Clinical fractures beyond low BMD

International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 411-421

  Geusens, Piet ^a,b   Van Geel, Tineke ^c   Huntjens, Kirsten ^a   Van Helden, Sven ^d   Bours, Sandrine ^a   Van Den Bergh, Joop ^a,e  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b HASSELT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^c MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d Department of Surgery ^*  (Netherlands)

^e VIECURI MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

BMD; bone imaging; bone strength; fracture risk; FRAX

Indexed keywords

GLUCOCORTICOID;

BIOMECHANICS; BONE DENSITOMETRY; BONE DENSITY; BONE RADIOGRAPHY; BONE STRENGTH; BONE STRUCTURE; CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DISEASE SEVERITY; ECHOGRAPHY; FRACTURE; FRACTURE RISK ASSESSMENT TOOL; GARVAN FRACTURE RISK CALCULATOR; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; NOMOGRAM; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSTEOMETRY; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; VERTEBRA FRACTURE;

EID: 80051978798     PISSN: 17584272     EISSN: 17584280     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/ijr.11.30     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Sambrook P, Cooper C. Osteoporosis. Lancet 367(9527), 2010-2018 (2006).Excellent state-of-the-art article.
2. Ismail AA, Pye SR, Cockerill WC et al. Incidence of limb fracture across Europe: Results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). Osteoporos. Int. 13(7), 565-571 (2002).
3. Brauer CA, Coca-Perraillon M, Cutler DM, Rosen AB. Incidence and mortality of hip fractures in the United States. JAMA 302(14), 1573-1579 (2009).
4. Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon DH, Wong JB, King A, Tosteson A. Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025. J. Bone Miner. Res. 22(3), 465-475 (2007).
5. Bliuc D, Nguyen ND, Milch VE, Nguyen TV, Eisman JA, Center JR. Mortality risk associated with low-trauma osteoporotic fracture and subsequent fracture in men and women. JAMA 301(5), 513-521 (2009).Mortality is increased after fracture.
6. Center JR. Bliuc D, Nguyen TV, Eisman JA. Risk of subsequent fracture after low-trauma fracture in men and women. JAMA 297(4), 387-394 (2007).First indications that fractures cluster in time, that is, risk of subsequent fracture is highest at short term.
7. van Geel TA, van Helden S, Geusens PP, Winkens B, Dinant GJ. Clinical subsequent fractures cluster in time after first fractures. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 68(1), 99-102 (2009).Importance of recentness of fracture as risk of subsequent fracture.
8. van Helden S, Cals J, Kessels F, Brink P, Dinant GJ, Geusens P. Risk of new clinical fractures within 2 years following a fracture. Osteoporos. Int. 17(3), 348-354. (2006).
9. Ryg J, Rejnmark L, Overgaard S, Brixen K, Vestergaard P. Hip fracture patients at risk of second hip fracture-a nationwide population-based cohort study of 169,145 cases during 1977-2001. J. Bone Miner. Res. 24(7), 1299-1307 (2009). Largest study on repeat hip fractures.
10. Huntjens KM, Kosar S, van Geel TA et al. Risk of subsequent fracture and mortality within 5 years after a non-vertebral fracture. Osteoporos. Int. 21(12), 2075-2082 (2010).
11. Bouxsein ML. Technology insight: Noninvasive assessment of bone strength in osteoporosis. Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol. 4(6), 310-318 (2008).
12. Lewiecki EM, Borges LM. Bone density testing in clinical practice. Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol. 50(4), 586-595 (2006).
13. Chavassieux P, Seeman E, Delmas PD. Insights into material and structural basis of bone fragility from diseases associated with fractures. How determinants of the biomechanical properties of bone are compromised by disease. Endocr. Rev. 28(2), 151-164 (2007).
14. Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H et al. A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis. Bone 42(3), 467-475 (2008).
15. Siris ES, Chen YT, Abbott TA et al. Bone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent fractures. Arch. Intern. Med. 164(10), 1108-1112 (2004).
16. Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 312(7041), 1254-1259 (1996). Large meta-analysis of the relation between BMD and fracture risk.
17. Schuit SC, van der Klift M, Weel AE et al. Fracture incidence and association with bone mineral density in elderly men and women: The Rotterdam Study. Bone 34(1), 195-202 (2004).
18. Melton LJ, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Wahner HW, Riggs L. Long-term fracture prediction by bone mineral assessed at different skeletal sites. J. Bone Miner. Res. 8(10), 1227-1233 (1993).
19. Stone K, Seeley DG, Lui LY et al. BMD at multiple sites and risk of fracture of multiple types. Long-term fracture prediciton. J. Bone Miner. Res. 18, 12-18 (2003).
20. Kanis JA, Oden A, Johansson H, Borgström F, Ström O, McCloskey E. FRAX and its applications to clinical practice. Bone 44(5), 734-743 (2009). The birth of fracture risk assessment tool and its clinical applications.
21. Lyles KW, Colón-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS et al. Zoledronic acid in reducing clinical fracture and mortality after hip fracture. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 40967 (2007).First study that shows that postfracture mortality can be decreased with bone-directed therapy.
22. Langsetmo L, Goltzman D, Kovacs CS et al. Repeat low-trauma fractures occur frequently among men and women who have osteopenic BMD. J. Bone Miner. Res. 24(9), 1515-1522 (2009).
23. Gallacher SJ Gallagher AP, McQuillian C, Mitchell PJ, Dixon T. The prevalence of vertebral fracture amongst patients presenting with non-vertebral fractures. Osteoporos. Int. 18(2), 185-192 (2007).
24. Bours SP, van Geel TA, Geusens PP et al. Contributors to secondary osteoporosis and metabolic bone diseases in patients presenting with a clinical fracture. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96(5), 1360-1367 (2011).Newly detected contributors to secondary osteoporosis were found in 27% of patients with a recent fracture, in both sexes, at any age, after any fractures (except after finger or toe fractures in men) and at any level of BMD.
25. Cody DD, Gross GJ, Hou FJ, Spencer HJ, Goldstein SA, Fyhrie DP. Femoral strength is better predicted by finite element models than QCT and DXA. J. Biomech. 32(10), 1013-1020 (1999).
26. Hochberg MC, Ross PD, Black D et al. Larger increases in bone mineral density during alendronate therapy are associated with a lower risk of new vertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Arthritis Rheum. 42(6), 1246-1254 (1999).
27. Delmas PD, Seeman E. Changes in bone mineral density explain little of the reduction in vertebral or nonvertebral fracture risk with anti-resorptive therapy. Bone 34(4), 599-604 (2004).
28. Bruyere O, Roux C, Detilleux J et al. Relationship between bone mineral density changes and fracture risk reduction in patients treated with strontium ranelate. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92(8), 3076-3081 (2007).
29. Bouxsein ML, Seeman E. Quantifying the material and structural determinants of bone strength. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 23(6), 741-753 (2009).
30. Bates DW, Black DM, Cummings SR. Clinical use of bone densitometry. Clinical applications. JAMA 288(15), 1898-1900 (2002).
31. Beck TJ, Looker AC, Ruff CB, Sievanen H, Wahner HW. Structural trends in the aging femoral neck and proximal shaft. analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data. J. Bone Miner. Res. 15(12), 2297-2304 (2000).
32. Beck T. Measuring the structural strength of bones with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. principles, technical limitations, and future possibilities. Osteoporos. Int. 14(Suppl. 5), S81-S88 (2003).
33. Faulkner KG, Wacker WK, Barden HS et al. Femur strength index predicts hip fracture independent of bone density and hip axis length. Osteoporosis international a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. Osteoporos. Int. 17(4), 593-599 (2006).
34. Leslie WD, Pahlavan PS, Tsang JF, Lix LM. Prediction of hip and other osteoporotic fractures from hip geometry in a large clinical cohort. Osteoporos. Int. 20(10), 1767-1774 (2009).
35. Ahlborg HG, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TV, Center JR, Eisman JA. Contribution of hip strength indices to hip fracture risk in elderly men and women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20(10), 1820-1827 (2005).
36. Kaptoge S, Beck TJ, Reeve J et al. Prediction of incident hip fracture risk by femur geometry variables measured by hip structural analysis in the study of osteoporotic fractures. J. Bone Miner. Res. 23(12), 1892-1904 (2008).
37. Testi D, Viceconti M, Baruffaldi F et al. Risk of fracture in elderly patients: A new predictive index based on bone mineral density and finite element analysis. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 60(1), 23-33 (1999).
38. Beck TJ, Mourtada FA, Ruff CB et al. Experimental testing of a DEXA-derived curved beam model of the proximal femur. J. Orthop. Res. 16(3), 394-398 (1998).
39. Testi D, Viceconti M, Cappello A, Gnudi S. Prediction of hip fracture can be significantly improved by a single biomedical indicator. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 30(6), 801-807 (2002).
40. Yang Q, Khoury MJ, Friedman JM et al. On the use of population attributable fraction to determine sample size for case-control studies of gene-environment interaction. Epidemiology 14(2), 161-167 (2003).
41. Mueller TL, Stauber M, Kohler T, Eckstein F, Müller R, van Lenthe GH. Non-invasive bone competence analysis by high-resolution pQCT. An in vitro reproducibility study on structural and mechanical properties at the human radius. Bone 44(2), 364-371 (2009).
42. Wang Q, Teo JW, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Seeman E. Women and men with hip fractures have a longer femoral neck moment arm and greater impact load in a sideways fall. Osteoporos. Int. 20(7), 1151-1156 (2009).
43. Ahmad O, Ramamurthi K, Wilson KE, Engelke K, Prince RL, Taylor RH. Volumetric DXA (VXA). A new method to extract 3D information from multiple in vivo DXA images. J. Bone Miner. Res. 25(12), 2468-2475 (2010).
44. Lewiecki EM. Bone densitometry and vertebral fracture assessment. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 8(3), 123-130 (2010).
45. Delmas PD, Genant HK, Crans GG et al. Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: Results from the MORE trial. Bone 33(4), 522-532 (2003).
46. Pongchaiyakul C, Nguyen ND, Jones G, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Asymptomatic vertebral deformity as a major risk factor for subsequent fractures and mortality. a long-term prospective study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20(8), 1349-1355 (2005).
47. Njeh CF, Genant HK. Evaluation of a gel-coupled QUS device. Osteoporos. Int. 11(8), 726 2000
48. Chappard C, Brunet-Imbault B, Lemineur G et al. Anisotropy changes in post-menopausal osteoporosis. characterization by a new index applied to trabecular bone radiographic images. Osteoporos. Int. 16(10), 1193-1202 (2005).
49. Apostol L, Boudousq V, Basset O et al. Relevance of 2D radiographic texture analysis for the assessment of 3D bone micro-architecture. Med. Phys. 33(9), 3546-3556 (2006).
50. Vokes TJ, Giger ML, Chinander MR, Karrison TG, Favus MJ, Dixon LB. Radiographic texture analysis of densitometer-generated calcaneus images differentiates postmenopausal women with and without fractures. Osteoporos. Int. 17(10), 1472-1482 (2006).
51. Lespessailles E, Gadois C, Kousignian I et al. Clinical interest of bone texture analysis in osteoporosis. a case control multicenter study. Osteoporos. Int. 19(7), 1019-1028 (2008).
52. Baker-LePain JC, Luker KR, Lynch JA, Parimi N, Nevitt MC, Lane NE. Active shape modeling of the hip in the prediction of incident hip fracture. J. Bone Miner. Res. 26(3), 468-474 (2011).
53. Keaveny TM, Bouxsein ML. Theoretical implications of the biomechanical fracture threshold. J. Bone Miner. Res. 23(10), 1541-1547 (2008).
54. Lewiecki EM, Keaveny TM, Kopperdahl DL et al. Once-monthly oral ibandronate improves biomechanical determinants of bone strength in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94(1), 171-180 (2009).
55. Bousson VD, Adams J, Engelke K et al. In vivo discrimination of hip fracture with quantitative computed tomography. Results from the prospective European Femur Fracture Study (EFFECT). J. Bone Miner. Res. 26(4), 881-893 (2011).
56. Ulrich D, van Rietbergen B, Laib A, Rüegsegger P. The ability of three-dimensional structural indices to reflect mechanical aspects of trabecular bone. Bone 25(1), 55-60 (1999).Demonstrates how bone strength can be calculated from bone structure indices.
57. Crawford RP, Cann CE, Keaveny TM. Finite element models predict in vitro vertebral body compressive strength better than quantitative computed tomography. Bone 33(4), 744-750 (2003).
58. Keaveny TM, Donley DW, Hoffmann PF, Mitlak BH, Glass EV, San Martin JA. Effects of teriparatide and alendronate on vertebral strength as assessed by finite element modeling of QCT scans in women with osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 22(1), 149-157 (2007).
59. Graeff C, Chevalier Y, Charlebois M et al. Improvements in vertebral body strength under teriparatide treatment assessed in vivo by finite element analysis. results from the EUROFORS study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 24(10), 1672-1680 (2009).
60. Macneil JA, Boyd SK. Bone strength at the distal radius can be estimated from high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography and the finite element method. Bone 42(6), 1203-1213 (2008).
61. Liu XS, Cohen A, Shane E et al. Individual trabeculae segmentation (ITS)-based morphological analyses of high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography images detect abnormal trabecular plate and rod microarchitecture in premenopausal women with idiopathic osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 25 (7), 1496-1505 (2010).
62. Nishiyama KK, Macdonald HM, Buie HR, Hanley DA, Boyd SK. Postmenopausal women with osteopenia have higher cortical porosity and thinner cortices at the distal radius and tibia than women with normal aBMD. An In vivo HR-pQCT study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 25(4), 882-890 (2010).
63. Vilayphiou N, Boutroy S, Sornay-Rendu E et al. Finite element analysis performed on radius and tibia HR-pQCT images and fragility fractures at all sites in postmenopausal women. Bone 46(4), 1030-1037 (2010).
64. Mueller D, Link TM, Monetti R et al. The 3D-based scaling index algorithm. A new structure measure to analyze trabecular bone architecture in high-resolution MR images in vivo. Osteoporos. Int. 17(10), 1483-1493 (2006).
65. Pulkkinen P, Jämsä T, Lochmüller EM et al. Experimental hip fracture load can be predicted from plain radiography by combined analysis of trabecular bone structure and bone geometry. Osteoporos. Int. 19(4), 547-558 (2008).
66. Bauer DC, Ewing SK, Cauley JA et al. Quantitative ultrasound predicts hip and non-spine fracture in men: The MrOS study. Osteoporos. Int. 18(6), 771-777 (2007).
67. Pluijm SM, Graafmans WC, Bouter LM, Lips P. Ultrasound measurements for the prediction of osteoporotic fractures in elderly people. Osteoporos. Int. 9(6), 550-556 (1999).
68. Khaw KT, Reeve J, Luben R et al. Prediction of total and hip fracture risk in men and women by quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus: EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Lancet 363(9404), 197-202 (2004).
69. Gluer CC, Cummings SR, Bauer DC et al. Osteoporosis: Association of recent fractures with quantitative US findings. Radiology 199(3), 725-732 (1996).
70. Njeh CF, Boivin CM, and Langton CM. The role of ultrasound in the assessment of osteoporosis. A review. Osteoporos. Int. 7(1), 7-22. (1997).
71. Dargent Molina P, Favier F, Grandjean H et al. Fall-related factors and risk of hip fracture: The EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet 348(9021), 145-149 (1996).
72. Saag KG, Geusens P. Progress in osteoporosis and fracture prevention. Focus on postmenopausal women. Arthritis Res. Ther. 11(5), 251 (2009).
73. Nguyen ND, Frost SA, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Development of prognostic nomograms for individualizing 5-year and 10-year fracture risks. Osteoporos. Int. 19(10), 1431-1444 (2008).
74. Berry SD, Miller RR. Falls. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and relationship to fracture. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 6(4), 149-154 (2008).
75. Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC et al. Frailty and risk of falls, fracture, and mortality in older women: The study of osteoporotic fractures. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 62(7), 744-751 (2007).
76. Robbin, J, Aragaki AK, Kooperberg C et al. Factors associated with 5-year risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. JAMA 298(20), 2389-2398 (2007).
77. Sandhu SK, Nguyen ND, Center JR, Pocock NA, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Prognosis of fracture. Evaluation of predictive accuracy of the FRAX algorithm and Garvan nomogram. Osteoporos. Int. 21(5), 863-871 (2010).
78. Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, Rubenstein LZ. Will my patient fall? JAMA 297(1), 77-86 (2007).
79. van Geel TAC, Nguyen ND, Center JR, Pocock NA, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Individualizing fracture risk prediction. Maturitas 65(2), 143-148 (2010).
80. van Geel TA, Nguyen ND, Geusens PP et al. Development of a simple prognostic nomogram for individualising 5-year and 10-year absolute risks of fracture: A population-based prospective study among postmenopausal women. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70(1), 92-97 (2011).
81. van Staa TP, Geusens P, Pols HA, de Laet C, Leufkens HG, Cooper C. A simple score for estimating the long-term risk of fracture in patients using oral glucocorticoids. QJM 98(3), 191-198 (2005).