^b   Williams, Robin S B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAPSAICIN; COPPER CHLORIDE; COPPER SULFATE; DENATONIUM BENZOATE; EMETIC AGENT; PHENYLTHIOUREA; PHOSPHODIESTERASE V INHIBITOR; QUININE; PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; BITTER TASTE; CELL FUNCTION; CELL MOTILITY; CELL SHAPE; CELL VIABILITY; CHEMOTAXIS; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOTOXICITY TEST; DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; HIGH TEMPERATURE PROCEDURES; IN VIVO STUDY; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NONHUMAN; RESEARCH PRIORITY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TASTE AVERSION; ANIMAL; CELL MOTION; CHEMISTRY; DICTYOSTELIUM; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECT; GENOME; IC 50; METABOLISM; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); STOMACH; TASTE;

ANIMALIA; CAPSICUM ANNUUM VAR. ANNUUM; DICTYOSTELIUM; DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM;

ANIMALS; CAPSAICIN; CELL MOVEMENT; CHEMOTAXIS; DICTYOSTELIUM; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; EMETICS; GENOME; INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION 50; MOVEMENT; PROTEINS; QUININE; STOMACH; TASTE;

EID: 80052545094     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024439     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Stern, RM, Koch KL, Andrews, PLR, (2011) Nausea-Mechanisms and Management. The functions, identification and measurement of nausea and related behaviour in animals. Oxford University Press 171-239.
2. Sanger GJ, Holbrook JD, Andrews PL, (2011) The translational value of rodent gastrointestinal functions: a cautionary tale. Trends Pharmacol Sci 7: 402-409.
3. Liu YL, Malik N, Sanger GJ, Friedman MI, Andrews PL, (2005) Pica--a model of nausea? Species differences in response to cisplatin. Physiol Behav 85: 271-277.
4. Andrews PL, Horn CC, (2006) Signals for nausea and emesis: Implications for models of upper gastrointestinal diseases. Auton Neurosci 125: 100-115.
5. Holmes AM, Rudd JA, Tattersall FD, Aziz Q, Andrews PL, (2009) Opportunities for the replacement of animals in the study of nausea and vomiting. Br J Pharmacol 157: 865-880.
6. Percie du Sert N, Rudd JA, Apfel CC, Andrews PL, (2010) Cisplatin-induced emesis: systematic review and meta-analysis of the ferret model and the effects of 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 3: 667-686.
7. Manahan CL, Iglesias PA, Long Y, Devreotes PN, (2004) Chemoattractant signaling in Dictyostelium discoideum. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 20: 223-253.
8. Bagorda A, Mihaylov VA, Parent CA, (2006) Chemotaxis: moving forward and holding on to the past. Thromb Haemost 95: 12-21.
9. McMains VC, Liao XH, Kimmel AR, (2008) Oscillatory signaling and network responses during the development of Dictyostelium discoideum. Ageing Res Rev 7: 234-248.
10. King JS, Insall RH, (2009) Chemotaxis: finding the way forward with Dictyostelium. Trends Cell Biol 19: 523-530.
11. Eichinger L, Pachebat JA, Glockner G, Rajandream MA, Sucgang R, et al. (2005) The genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Nature 435: 43-57.
12. Williams RS, Boeckeler K, Graf R, Muller-Taubenberger A, Li Z, et al. (2006) Towards a molecular understanding of human diseases using Dictyostelium discoideum. Trends Mol Med 12: 415-424.
13. Boeckeler K, Williams RS, (2007) Dicytostelium as a Biomedical Model. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. 1 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Available: http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0006038.html. Accessed 2007 Oct.
14. Pakes NK, Jayasinghe SN, Williams RSB, (2011) Bio-electrospraying and aerodynamically assisted bio-jetting the model eukaryotic Dictyostelium discoideum: assessing stress and developmental competency post treatment. J R Soc Interface 61: 1185-1191.
15. Francione LM, Annesley SJ, Carilla-Latorre S, Escalante R, Fisher PR, (2010) The Dictyostelium model for mitochondrial disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 22: 120-130.
16. McMains VC, Myre M, Kreppel L, Kimmel AR, (2010) Dictyostelium possesses highly diverged presenilin/{gamma}-secretase that regulates growth and cell-fate specification and can accurately process human APP: a system for functional studies of the presenilin/{gamma}-secretase complex. Dis Model Mech 9-10: 581-594.
17. Francione L, Smith PK, Accari SL, Taylor PE, Bokko PB, et al. (2009) Legionella pneumophila multiplication is enhanced by chronic AMPK signalling in mitochondrially diseased Dictyostelium cells. Dis Model Mech 2: 479-489.
18. Jin T, Xu X, Fang J, Isik N, Yan J, et al. (2009) How human leukocytes track down and destroy pathogens: lessons learned from the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum. Immunol Res 43: 118-127.
19. Xu X, Muller-Taubenberger A, Adley KE, Pawolleck N, Lee VW, et al. (2007) Attenuation of phospholipid signaling provides a novel mechanism for the action of valproic acid. Eukaryot Cell 6: 899-906.
20. King JS, Teo R, Ryves J, Reddy JV, Peters O, et al. (2009) The mood stabiliser lithium suppresses PIP3 signalling in Dictyostelium and human cells. Dis Model Mech 2: 306-312.
21. Misty R, Martinez R, Ali H, Steimle PA, (2006) Naringenin is a novel inhibitor of Dictyostelium cell proliferation and cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 345: 516-522.
22. Li G, Alexander H, Schneider N, Alexander S, (2000) Molecular basis for resistance to the anticancer drug cisplatin in Dictyostelium. Microbiology 146: 2219-2227.
23. Tao Y, Howlett A, Klein C, (1996) Nitric oxide inhibits the initiation of cAMP pulsing in D. discoideum without altering receptor-activated adenylate cyclase. Cell Signal 8: 26-34.
24. Min J, Traynor D, Stegner AL, Zhang L, Hanigan MH, et al. (2005) Sphingosine kinase regulates the sensitivity of Dictyostelium discoideum cells to the anticancer drug cisplatin. Eukaryot Cell 4: 178-189.
25. King J, Keim M, Teo R, Weening KE, Kapur M, et al. (2010) Genetic control of lithium sensitivity and regulation of inositol biosynthetic genes. PLoS One 5: e11151.
26. Alexander SP, Mathie A, Peters JA, (2008) Guide to Receptors and Channels (GRAC). British Journal Pharmacology. S.
27. Andrews PL, Dovey E, Hockaday J, Hoyle CH, Woods AJ, et al. (2000) The development of the emetic reflex in the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 121: 29-34.
28. Smith JE, Paton JF, Andrews PL, (2002) An arterially perfused decerebrate preparation of Suncus murinus (house musk shrew) for the study of emesis and swallowing. Exp Physiol 87: 563-574.
29. Andrews PL, Okada F, Woods AJ, Hagiwara H, Kakaimoto S, et al. (2000) The emetic and anti-emetic effects of the capsaicin analogue resiniferatoxin in Suncus murinus, the house musk shrew. Br J Pharmacol 130: 1247-1254.
30. Lalueza-Fox C, Gigli E, de la Rasilla M, Fortea J, Rosas A, (2009) Bitter taste perception in Neanderthals through the analysis of the TAS2R38 gene. Biol Lett 5: 809-811.
31. Peyrot des GC, Beauchamp GK, Stern RM, Koch KL, Breslin PA, (2011) Bitter taste induces nausea. Curr Biol 21: R247-R248.
32. Hilliard MA, Bergamasco C, Arbucci S, Plasterk RH, Bazzicalupo P, (2004) Worms taste bitter: ASH neurons, QUI-1, GPA-3 and ODR-3 mediate quinine avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO J 23: 1101-1111.
33. Shi P, Zhang J, (2006) Contrasting modes of evolution between vertebrate sweet/umami receptor genes and bitter receptor genes. Mol Biol Evol 23: 292-300.
34. McBride CS, Arguello JR, O'Meara BC, (2007) Five Drosophila genomes reveal nonneutral evolution and the signature of host specialization in the chemoreceptor superfamily. Genetics 177: 1395-1416.
35. Oike H, Nagai T, Furuyama A, Okada S, Aihara Y, et al. (2007) Characterization of ligands for fish taste receptors. J Neurosci 27: 5584-5592.
36. Tordoff MG, Alarcon LK, Lawler MP, (2008) Preferences of 14 rat strains for 17 taste compounds. Physiol Behav 95: 308-332.
37. Ezak MJ, Hong E, Chaparro-Garcia A, Ferkey DM, (2010) Caenorhabditis elegans TRPV channels function in a modality-specific pathway to regulate response to aberrant sensory signaling. Genetics 185: 233-244.
38. Isono K, Morita H, (2010) Molecular and cellular designs of insect taste receptor system. Front Cell Neurosci 4: 20.
39. Sibert JR, Frude N, (1991) Bittering agents in the prevention of accidental poisoning: children's reactions to denatonium benzoate (Bitrex). Arch Emerg Med 8: 1-7.
40. Tajima T, Watanabe N, Kogawa Y, Takiguchi N, Kato J, et al. (2001) Chemotaxis of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans toward cycloheximide and quinine hydrochloride. J Biosci Bioeng 91: 322-324.
41. Clapp TR, Trubey KR, Vandenbeuch A, Stone LM, Margolskee RF, et al. (2008) Tonic activity of G-alpha gustducin regulates taste cell responsivity. FEBS Lett 582: 3783-3787.
42. Tepper BJ, White EA, Koelliker Y, Lanzara C, d'Adamo P, et al. (2009) Genetic variation in taste sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil and its relationship to taste perception and food selection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1170: 126-139.
43. Adler E, Hoon MA, Mueller KL, Chandrashekar J, Ryba NJ, et al. (2000) A novel family of mammalian taste receptors. Cell 100: 693-702.
44. Chandrashekar J, Mueller KL, Hoon MA, Adler E, Feng L, et al. (2000) T2Rs function as bitter taste receptors. Cell 100: 703-711.
45. Pronin AN, Tang H, Connor J, Keung W, (2004) Identification of ligands for two human bitter T2R receptors. Chem Senses 29: 583-593.
46. Ishimaru Y, Okada S, Naito H, Nagai T, Yasuoka A, et al. (2005) Two families of candidate taste receptors in fishes. Mech Dev 122: 1310-1321.
47. Liman ER, (2007) TRPM5 and taste transduction. Handb Exp Pharmacol 179: 287-298.
48. Perez CA, Huang L, Rong M, Kozak JA, Preuss AK, et al. (2002) A transient receptor potential channel expressed in taste receptor cells. Nat Neurosci 5: 1169-1176.
49. Gordesky-Gold B, Rivers N, Ahmed OM, Breslin PA, (2008) Drosophila melanogaster prefers compounds perceived sweet by humans. Chem Senses 33: 301-309.
50. Araya M, McGoldrick MC, Klevay LM, Strain JJ, Robson P, et al. (2001) Determination of an acute no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for copper in water. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 34: 137-145.
51. Olivares M, Araya M, Pizarro F, Uauy R, (2001) Nausea threshold in apparently healthy individuals who drink fluids containing graded concentrations of copper. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 33: 271-275.
52. Kayashima N, Iwasaki M, Hayama T, (1978) Site of emetic action of oral copper sulfate in dogs. (II) Importance of lower duodenum. Jpn J Pharmacol 28: 797-801.
53. Kayashima N, Tanaka M, Iwasaki M, Hayama T, (1978) Site of emetic action of oral copper sulfate in dogs. (I) Thresholds of various portions of gastrointestinal tract to locally applied copper sulfate. Jpn J Pharmacol 28: 775-781.
54. Lee KY, Park HJ, Chey WY, (1985) Studies on mechanism of retching and vomiting in dogs. Effect of peripheral dopamine blocker on myoelectric changes in antrum and upper small intestine. Dig Dis Sci 30: 22-28.
55. Niijima A, Jiang ZY, Daunton NG, Fox RA, (1987) Effect of copper sulphate on the rate of afferent discharge in the gastric branch of the vagus nerve in the rat. Neurosci Lett 80: 71-74.
56. Makale MT, King GL, (1992) Surgical and pharmacological dissociation of cardiovascular and emetic responses to intragastric CuSO4. Am J Physiol 263: R284-R291.
57. Burlando B, Evangelisti V, Dondero F, Pons G, Camakaris J, et al. (2002) Occurrence of Cu-ATPase in Dictyostelium: possible role in resistance to copper. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 291: 476-483.
58. Bavan S, Straub VA, Blaxter ML, Ennion SJ, (2009) A P2X receptor from the tardigrade species Hypsibius dujardini with fast kinetics and sensitivity to zinc and copper. BMC Evol Biol 9: 17.
59. Ludlow MJ, Durai L, Ennion SJ, (2009) Functional characterization of intracellular Dictyostelium discoideum P2X receptors. J Biol Chem 284: 35227-35239.
60. Aoki M, Fukunaga M, Sugimoto T, Hirano Y, Kobayashi M, et al. (2001) Studies on mechanisms of low emetogenicity of YM976, a novel phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298: 1142-1149.
61. Bader S, Kortholt A, van Haastert PJ, (2007) Seven Dictyostelium discoideum phosphodiesterases degrade three pools of cAMP and cGMP. Biochem J 402: 153-161.
62. Rascon A, Viloria ME, De-Chiara L, Dubra ME, (2000) Characterization of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases in Leishmania mexicana and purification of a soluble form. Mol Biochem Parasitol 106: 283-292.
63. Chen MC, Wu SV, Reeve JR, Jr, Rozengurt E, (2006) Bitter stimuli induce Ca2+ signaling and CCK release in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells: role of L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291: C726-C739.
64. Masuho I, Tateyama M, Saitoh O, (2005) Characterization of bitter taste responses of intestinal STC-1 cells. Chem Senses 30: 281-290.
65. Talavera K, Yasumatsu K, Yoshida R, Margolskee RF, Voets T, et al. (2008) The taste transduction channel TRPM5 is a locus for bitter-sweet taste interactions. FASEB J 22: 1343-1355.
66. Green BG, Hayes JE, (2003) Capsaicin as a probe of the relationship between bitter taste and chemesthesis. Physiol Behav 79: 811-821.
67. Green BG, varez-Reeves M, George P, Akirav C, (2005) Chemesthesis and taste: evidence of independent processing of sensation intensity. Physiol Behav 86: 526-537.
68. Devantier HR, Long DJ, Brennan FX, Carlucci SA, Hendrix C, et al. (2008) Quantitative assessment of TRPM5-dependent oral aversiveness of pharmaceuticals using a mouse brief-access taste aversion assay. Behav Pharmacol 19: 673-682.
69. Zicha D, Dunn GA, Brown AF, (1991) A new direct-viewing chemotaxis chamber. J Cell Sci 99: 769-775.
70. Williams RSB, Cheng L, Mudge AW, Harwood AJ, (2002) A common mechanism of action for three mood-stabilizing drugs. Nature 417: 292-295.
71. Terbach N, Shah R, Kelemen R, Klein PS, Gordienko D, et al. (2011) Identifying an uptake mechanism for the antiepileptic and bipolar disorder treatment valproic acid using the simple biomedical model Dictyostelium. J Cell Sci 124: 2267-2276.
72. Glendinning JI, Yiin YM, Ackroff K, Sclafani A, (2008) Intragastric infusion of denatonium conditions flavor aversions and delays gastric emptying in rodents. Physiol Behav 93: 757-765.
73. Scott TR, Giza BK, (1987) A measure of taste intensity discrimination in the rat through conditioned taste aversions. Physiol Behav 41: 315-320.
74. Rudd JA, Wai MK, (2001) Genital grooming and emesis induced by vanilloids in Suncus murinus, the house musk shrew. Eur J Pharmacol 422: 185-195.
75. Andrews PL, Torii Y, Saito H, Matsuki N, (1996) The pharmacology of the emetic response to upper gastrointestinal tract stimulation in Suncus murinus. Eur J Pharmacol 307: 305-313.
76. Cheng FH, Andrews PL, Moreaux B, Ngan MP, Rudd JA, et al. (2005) Evaluation of the anti-emetic potential of anti-migraine drugs to prevent resiniferatoxin-induced emesis in Suncus murinus (house musk shrew). Eur J Pharmacol 508: 231-238.
77. Matsuki N, Ueno S, Kaji T, Ishihara A, Wang CH, et al. (1988) Emesis induced by cancer chemotherapeutic agents in the Suncus murinus: a new experimental model. Jpn J Pharmacol 48: 303-306.
78. Pollera CF, Nardi M, Marolla P, Pinnaro P, Terzoli E, et al. (1989) Effective control of CMF-related emesis with high-dose dexamethasone: results of a double-blind crossover trial with metoclopramide and placebo. Am J Clin Oncol 12: 524-529.
79. Yamamoto K, Nakai M, Nohara K, Yamatodani A, (2007) The anti-cancer drug-induced pica in rats is related to their clinical emetogenic potential. Eur J Pharmacol 554: 34-39.
80. Eglen RM, Lee CH, Smith WL, Johnson LG, Whiting RL, et al. (1993) RS 42358-197, a novel and potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, in vitro and in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266: 535-543.
81. Andrews PL, Davis CJ, Bingham S, Davidson HI, Hawthorn J, et al. (1990) The abdominal visceral innervation and the emetic reflex: pathways, pharmacology, and plasticity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 68: 325-345.
82. Fukui H, Yamamoto M, Ando T, Sasaki S, Sato S, (1993) Increase in serotonin levels in the dog ileum and blood by cisplatin as measured by microdialysis. Neuropharmacology 32: 959-968.
83. Knox AP, Strominger NL, Battles AH, Carpenter DO, (1993) Behavioral studies of emetic sensitivity in the ferret. Brain Res Bull 31: 477-484.
84. Kris MG, Cubeddu LX, Gralla RJ, Cupissol D, Tyson LB, et al. (1996) Are more antiemetic trials with a placebo necessary? Report of patient data from randomized trials of placebo antiemetics with cisplatin. Cancer 78: 2193-2198.
85. Nakayama H, Yamakuni H, Nakayama A, Maeda Y, Imazumi K, et al. (2004) Diphenidol has no actual broad antiemetic activity in dogs and ferrets. J Pharmacol Sci 96: 301-306.
86. Horn CC, De Jonghe BC, Matyas K, Norgren R, (2009) Chemotherapy-induced kaolin intake is increased by lesion of the lateral parabrachial nucleus of the rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297: R1375-R1382.
87. Parker LA Limebeer CL, Rock EM, Litt DL, Kwiatkowska M, et al. (2009) The FAAH inhibitor URB-597 interferes with cisplatin- and nicotine-induced vomiting in the Suncus murinus (house musk shrew). Physiol Behav 97: 121-124.
88. Carter, SK, Bakowski MT, Hellman K, (1981) Chemotherapy of Cancer. John Wiley and Sons pp169-174.
89. Borison HL, McCarthy LE, (1983) Neuropharmacology of chemotherapy-induced emesis. Drugs 25 (Suppl 1): 8-17.
90. Seymour MT, (1993) Emesis in anti-cancer therapy- mechanisms and treatment In: Andrews PLR and Sanger GJ. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chemotherapeutic agents. Hall Medical 9-44.
91. Gold H, Greiner T, Cattell M, Modell W, Gluck J, et al. (1952) Difference in the relation of cardiac to emetic actions in oral and parenteral digitalization. Am J Med 13: 124-144.
92. Parsons JA, Summers RJ, (1971) Cat assay for the emetic action of digitalis and related glycosides (digitoxin, digoxin, lanatoside C, ouabain and calactin). Br J Pharmacol 42: 143-152.
93. Heaslip RJ, Evans DY, (1995) Emetic, central nervous system, and pulmonary activities of rolipram in the dog. Eur J Pharmacol 286: 281-290.
94. Hirose R, Manabe H, Nonaka H, Yanagawa K, Akuta K, et al. (2007) Correlation between emetic effect of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and their occupation of the high-affinity rolipram binding site in Suncus murinus brain. Eur J Pharmacol 573: 93-99.
95. Davis TG, Peterson JJ, Kou JP, Capper-Spudich EA, Ball D, et al. (2009) The identification of a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, 1-ethyl-5-{5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}-N-(tet rahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-4-amine (EPPA-1), with improved therapeutic index using pica feeding in rats as a measure of emetogenicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 330: 922-931.
96. Fujiwara-Sawada M, Imanishi T, Yoshida A, Baba J, (2003) Possible involvement of peripheral serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in fluvoxamine-induced emesis in Suncus murinus. J Pharm Pharmacol 55: 271-274.
97. Torii Y, Saito H, Matsuki N, (1991) Selective blockade of cytotoxic drug-induced emesis by 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in Suncus murinus. Jpn J Pharmacol 55: 107-113.
98. Javid FA, Naylor RJ, (2002) The effect of serotonin and serotonin receptor antagonists on motion sickness in Suncus murinus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 73: 979-989.
99. Andrews PL, Kovacs M, Watson JW, (2001) The anti-emetic action of the neurokinin(1) receptor antagonist CP-99,994 does not require the presence of the area postrema in the dog. Neurosci Lett 314: 102-104.
100. Horn CC, Richardson EJ, Andrews PL, Friedman MI, (2004) Differential effects on gastrointestinal and hepatic vagal afferent fibers in the rat by the anti-cancer agent cisplatin. Auton Neurosci 115: 74-81.
101. Osinski MA, Uchic ME, Seifert T, Shaughnessy TK, Miller LN, et al. (2005) Dopamine D2, but not D4, receptor agonists are emetogenic in ferrets. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 81: 211-219.
102. Borison HL, Fairbanks VF, (1952) Mechanism of veratrum-induced emesis in the cat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 105: 317-325.
103. Swiss ED, (1952) The emetic properties of veratrum derivatives. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 104: 76-86.
104. Bobkov IG, (1964) On the role of nodular ganglia of the vagus nerve in the emetic response to aconitine and veratrine. Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova 50: 187-192.
105. Andrews, PL, Rudd JA, (2004) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology In: Holzer, P. The Role of Tachykinins and the Tachykinin NK1 Receptor in Nausea and Emesis. Springer Verlag 359-440.
106. Laffan RJ, Borison HL, (1957) Emetic action of nicotine and lobeline. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 121: 468-476.
107. Jorenby DE, Smith SS, Fiore MC, Hurt RD, Offord KP, et al. (1995) Varying nicotine patch dose and type of smoking cessation counseling. JAMA 274: 1347-1352.
108. Saito R, Takano Y, Kamiya HO, (2003) Roles of substance P and NK(1) receptor in the brainstem in the development of emesis. J Pharmacol Sci 91: 87-94.
109. Yamamoto K, Ngan MP, Takeda N, Yamatodani A, Rudd JA, (2004) Differential activity of drugs to induce emesis and pica behavior in Suncus murinus (house musk shrew) and rats. Physiol Behav 83: 151-156.
110. Bhandari P, Bingham S, Andrews PL, (1992) The neuropharmacology of loperamide-induced emesis in the ferret: the role of the area postrema, vagus, opiate and 5-HT3 receptors. Neuropharmacology 31: 735-742.
111. Andrews PL, Bhandari P, (1993) Resinferatoxin, an ultrapotent capsaicin analogue, has anti-emetic properties in the ferret. Neuropharmacology 32: 799-806.
112. Karniol IG, Dalton J, Lader MH, (1978) Acute and chronic effects of lithium chloride on physiological and psychological measures in normals. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 57: 289-294.
113. Seeley RJ, Blake K, Rushing PA, Benoit S, Eng J, et al. (2000) The role of CNS glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide receptors in mediating the visceral illness effects of lithium chloride. J Neurosci 20: 1616-1621.
114. Cubeddu LX, Bonisch H, Gothert M, Molderings G, Racke K, et al. (2000) Effects of metformin on intestinal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release and on 5-HT3 receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 361: 85-91.
115. Hoffmann IS, Roa M, Torrico F, Cubeddu LX, (2003) Ondansetron and metformin-induced gastrointestinal side effects. Am J Ther 10: 447-451.
116. Torii Y, Saito H, Matsuki N, (1994) Induction of emesis in Suncus murinus by pyrogallol, a generator of free radicals. Br J Pharmacol 111: 431-434.
117. Kan KK, Jones RL, Ngan MP, Rudd JA, (2003) Action of prostanoids on the emetic reflex of Suncus murinus (the house musk shrew). Eur J Pharmacol 477: 247-251.
118. Araya M, Chen B, Klevay LM, Strain JJ, Johnson L, et al. (2003) Confirmation of an acute no-observed-adverse-effect and low-observed-adverse-effect level for copper in bottled drinking water in a multi-site international study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 38: 389-399.
119. Gaddum, H J, (1961) Pharmacology. Zinc sulphate 1% vomiting in a few minutes. Oxford University Press.
120. Kan KK, Jones RL, Ngan MP, Rudd JA (25-10-2002) Actions of prostanoids to induce emesis and defecation in the ferret. Eur J Pharmacol 453: 299-308.