Development and validation of a multivariable predictive model to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis in children in the post-Haemophilus influenzae era

Pediatrics

Volumn 110, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 712-719

  Nigrovic, Lise E ^a   Kuppermann, Nathan ^b   Malley, Richard ^a  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Aseptic meningitis; Bacterial meningitis; Prediction model

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ASEPTIC MENINGITIS; BACTERIAL MENINGITIS; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HUMAN; INFANT; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEVEL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCORING SYSTEM; SEIZURE; VALIDATION PROCESS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BACTERIA; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PROTEINS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; GENTIAN VIOLET; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC; MENINGITIS, BACTERIAL; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NEUTROPHILS; PHENAZINES; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS;

EID: 0036790075     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.110.4.712     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:970-976
2. Syriopoulou V, Daikos GL, Soulis K, et al. Epidemiology of invasive childhood pneumococcal infections in Greece. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2000; 89:30-34
3. Arditi M, Mason EO, Bradley JS, et al. Three-year multicenter surveillance of pneumococcal meningitis in children: clinical characteristics and outcome related to penicillin susceptibility and dexamethasone use. Pediatrics. 1998;102:1087-1097
4. Stanek RJ, Mufson MA. A 20-year epidemiological study of pneumococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:1265-1272
5. Malley R, Inkelis SH, Coelho P, Huskins WC, Kuppermann N. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and prognosis in invasive meningococcal disease in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17:855-859
6. Wald ER, Kaplan SL, Mason EO, et al. Dexamethasone therapy for children with bacterial meningitis. Pediatrics. 1995;95:21-28
7. Marton KI, Gean AD. The spinal tap: a new look at an old test. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104:840-848
8. Hristeva L, Bowler I, Booy R, King A, Wilkinson AR. Value of cerebrospinal fluid examination in the diagnosis of meningitis of the newborn. Arch Dis Child. 1993;69:514-517
9. Sato Y, Ohta Y, Honda Y, Kaji M, Oizumi K. Diagnostic value of atypical lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid from adults with enteroviral meningitis. J Neurol. 1998;245:598-602
10. Baker RC, Lenane AM. The predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid differential cytology in meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989;8:329-330
11. Negrini B, Kelleher KJ, Wald ER. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aseptic versus bacterial meningitis. Pediatrics. 2000;105:316-319
12. Berkley JA, Mwangi I, Ngetsa CJ, et al. Diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis at a district hospital in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet. 2001;357: 1753-1757
13. Freedman SB, Marrocco A, Pirie J, Dick PT. Predictors of bacterial meningitis in the era after Haemophilus influenzae. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:1301-1310
14. Dunbar SA, Eason RA, Musher DM, Clarridge JE. Microscopic examination and broth culture of cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis of meningitis. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:1617-1620
15. Garty BZ, Berliner S, Liberman E, Danon YL. Cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte aggregation in meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16:647-651
16. Michelow I, Nicol M, Tiemessen C, Chezzi C, Pettifor J. Value of cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte aggregation in distinguishing the cause of meningitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:66-72
17. Bailey EM, Domenico P, Cunha BA. Bacterial or viral meningitis? Measuring CSF lactate in CSF can help you know quickly. Postgrad Med. 1990;88:217-223
18. Controni G, Rodriquez WJ, Hicks JM, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid levels in meningitis. J Pediatr. 1977;91:379-384
19. Leib SL, Bosacci R, Gratzl O, Zimmerli W. Predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate level versus CSF/blood glucose ratio for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis following neurosurgery. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:69-74
20. Schwarz S, Bertram M, Schwab S, Andrassy K, Hacke W. Serum procalcitonin levels in bacterial and abacterial meningitis. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:1828-1832
21. Gendrel D, Raymond J, Assicot M, et al. Measurement of procalcitonin levels in children with bacterial or viral meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:1240-1242
22. Viallon A, Zeni F, Lambert C, et al. High sensitivity and specificity of serum procalcitonin levels in adults with bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:1313-1316
23. Hansson LO, Axelsson G, Linne T, Aurelius E, Lindquist L. Serum C-reactive protein in the differential diagnosis of acute meningitis. Scand J Infect Dis. 1993;25:625-630
24. Lembo RM, Marchant CD. Acute phase reactants and risk of bacterial meningitis among febrile infants and children. Ann Emerg Med. 1991; 20:36-40
25. Dulkerian S, Kilpatrick L, Costarin AT, et al. Cytokine elevation in infants with bacterial and aseptic meningitis. J Pediatr. 1995;126:872-876
26. López-Cortés LF, Marquez-Arbizu R, Jimenez-Jimenez LM, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 as diagnostic markers of cerebrospinal fluid infection in neurosurgical patients. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:215-219
27. Spanos A, Harrell FE Jr, Durack DT. Differential diagnosis of acute meningitis: an analysis of the predictive value of initial observations. JAMA. 1989;262:2700-2707
28. Barone MA. Laboratory values. In: McMillan JA, DeAngelis CD, Feigin RD, Warshaw JD, eds. Oski's Pediatrics: Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999:2225
29. Strikas RA, Anderson LJ, Parker RA. Temporal and geographic patterns of isolates of nonpolio enteroviruses in the United States, 1970-1983. J Infect Dis. 1986;153:346-351
30. SPSS for Windows. [computer program]. Version Release 7.5.2. Chicago, IL: SPSS, Inc; 1997
31. Stata Statistical Software [computer program]. Version Release 6.0. College Station, TX: StataCorp; 1997
32. Answer Tree [computer program]. Version Release 2.0. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc; 1999
33. Brieman L, Friedman JH, Olshen RA, Stone CJ. Classification and Regression Trees. Washington, DC: Chapman & Hall; 1994
34. Stiell IG, Wells GA. Methologic standards for the development of clinical decision rules in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33: 437-447
35. Black S, Shinefield H, Fireman B, et al. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:187-195
36. Bradley JS, Ching DK, Phillips SE. Outpatient therapy of serious pediatric infections with ceftriaxone. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988;7:160-164
37. Congeni BL, Bradley JS, Hammerschlag MR. Safety and efficacy of once daily ceftriaxone for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1986;5:293-297
38. Laupacis A, Sekar N, Stiell I. Clinical prediction rules: a review and suggested modifications of methodological standards. JAMA. 1997;277: 488-494
39. Bonadio WA, Smith DS, Goddard S, Burroughs J, Khaja C. Distinguishing cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in children with bacterial meningitis and traumatic lumbar punctures. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:251-254
40. Bonadio WA. The cerebrospinal fluid: physiologic aspects and alterations associated with bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992;11: 423-431
41. Eskola J, Kilpi T, Palmu A, et al. Efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:403-409
42. Lipsitch M. Bacterial vaccines and serotype replacement: lessons from Haemophilus influenzae and prospects for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5:336-345
43. Lipsitch M. Interpreting results from trials of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: a statistical test for detecting vaccine-induced increases in carriage of nonvaccine serotypes. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154: 85-92
44. National, state and urban area vaccination coverage levels among children aged 19-35 months-United States, July 1994-June 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1996;45:508-513
45. Breukels MA, Spanjaard L, Sanders LA, Rijkers GT. Immunological characterization of conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine failure in infants. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:1700-1705
46. Heath PT, Booy R, Azzopardi H, et al. Antibody concentration and clinical protection after Hib conjugate vaccination in the United Kingdom. JAMA. 2000;284:2334-2340