Clinical prediction rules for children: A systematic review

Pediatrics

Volumn 128, Issue 3, 2011, Pages

  Maguire, Jonathon L ^a,b,c,d,e   Kulik, Dina M ^c   Laupacis, Andreas ^b,e,f   Kuppermann, Nathan ^g   Uleryk, Elizabeth M ^c   Parkin, Patricia C ^c,d,e  

^a ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^c HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^d HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescent; Child; Clinical prediction rule; Decision trees; Models; Multivariate analysis; Predictive value of tests; Preschool child; Review

Indexed keywords

APPENDICITIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL MENINGITIS; BRAIN INJURY; CHILD; CLINICAL PREDICTION RULE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; FOLLOW UP; FRACTURE; HUMAN; MALARIA; METHODOLOGY; PEDIATRICS; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; STANDARD; STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VALIDATION PROCESS;

DECISION SUPPORT TECHNIQUES; HUMANS; PEDIATRICS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; VALIDATION STUDIES AS TOPIC;

EID: 80052367660     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-0043     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Laupacis A., Sekar N., Stiell I.G. Clinical prediction rules: A review and suggested modifications of methodological standards. JAMA. 1997;277(6):488-494 (Pubitemid 27074334)
2. McGinn T.G., Guyatt G.H., Wyer P.C., Naylor C.D., Stiell I.G., Richardson W.S. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXII - How to use articles about clinical decision rules. Evidence- Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 2000;284(1):79-84 (Pubitemid 30445665)
3. Wasson J.H., Sox H.C., Neff R.K., Goldman L. Clinical prediction rules: Applications and methodological standards. N Engl J Med. 1985;313(13):793-799 (Pubitemid 15232315)
4. Reilly B.M., Evans A.T. Translating clinical research into clinical practice: Impact of using prediction rules to make decisions. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(3):201-209 (Pubitemid 46780691)
5. Stiell I.G., Wells G.A. Methodologic standards for the development of clinical decision rules in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33(4):437-447 (Pubitemid 29157570)
6. Stiell I.G., Lesiuk H., Wells G.A., et al; Canadian CT Head and C-Spine Study Group. The Canadian CT Head Rule Study for patients with minor head injury: Rationale, objectives, and methodology for phase I (derivation). Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38(2):160-169 (Pubitemid 32702283)
7. Stiell I.G., Lesiuk H., Wells G.A., et al; Canadian CT Head and C-Spine Study Group. Canadian CT Head Rule Study for patients with minor head injury: Methodology for phase II (validation and economic analysis). Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38(3):317-322 (Pubitemid 32822545)
8. Bennett J.E., Sumner W. 2nd, Downs S.M., Jaffe D.M. Parents' utilities for outcomes of occult bacteremia. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(1):43-48 (Pubitemid 30027654)
9. Apkon M. Decision analysis and clinical uncertainty. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2003;15(3):272-277 (Pubitemid 36578076)
10. Brennan C.A., Somerset M., Granier S.K., Fahey T.P., Heyderman R.S. Management of diagnostic uncertainty in children with possible meningitis: A qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract. 2003;53(493):626-631 (Pubitemid 36944023)
11. Kuppermann N., Holmes J.F., Dayan P.S., et al Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: A prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2009;374(9696):1160-1170
12. Ingui B.J., Rogers M.A. Searching for clinical prediction rules in Medline. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2001;8(4):391-397 (Pubitemid 32641642)
13. Hess E.P., Thiruganasambandamoorthy V., Wells G.A., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical prediction rules to exclude acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department setting: A systematic review. CJEM. 2008;10(4):373-382
14. Concato J., Feinstein A.R., Holford T.R. The risk of determining risk with multivariable models. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118(3):201-210 (Pubitemid 23034807)
15. Stiell I.G., McKnight R.D., Greenberg G.H., et al. Implementation of the Ottawa ankle rules. JAMA. 1994;271(11):827-832 (Pubitemid 24076849)
16. Jaeschke R., Guyatt G., Lijmer J. Diagnostic tests. In: Guyatt G, Rennie D, Meade MO, Cook DJ, eds. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature. Chicago, IL: AMA Press; 2002:121-140
17. Maguire J.L., Boutis K., Uleryk E.M., Laupacis A., Parkin P.C. Should a head-injured child receive a head CT scan? A systematic review of clinical prediction rules. Pediatrics. 2009;124(1). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/ content/full/124/1/e145
18. Haydel M.J., Shembekar A.D. Prediction of intracranial injury in children aged five years and older with loss of consciousness after minor head injury due to nontrivial mechanisms. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42(4):507-514 (Pubitemid 37210495)
19. Friedman J.N., Goldman R.D., Srivastava R., Parkin P.C. Development of a clinical dehydration scale for use in children between 1 and 36 months of age. J Pediatr. 2004;145(2):201-207 (Pubitemid 38993392)
20. Da Dalt L., Marchi A.G., Laudizi L., et al. Predictors of intracranial injuries in children after blunt head trauma. Eur J Pediatr. 2006;165(3):142-148 (Pubitemid 43199151)
21. Chandramohan D., Carneiro I., Kavishwar A., Brugha R., Desai V., Greenwood B. A clinical algorithm for the diagnosis of malaria: Results of an evaluation in an area of low endemicity. Trop Med Int Health. 2001;6(7):505-510 (Pubitemid 32664631)
22. Attia M., Zaoutis T., Eppes S., Klein J., Meier F. Multivariate predictive models for group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6(1):8-13 (Pubitemid 29031664)
23. Attia M.W., Zaoutis T., Klein J.D., Meier F.A. Performance of a predictive model for streptococcal pharyngitis in children [published correction appears in Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155(10):1179]. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155(6):687-691 (Pubitemid 32521133)
24. Ammann R.A., Hirt A., Luthy A.R., Aebi C. Identification of children presenting with fever in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia at low risk for severe bacterial infection. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;41(5):436-443 (Pubitemid 37229435)
25. Atabaki S., Steill I.G., Bazarian J.J., et al. A clinical decision rule for cranial computed tomography in minor pediatric head trauma. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162(5):439-445 (Pubitemid 351656560)
26. Avery R.A., Frank G., Glutting J.J., et al. Prediction of Lyme meningitis in children from a Lyme disease-endemic region: A logistic-regression model using history, physical, and laboratory findings. Pediatrics. 2006;117(1). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/117/1/e1
27. Bachur R.G., Harper M.B. Predictive model for serious bacterial infections among infants younger than 3 months of age. Pediatrics. 2001;108(2):311-316
28. Baker M.D., Bell L.M., Avner J.R. Outpatient management without antibiotics of fever in selected infants. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(20):1437-1441 (Pubitemid 23335888)
29. Baskin M.N., O'Rourke E.J., Fleisher G.R. Outpatient treatment of febrile infants 28 to 89 days of age with intramuscular administration of ceftriaxone. J Pediatr. 1992;120(1):22-27
30. Berger R.M., Berger M.Y., Van Steensel-Moll H.A., Dzoljic-Danilovic G., Derksen-Lubsen G. A predictive model to estimate the risk of serious bacterial infections in febrile infants. Eur J Pediatr. 1996;155(6):468-473 (Pubitemid 26170118)
31. Bleeker S.E., Moons K.G., Derksen-Lubsen G., Grobbee D.E., Moll H.A. Predicting serious bacterial infection in young children with fever without apparent source. Acta Paediatr. 2001;90(11):1226-1232 (Pubitemid 33144982)
32. Bleeker S.E., Moll H.A., Steyerberg E.W., et al. External validation is necessary in prediction research: A clinical example. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56(9):826-832 (Pubitemid 37162656)
33. Bleeker S.E., Derksen-Lubsen G., Grobbee D.E., et al. Validating and updating a prediction rule for serious bacterial infection in patients with fever without source. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(1):100-104
34. Bond G.R., Tully S.B., Chan L.S., Bradley R.L. Use of the MANTRELS score in childhood appendicitis: A prospective study of 187 children with abdominal pain. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19(9):1014-1018 (Pubitemid 20275251)
35. Bonsu B.K., Harper M.B. Differentiating acute bacterial meningitis from acute viral meningitis among children with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis: A multivariable regression model. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23(6):511-517 (Pubitemid 38802295)
36. Bonsu B.K., Ortega H.W., Marcon M.J., Harper M.B. A decision rule for predicting bacterial meningitis in children with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis when Gram stain is negative or unavailable. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(5):437-444
37. Boutis K., Komar L., Jaramillo D., et al. Sensitivity of a clinical examination to predict need for radiography in children with ankle injuries: A prospective study. Lancet. 2001;358(9299):2118-2121 (Pubitemid 34094902)
38. Chavanet P., Schaller C., Levy C., et al. Performance of a predictive rule to distinguish bacterial and viral meningitis. J Infect. 2007;54(4):328-336 (Pubitemid 46395020)
39. Clark K.D., Tanner S. Evaluation of the Ottawa ankle rules in children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2003;19(2):73-78 (Pubitemid 36461017)
40. Cotton B.A., Beckert B.W., Smith M.K., Burd RS. The utility of clinical and laboratory data for predicting intraabdominal injury among children. J Trauma. 2004;56(5):1068-1074; discussion 1074-1065
41. Crain E.F., Bulas D., Bijur P.E., Goldman H.S. Is a chest radiograph necessary in the evaluation of every febrile infant less than 8 weeks of age? Pediatrics. 1991;88(4):821-824
42. Dado G., Anania G., Baccarani U., et al. Application of a clinical score for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in childhood: A retrospective analysis of 197 patients. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35(9):1320-1322
43. Dagan R., Sofer S., Phillip M., Shachak E. Ambulatory care of febrile infants younger than 2 months of age classified as being at low risk for having serious bacterial infections. J Pediatr. 1988;112(3):355-360 (Pubitemid 18079815)
44. Dayan P.S., Vitale M., Langsam D.J., et al. Derivation of clinical prediction rules to identify children with fractures after twisting injuries of the ankle. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11(7):736-743 (Pubitemid 38844191)
45. Dubos F., Lamotte B., Bibi-Triki F., et al. Clinical decision rules to distinguish between bacterial and aseptic meningitis. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(8):647-650 (Pubitemid 44197103)
46. Dunning J., Daly J.P., Lomas J.P., et al. Derivation of the children's head injury algorithm for the prediction of important clinical events decision rule for head injury in children. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(11):885-891 (Pubitemid 44690198)
47. Edslev P.W., Rosthoj S., Treutiger I., et al. A clinical score predicting a brief and uneventful course of newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Br J Haematol. 2007;138(4):513-516 (Pubitemid 47063033)
48. Fatti G.L., Zar H.J., Swingler G.H., Fatti G.L., Zar H.J., Swingler G.H. Clinical indicators of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) in South African children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Int J Infect Dis. 2006;10(4):282-285 (Pubitemid 44183714)
49. Feldman D.S., Straight J.J., Badra M.I., Mohaideen A., Madan S.S. Evaluation of an algorithmic approach to pediatric back pain. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(3):353-357 (Pubitemid 44357063)
50. Fine A.M., Nigrovic L.E., Reis B.Y., Cook E.F., Mandl K.D. Linking surveillance to action: Incorporation of real-time regional data into a medical decision rule. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2007;14(2):206-211 (Pubitemid 46275488)
51. Steinhoff M.C., Walker C.F., Rimoin A.W., Hamza H.S. A clinical decision rule for management of streptococcal pharyngitis in low-resource settings. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94(8):1038-1042 (Pubitemid 41169651)
52. Garra G., Cunningham S.J., Crain E.F. Reappraisal of criteria used to predict serious bacterial illness in febrile infants less than 8 weeks of age. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12(10):921-925 (Pubitemid 41338176)
53. Glaser N.S., Styne D.M.; Organization of Pediatric Endocrinologists of Northern California Collaborative Graves' Disease Study Group. Predicting the likelihood of remission in children with Graves' disease: A prospective, multicenter study. Pediatrics. 2008;121(3). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/ cgi/content/full/121/3/e481
54. Goldman R.D., Carter S., Stephens D., Antoon R., Mounstephen W., Langer J.C. Prospective validation of the pediatric appendicitis score. J Pediatr. 2008;153(2):278-282
55. Gorelick M.H., Shaw K.N., Murphy K.O. Validity and reliability of clinical signs in the diagnosis of dehydration in children. Pediatrics. 1997;99(5). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/99/5/e6
56. Gorelick M.H., Shaw K.N. Clinical decision rule to identify febrile young girls at risk for urinary tract infection. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(4):386-390 (Pubitemid 30198488)
57. Gorelick M.H., Hoberman A., Kearney D., Wald E., Shaw K.N. Validation of a decision rule identifying febrile young girls at high risk for urinary tract infection. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2003;19(3):162-164 (Pubitemid 36736043)
58. Greenes D.S., Schutzman S.A. Clinical significance of scalp abnormalities in asymptomatic head-injured infants. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2001;17(2):88-92 (Pubitemid 32332582)
59. Holmes J.F., Sokolove P.E., Brant W.E., Kuppermann N. A clinical decision rule for identifying children with thoracic injuries after blunt torso trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;39(5):492-499 (Pubitemid 34465084)
60. Holmes J.F., Sokolove P.E., Brant W.E., et al. Identification of children with intraabdominal injuries after blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;39(5):500-509 (Pubitemid 34465085)
61. Lynch T., Platt R., Gouin S., Larson C., Patenaude Y. Can we predict which children with clinically suspected pneumonia will have the presence of focal infiltrates on chest radiographs? Pediatrics. 2004;113(3 pt 1). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/113/3/e186
62. Humiston S.G., Rodewald L.E., Szilagyi P.G., et al. Decision rules for predicting vaccination status of preschool-age emergency department patients. J Pediatr. 1993;123(6):887-892 (Pubitemid 23353250)
63. Isaacman D.J., Shults J., Gross T.K., Davis P.H., Harper M. Predictors of bacteremia in febrile children 3 to 36 months of age. Pediatrics. 2000;106(5):977-982
64. Jaffe D.M., Binns H., Radkowski M.A. Developing a clinical algorithm for early management of cervical spine injury in child trauma victims. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16(3):270-276 (Pubitemid 17025743)
65. Jaskiewicz J.A., McCarthy C.A., Richardson A.C., et al Febrile Infant Collaborative Study Group. Febrile infants at low risk for serious bacterial infection: An appraisal of the Rochester criteria and implications for management. Pediatrics. 1994;94(3):390-396
66. Karpas A., Hennes H., Walsh-Kelly C.M. Utilization of the Ottawa ankle rules by nurses in a pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9(2):130-133 (Pubitemid 34121594)
67. Kharbanda A.B., Taylor G.A., Fishman S.J., Bachur R.G. A clinical decision rule to identify children at low risk for appendicitis. Pediatrics. 2005;116(3):709-716 (Pubitemid 44336689)
68. Kneyber M.C., Moons K.G., De Groot R., Moll H.A. Predictors of a normal chest x-ray in respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001;31(4):277-283 (Pubitemid 32274083)
69. Kneyber M.C.J., Moons K.G.M., De Groot R., Moll H.A. Prediction of duration of hospitalization in respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002;33(6):453-457 (Pubitemid 34547866)
70. Kocher M.S., Zurakowski D., Kasser J.R. Differentiating between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children: An evidence-based clinical prediction algorithm. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81(12):1662-1670
71. Kocher M.S., Mandiga R., Zurakowski D., Barnewolt C., Kasser J.R. Validation of a clinical prediction rule for the differentiation between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A(8):1629-1635 (Pubitemid 39014305)
72. Leroy S., Marc E., Adamsbaum C., Gendrel D., Breart G., Chalumeau M. Prediction of vesicoureteral reflux after a first febrile urinary tract infection in children: Validation of a clinical decision rule. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(3):241-244 (Pubitemid 43325503)
73. Libetta C., Burke D., Brennan P., Yassa J. Validation of the Ottawa ankle rules in children. J Accid Emerg Med. 1999;16(5):342-344 (Pubitemid 29419770)
74. Lintula H., Pesonen E., Kokki H., Vanamo K., Eskelinen M. A diagnostic score for children with suspected appendicitis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2005;390(2):164-170 (Pubitemid 40487441)
75. Luhmann S.J., Jones A., Schootman M., et al. Differentiation between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children with clinical prediction algorithms. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A(5):956-962 (Pubitemid 38619795)
76. Biss T.T., Brandao L.R., Kahr W.H.A., Chan A.K.C., Williams S. Clinical probability score and D-dimer estimation lack utility in the diagnosis of childhood pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(10):1633-1638
77. Macklin C.P., Radcliffe G.S., Merei J.M., Stringer M.D. A prospective evaluation of the modified Alvarado score for acute appendicitis in children. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1997;79(3):203-205 (Pubitemid 27229336)
78. Mansbach J.M., Clark S., Christopher N.C., et al. Prospective multicenter study of bronchiolitis: Predicting safe discharges from the emergency department. Pediatrics. 2008;121(4):680-688
79. McCarthy P.L., Sharpe M.R., Spiesel S.Z., et al. Observation scales to identify serious illness in febrile children. Pediatrics. 1982;70(5):802-809 (Pubitemid 12004270)
80. McConnochie K.M., Roghmann K.J., Pasternack J., Monroe D.J., Monaco L.P. Prediction rules for selective radiographic assessment of extremity injuries in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 1990;86(1):45-57 (Pubitemid 20198457)
81. McIsaac W.J., Goel V., To T., Low D.E. The validity of a sore throat score in family practice. CMAJ. 2000;163(7):811-815
82. McIsaac W.J., Kellner J.D., Aufricht P., et al. Empirical validation of guidelines for the management of pharyngitis in children and adults [published correction appears in JAMA. 2005;294(21):2700]. JAMA. 2004;291(13):1587-1595 (Pubitemid 38552431)
83. McIsaac W.J., White D., Tannenbaum D., Low D.E. A clinical score to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in patients with sore throat. CMAJ. 1998;158(1):75-83 (Pubitemid 28062249)
84. McBride KL. Validation of the Ottawa ankle rules: experience at a community hospital. Can Fam Physician. 1997;43(PubMed did not provide):459-465
85. Meehan W.P. 3rd, Bachur R.G. Predictors of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in febrile infants aged 0 to 90 days. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(5):287-293
86. Moreno L., Krishnan J.A., Duran P., Ferrero F. Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule to distinguish bacterial from viral pneumonia in children [published correction appears in Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41(5):494]. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41(4):331-337
87. Fischer Walker C.L., Rimoin A.W., Hamza H.S., Steinhoff M.C. Comparison of clinical prediction rules for management of pharyngitis in settings with limited resources. J Pediatr. 2006;149(1):64-71 (Pubitemid 44081929)
88. Nigrovic L.E., Kuppermann N., Malley R. Development and validation of a multivariable predictive model to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis in children in the post-Haemophilus influenzae era. Pediatrics. 2002;110(4):712-719
89. Nigrovic L.E., Kuppermann N., Macias C.G., et al. Clinical prediction rule for identifying children with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis at very low risk of bacterial meningitis. JAMA. 2007;297(1):52-60 (Pubitemid 46041726)
90. Oman J.A., Cooper R.J., Holmes J.F., et al; NEXUS II Investigators. Performance of a decision rule to predict need for computed tomography among children with blunt head trauma. Pediatrics. 2006;117(2). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/117/2/e238
91. Oostenbrink R., Van der Heijden A.J., Moons K.G., Moll H.A. Prediction of vesico-ureteric reflux in childhood urinary tract infection: A multivariate approach. Acta Paediatr. 2000;89(7):806-810 (Pubitemid 30622580)
92. Oostenbrink R., Moons K.G., Donders A.R., Grobbee D.E., Moll H.A. Prediction of bacterial meningitis in children with meningeal signs: Reduction of lumbar punctures. Acta Paediatr. 2001;90(6):611-617 (Pubitemid 32595862)
93. Oostenbrink R., Moons K.G., Twijnstra M.J., Grobbee D.E., Moll H.A. Children with meningeal signs: Predicting who needs empiric antibiotic treatment. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156(12):1189-1194 (Pubitemid 36343435)
94. Oostenbrink R., Moons K.G., Derksen-Lubsen A.G., Grobbee D.E., Moll H.A. A diagnostic decision rule for management of children with meningeal signs. Eur J Epidemiol. 2004;19(2):109-116 (Pubitemid 38374559)
95. Owen T.D., Williams H., Stiff G., Jenkinson L.R., Rees B.I. Evaluation of the Alvarado score in acute appendicitis. J R Soc Med. 1992;85(2):87-88
96. Palchak M.J., Holmes J.F., Vance C.W., et al. A decision rule for identifying children at low risk for brain injuries after blunt head trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42(4):492-506 (Pubitemid 37210494)
97. Pantell R.H., Newman T.B., Bernzweig J., et al. Management and outcomes of care of fever in early infancy. JAMA. 2004;291(10):1203-1212 (Pubitemid 38541663)
98. Plint A.C., Bulloch B., Osmond M.H., et al. Validation of the Ottawa ankle rules in children with ankle injuries. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6(10):1005-1009 (Pubitemid 29489592)
99. Redd S.C., Kazembe P.N., Luby S.P., et al. Clinical algorithm for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children. Lancet. 1996;347(8996):223-227 (Pubitemid 26035247)
100. Reed J.L., Mahabee-Gittens E.M., Huppert J.S. A decision rule to identify adolescent females with cervical infections. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2007;16(2):272-280 (Pubitemid 46536937)
101. Rietveld E., Vergouwe Y., Steyerberg E.W., et al. Hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children: Development of a clinical prediction rule. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25(3):201-207 (Pubitemid 43379058)
102. Rimoin A.W., Hamza H.S., Vince A., et al. Evaluation of the WHO clinical decision rule for streptococcal pharyngitis. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(10):1066-1070 (Pubitemid 41406616)
103. Samuel M. Pediatric appendicitis score. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37(6):877-881 (Pubitemid 34575798)
104. Santolaya M.E., Alvarez A.M., Becker A., et al. Prospective, multicenter evaluation of risk factors associated with invasive bacterial infection in children with cancer, neutropenia, and fever. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(14):3415- 3421 (Pubitemid 32642195)
105. Santolaya M.E., Alvarez A.M., Aviles C.L., et al. Prospective evaluation of a model of prediction of invasive bacterial infection risk among children with cancer, fever, and neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(6):678-683 (Pubitemid 35024727)
106. Sard B., Bailey M.C., Vinci R. An analysis of pediatric blood cultures in the postpneumococcal conjugate vaccine era in a community hospital emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006;22(5):295-300 (Pubitemid 43832782)
107. Schneider C., Kharbanda A., Bachur R. Evaluating appendicitis scoring systems using a prospective pediatric cohort. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49(6):778-784
108. Silva J.M.P., Diniz J.S.S., Lima E.M., Vergara R.M., Oliveira E.A. Predictive factors of resolution of primary vesico-ureteric reflux: A multivariate analysis. BJU Int. 2006;97(5):1063-1068
109. Smeesters P.R., Campos D. Jr, Van Melderen L., De Aguiar E., Vanderpas J., Vergison A. Pharyngitis in low-resources settings: A pragmatic clinical approach to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use. Pediatrics. 2006;118(6). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/118/6/e1607
110. Steele R., Green S.M., Gill M., Coba V., Oh B. Clinical decision rules for secondary trauma triage: Predictors of emergency operative management. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47(2):135
111. Steinhoff M.C., Abd el Khalek M.K., Khallaf N., et al. Effectiveness of clinical guidelines for the presumptive treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis in Egyptian children. Lancet. 1997;350(9082):918-921 (Pubitemid 27420528)
112. Sun B.C., Hoffman J.R., Mower WR. Evaluation of a modified prediction instrument to identify significant pediatric intracranial injury after blunt head trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49(3):325-332, 332.e321
113. Thacher T.D., Fischer P.R., Pettifor J.M. The usefulness of clinical features to identify active rickets. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2002;22(3):229 -237
114. Van den Bruel A., Aertgeerts B., Bruyninckx R., Aerts M., Buntinx F. Signs and symptoms for diagnosis of serious infections in children: A prospective study in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2007;57(540):538-546 (Pubitemid 47039500)
115. Van den Broek W.T., Van der Ende E.D., Bijnen A.B., Breslau P.J., Gouma D.J. Which children could benefit from additional diagnostic tools in case of suspected appendicitis? J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39(4):570-574 (Pubitemid 38500379)
116. Webster A.P., Goodacre S., Walker D., Burke D. How do clinical features help identify paediatric patients with fractures following blunt wrist trauma? Emerg Med J. 2006;23(5):354-357 (Pubitemid 44295288)
117. Young Infants Clinical Signs Study Group. Clinical signs that predict severe illness in children under age 2 months: A multicentre study. Lancet. 2008;371(9607):135-142
118. Yen K., Riegert A., Gorelick M.H. Derivation of the DIVA score: A clinical prediction rule for the identification of children with difficult intravenous access. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(3):143-147 (Pubitemid 351416868)
119. Ayoola O.O., Adeyemo A.A., Osinusi K. Predictors of bacteraemia among febrile infants in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Health Popul Nutr. 2002;20(3):223-229 (Pubitemid 35331668)
120. Baqui A.H., Arifeen S.E., Rosen H.E., et al. Community-based validation of assessment of newborn illnesses by trained community health workers in Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Trop Med Int Health. 2009;14(12):1448-1456
121. Bhatt M., Joseph L., Ducharme F.M., Dougherty G., McGillivray D. Prospective validation of the pediatric appendicitis score in a Canadian pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(7):591-596
122. Bonadio W.A., Hagen E., Rucka J., Shallow K., Stommel P., Smith D. Efficacy of a protocol to distinguish risk of serious bacterial infection in the outpatient evaluation of febrile young infants. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1993;32(7):401-404 (Pubitemid 23215369)
123. Friedman M.J., Attia M.W. Clinical predictors of influenza in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(4):391-394 (Pubitemid 38451569)
124. Gravel J., Hedrei P., Grimard G., Gouin S. Prospective validation and head-to-head comparison of 3 ankle rules in a pediatric population. Ann Emerg Med. 2009;54(4):534-540.e531
125. Holmes J.F., Mao A., Awasthi S., McGahan J.P., Wisner D.H., Kuppermann N. Validation of a prediction rule for the identification of children with intra-abdominal injuries after blunt torso trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 2009;54(4):528-533
126. Horwood C., Liebeschuetz S., Blaauw D., Cassol S., Qazi S. Diagnosis of paediatric HIV infection in a primary health care setting with a clinical algorithm. Bull World Health Org. 2003;81(12):858-866 (Pubitemid 38095335)
127. Kuppermann N., Fleisher G.R., Jaffe D.M. Predictors of occult pneumococcal bacteremia in young febrile children. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31(6):679-687 (Pubitemid 28252622)
128. Lacour A.G., Zamora S.A., Gervaix A. A score identifying serious bacterial infections in children with fever without source. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27(7):654-656
129. Muhe L., Oljira B., Degefu H., Enquesellassie F., Weber M.W. Clinical algorithm for malaria during low and high transmission seasons. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81(3):216-220 (Pubitemid 29398381)
130. Mwangi T.W., Mohammed M., Dayo H., Snow R.W., Marsh K. Clinical algorithms for malaria diagnosis lack utility among people of different age groups. Trop Med Int Health. 2005;10(6):530-536 (Pubitemid 40806658)
131. Nandi S., Kumar R., Ray P., Vohra H., Ganguly N.K. Clinical score card for diagnosis of group A streptococcal sore throat. Indian J Pediatr. 2002;69(6):471-475
132. Narayan S., Mahadevan S., Serane V.T. Keith Edwards score for diagnosis of tuberculosis. Indian J Pediatr. 2003;70(6):467-469 (Pubitemid 36834614)
133. Olaleye B.O., Williams L.A., D'Alessandro U., et al. Clinical predictors of malaria in Gambian children with fever or a history of fever. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998;92(3):300-304 (Pubitemid 28286930)
134. Osmond M.H., Klassen T.P., Wells G.A., et al Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) Head Injury Study Group. CATCH: A clinical decision rule for the use of computed tomography in children with minor head injury. CMAJ. 182(4):341-348
135. Van der Schouw Y.T., Van der Velden M.T., Hitge-Boetes C., Verbeek A.L., Ruijs S.H. Diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: Value of sonography when used in conjunction with clinical findings and laboratory data. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;163(4):905-909 (Pubitemid 24313157)
136. Slap G.B., Forke C.M., Cnaan A., et al. Recognition of tubo-ovarian abscess in adolescents with pelvic inflammatory disease. J Adolesc Health. 1996;18(6):397-403 (Pubitemid 26192815)
137. Truong T.H., Beyene J., Hitzler J., et al. Features at presentation predict children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia at low risk for tumor lysis syndrome. Cancer. 2007;110(8):1832-1839 (Pubitemid 47557309)
138. Tuerlinckx D., Bodart E., Jamart J., Glupczynski Y. Prediction of Lyme meningitis based on a logistic regression model using clinical and cerebrospinal fluid analysis: A European study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(5):394-397
139. Viccellio P., Simon H., Pressman B.D., et al NEXUS Group. A prospective multicenter study of cervical spine injury in children. Pediatrics. 2001;108(2). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/108/2/e20
140. Wald E.R., Green M.D., Schwartz B., Barbadora K. A streptococcal score card revisited. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1998;14(2):109-111 (Pubitemid 28185856)
141. Yacoub S., Mohammed M.J., Ramsan M., Albonico M. Clinical predictors of malaria and other febrile illnesses in children under five on Pemba Island, Tanzania. Trop Doct. 2005;35(2):78-81 (Pubitemid 40863138)
142. Yilmaz H.L., Yildizdas R.D., Alparslan N., Ozcan K., Yaman A., Kibar F. Screening tools for bacteraemia in a selected population of febrile children. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2008;37(3):192-199 (Pubitemid 351547780)
143. Bailey B., Gravel J., Goldman R.D., Friedman J.N., Parkin P.C. External validation of the clinical dehydration scale for children with acute gastroenteritis. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17(6):583-588
144. Joachim L., Campos D. Jr, Smeesters P.R. Pragmatic scoring system for pharyngitis in low-resource settings. Pediatrics. 2010; 126(3). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/126/3/e608
145. Gana J.C., Turner D., Roberts E.A., Ling S.C. Derivation of a clinical prediction rule for the noninvasive diagnosis of varices in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010;50(2):188-193
146. Bilkis M.D., Gorgal N., Carbone M., et al. Validation and development of a clinical prediction rule in clinically suspected community-acquired pneumonia. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2010;26(6):399-405
147. Anwar M., Ahmad A., Ahmad F., Mazhar A. Modified Kenneth Jones criteria for diagnosing tuberculous meningitis in children. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2010;20(4):258-261
148. Bin S.S., Schutzman S.A., Greenes D.S. Validation of a clinical score to predict skull fracture in head-injured infants. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2010;26(9):633-639
149. Dubos F., Korczowski B., Aygun D.A., et al. Distinguishing between bacterial and aseptic meningitis in children: European comparison of two clinical decision rules. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95(12):963-967
150. Prasarnphanich T. The accuracy of clinical diagnosis of influenza in Thai children. J Pediatr Infect Dis. 2010;5(2):155-159
151. Houben M.L., Bont L., Wilbrink B., et al. Clinical prediction rule for RSV bronchiolitis in healthy newborns: Prognostic birth cohort study. Pediatrics. 2011;127(1):35-41
152. Sultan J., Hughes P.J. Septic arthritis or transient synovitis of the hip in children: The value of clinical prediction algorithms. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92(9):1289-1293
153. Whiting P., Rutjes A.W., Reitsma J.B., Bossuyt P.M., Kleijnen J. The development of QUADAS: A tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2003;3:25
154. Whiting P.F., Weswood M.E., Rutjes A.W., Reitsma J.B., Bossuyt P.N., Kleijnen J. Evaluation of QUADAS, a tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006;6:9
155. Bossuyt P.M., Reitsma J.B., Bruns D.E., et al. Toward complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: The STARD initiative. Acad Radiol. 2003;10(6):664-669 (Pubitemid 36628915)
156. Moss M., Wellman D.A., Cotsonis G.A. An appraisal of multivariable logistic models in the pulmonary and critical care literature. Chest. 2003;123(3):923-928 (Pubitemid 36315510)
157. Ciampi A., Chang C.H., Hogg S., McKinney S. Recursive partitioning: A versatile method for exploratory data analysis in biostatistics. In: MacNeill I, Umphrey G, eds. Time Series and Econometric Modelling/Biostatistics. Boston, MA: D. Reidel Publishing Co; 1987:23-50
158. Brenner D.J., Hall E.J. Computed tomography: An increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(22):2277-2284 (Pubitemid 350190758)
159. Smith-Bindman R. Is computed tomography safe? N Engl J Med. 2010;363(1):1-4
160. Guyatt G., Cook D., Haynes B. Evidence based medicine has come a long way. BMJ. 2004;329(7473):990-991 (Pubitemid 39486247)
161. Kon A. The shared decision-making continuum. JAMA. 2010;304(8):903
162. O'Connor A.M., Legare F., Stacey D. Risk communication in practice: The contribution of decision aids. BMJ. 2003;327(7417):736-740 (Pubitemid 37176762)
163. Stiell I.G., Greenberg G.H., McKnight R.D., Nair R.C., McDowell I., Worthington J.R. A study to develop clinical decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21(4):384-390
164. Stiell I.G., Wells G.A., Vandemheen K., et al. The Canadian CT head rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet. 2001;357(9266):1391-1396