Association analyses of MAOA in Chinese Han subjects with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Family-based association test, case-control study, and quantitative traits of impulsivity

American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics

Volumn 156, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 737-748

  Liu, Lu ^a,b   Guan, Li Li ^a,b   Chen, Yun ^a,b   Ji, Ning ^a,b   Li, Hai Mei ^a,b   Li, Ze Hua ^a,b   Qian, Qiu Jin ^a,b   Yang, Li ^a,b   Glatt, Stephen J ^c   Faraone, Stephen V ^c   Wang, Yu Feng ^a,b  

^a PEKING UNIVERSITY SIXTH HOSPITAL   (China)

^b PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c SUNY UPSTATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

ADHD; Endophenotype; Impulsivity; MAOA; Subtype

Indexed keywords

AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING) ISOENZYME A;

ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHINESE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GENDER; GENE LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENOTYPE; HOMOZYGOSITY; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT; RATING SCALE; SCORING SYSTEM; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TASK PERFORMANCE;

ADOLESCENT; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD; CHINA; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENOTYPE; HAPLOTYPES; HUMANS; IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR; MALE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; PHENOTYPE; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; STROOP TEST;

EID: 80051576329     PISSN: 15524841     EISSN: 1552485X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31217     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Appelbaum LG, Meyerhoff KL, Woldorff MG. 2009. Priming and backward influences in the human brain: Processing interactions during the stroop interference effect. Cereb Cortex 19(11): 2508-2521.
2. Bach AW, Lan NC, Johnson DL, Abell CW, Bembenek ME, Kwan SW, Seeburg PH, Shih JC. 1988. cDNA cloning of human liver monoamine oxidase A and B: Molecular basis of differences in enzymatic properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85(13): 4934-4938.
3. Barkley R. 1998. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical workbook, 2nd edition. New York: Guilford. pp 39-55.
4. Barkley RA. 1997. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull 121(1): 65-94.
5. Barrett JC, Fry B, Maller J, Daly MJ. 2005. Haploview: Analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps. Bioinformatics 21(2): 263-265.
6. Bevilacqua L, Doly S, Kaprio J, Yuan Q, Tikkanen R, Paunio T, Zhou Z, Wedenoja J, Maroteaux L, Diaz S., et al. 2010. A population-specific HTR2B stop codon predisposes to severe impulsivity. Nature 468(7327): 1061-1066.
7. Biederman J, Steingard R. 1991. Pediatric psychopharmacology. In: Gelenberg AJ, Bassuk EL, Schoonover SC, editors. The practitioner's guide to psychoactive drugs, 3rd edition. New York: Plenum Medical Book Company. pp 341-388.
8. Biederman J, Kim JW, Doyle AE, Mick E, Fagerness J, Smoller JW, Faraone SV. 2008a. Sexually dimorphic effects of four genes (COMT, SLC6A2, MAOA, SLC6A4) in genetic associations of ADHD: A preliminary study. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B(8): 1511-1518.
9. Biederman J, Petty CR, Fried R, Black S, Faneuil A, Doyle AE, Seidman LJ, Faraone SV. 2008b. Discordance between psychometric testing and questionnaire-based definitions of executive function deficits in individuals with ADHD. J Atten Disord 12(1): 92-102.
10. Biederman J, Spencer T. 1999. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a noradrenergic disorder. Biol Psychiatr 46(9): 1234-1242.
11. Boonstra AM, Kooij JJ, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK. 2010. To act or not to act, that's the problem: Primarily inhibition difficulties in adult ADHD. Neuropsychology 24(2): 209-221.
12. Brookes K, Xu X, Chen W, Zhou K, Neale B, Lowe N, Anney R, Franke B, Gill M, Ebstein R., et al. 2006. The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes. Mol Psychiatr 11(10): 934-953.
13. Brunner HG, Nelen M, Breakefield XO, Ropers HH, van Oost BA. 1993. Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science 262(5133): 578-580.
14. Burden MJ, Jacobson JL, Westerlund A, Lundahl LH, Morrison A, Dodge NC, Klorman R, Nelson CA, Avison MJ, Jacobson SW. 2010. An event-related potential study of response inhibition in ADHD with and without prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 34(4): 617-627.
15. Cases O, Seif I, Grimsby J, Gaspar P, Chen K, Pournin S, Muller U, Aguet M, Babinet C, Shih JC. et al. 1995. Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science 268(5218): 1763-1766.
16. Chan RC, Wang L, Ye J, Leung WW, Mok MY. 2008a. A psychometric study of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children in the Chinese setting. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 23(4): 455-466.
17. Chan RC, Wang Y, Ma Z, Hong XH, Yuan Y, Yu X, Li Z, Shum D, Gong QY. 2008b. Objective measures of prospective memory do not correlate with subjective complaints in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 103(1-3): 229-239.
18. Cho SC, Kim JW, Kim BN, Hwang JW, Park M, Kim SA, Cho DY, Yoo HJ, Chung US, Son JW., et al. 2008. Possible association of the alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor gene with response time variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B(6): 957-963.
19. Christiansen H, Oades RD. 2010. Negative priming within a stroop task in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, their siblings, and independent controls. J Atten Disord 13(5): 497-504.
20. Crundwell R. 2005. An initial investigation of the impact of self-regulation and emotionality on behavior problems in children with ADHD. Can J Sch Psychol 20: 62-74.
21. Das M, Bhowmik AD, Sinha S, Chattopadhyay A, Chaudhuri K, Singh M, Mukhopadhyay K. 2006. MAOA promoter polymorphism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in indian children. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141B(6): 637-642.
22. Deckert J, Catalano M, Syagailo YV, Bosi M, Okladnova O, Di Bella D, Nothen MM, Maffei P, Franke P, Fritze J., et al. 1999. Excess of high activity monoamine oxidase A gene promoter alleles in female patients with panic disorder. Hum Mol Genet 8(4): 621-624.
23. Domschke K, Sheehan K, Lowe N, Kirley A, Mullins C, O'Sullivan R, Freitag C, Becker T, Conroy J, Fitzgerald M., et al. 2005. Association analysis of the monoamine oxidase A and B genes with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in an Irish sample: Preferential transmission of the MAO-A 941G allele to affected children. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet 134B(1): 110-114.
24. Doyle AE, Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Willcutt EG, Nigg JT, Waldman ID, Pennington BF, Peart J, Biederman J. 2005a. Are endophenotypes based on measures of executive functions useful for molecular genetic studies of ADHD? J Child Psychol Psychiatr 46(7): 774-803.
25. Doyle AE, Willcutt EG, Seidman LJ, Biederman J, Chouinard VA, Silva J, Faraone SV. 2005b. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder endophenotypes. Biol Psychiatr 57(11): 1324-1335.
26. Draeger S, Prior M, Sanson A. 1986. Visual and auditory attention performance in hyperactive children: Competence or compliance. J Abnorm Child Psychol 14(3): 411-424.
27. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Friedman D. 2000. Validity of DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A family study perspective. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 39(3): 300-307.
28. Faraone SV, Mick E. 2010. Molecular genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 33(1): 159-180.
29. Friedman SR, Rapport LJ, Lumley M, Tzelepis A, VanVoorhis A, Stettner L, Kakaati L. 2003. Aspects of social and emotional competence in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 17(1): 50-58.
30. Genro JP, Kieling C, Rohde LA, Hutz MH. 2010. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the dopaminergic hypotheses. Expert Rev Neurother 10(4): 587-601.
31. Gioia GA, Isquith PK, Guy SC, Kenworthy L. 2000. Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Child Neuropsychol 6(3): 235-238.
32. Gong Y, Cai T. 1993. Chinese-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Hunan, China: Map Press.
33. Gottesman II, Gould TD. 2003. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: Etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatr 160(4): 636-645.
34. Guan L, Wang B, Chen Y, Yang L, Li J, Qian Q, Wang Z, Faraone SV, Wang Y. 2009. A high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism screen of 23 candidate genes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Suggesting multiple susceptibility genes among Chinese Han population. Mol Psychiatr 14(5): 546-554.
35. Guimaraes AP, Zeni C, Polanczyk GV, Genro JP, Roman T, Rohde LA, Hutz MH. 2007. Serotonin genes and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a Brazilian sample: Preferential transmission of the HTR2A 452His allele to affected boys. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144B(1): 69-73.
36. Herba CM, Tranah T, Rubia K, Yule W. 2006. Conduct problems in adolescence: Three domains of inhibition and effect of gender. Dev Neuropsychol 30(2): 659-695.
37. Homack S, Riccio CA. 2004. A meta-analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of the Stroop Color and Word Test with children. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 19(6): 725-743.
38. Huang YY, Cate SP, Battistuzzi C, Oquendo MA, Brent D, Mann JJ. 2004. An association between a functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase a gene promoter, impulsive traits and early abuse experiences. Neuropsychopharmacology 29(8): 1498-1505.
39. Jiang S, Xin R, Lin S, Qian Y, Tang G, Wang D, Wu X. 2001. Linkage studies between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the monoamine oxidase genes. Am J Med Genet 105(8): 783-788.
40. Kaplan O, Lubow RE. 2011. Ignoring irrelevant stimuli in latent inhibition and Stroop paradigms: The effects of schizotypy and gender. Psychiatr Res 186(1): 40-45.
41. Kieling C, Genro JP, Hutz MH, Rohde LA. 2008. The -1021 C/T DBH polymorphism is associated with neuropsychological performance among children and adolescents with ADHD. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B(4): 485-490.
42. Kopp CB. 1989. Regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental view. Developmental Psychology 25(3): 343-354.
43. Lawson DC, Turic D, Langley K, Pay HM, Govan CF, Norton N, Hamshere ML, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Thapar A. 2003. Association analysis of monoamine oxidase A and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet 116B(1): 84-89.
44. Li J, Wang Y, Hu S, Zhou R, Yu X, Wang B, Guan L, Yang L, Zhang F, Faraone SV. 2008. The monoamine oxidase B gene exhibits significant association to ADHD. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147(3): 370-374.
45. Li J, Wang Y, Zhou R, Zhang H, Yang L, Wang B, Khan S, Faraone SV. 2005. Serotonin 5-HT1B receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese Han subjects. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet 132B(1): 59-63.
46. Linder N, Kroyzer N, Maeir A, Wertman-Elad R, Pollak Y. 2010. Do ADHD and executive dysfunctions, measured by the hebrew version of Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF), completely overlap? Child Neuropsychol 16(5): 494-502.
47. Lipszyc J, Schachar R. 2010. Inhibitory control and psychopathology: A meta-analysis of studies using the stop signal task. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 16(6): 1064-1076.
48. Livak KJ. 1999. Allelic discrimination using fluorogenic probes and the 5' nuclease assay. Genet Anal 14(5-6): 143-149.
49. Manor I, Tyano S, Mel E, Eisenberg J, Bachner-Melman R, Kotler M, Ebstein RP. 2002. Family-based and association studies of monoamine oxidase A and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Preferential transmission of the long promoter-region repeat and its association with impaired performance on a continuous performance test (TOVA). Mol Psychiatr 7(6): 626-632.
50. Manuck SB, Flory JD, Ferrell RE, Mann JJ, Muldoon MF. 2000. A regulatory polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase-A gene may be associated with variability in aggression, impulsivity, and central nervous system serotonergic responsivity. Psychiatr Res 95(1): 9-23.
51. Nigg JT, Willcutt EG, Doyle AE, Sonuga-Barke EJ. 2005. Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biol Psychiatr 57(11): 1224-1230.
52. Nikolas MA, Burt SA. 2010. Genetic and environmental influences on ADHD symptom dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity: A meta-analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 119(1): 1-17.
53. Oades RD. 2007. Role of the serotonin system in ADHD: Treatment implications. Expert Rev Neurother 7(10): 1357-1374.
54. Oades RD, Lasky-Su J, Christiansen H, Faraone SV, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Banaschewski T, Chen W, Anney RJ, Buitelaar JK, Ebstein RP, et al. 2008. The influence of serotonin- and other genes on impulsive behavioral aggression and cognitive impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Findings from a family-based association test (FBAT) analysis. Behav Brain Funct 4: 48.
55. Passamonti L, Fera F, Magariello A, Cerasa A, Gioia MC, Muglia M, Nicoletti G, Gallo O, Provinciali L, Quattrone A. 2006. Monoamine oxidase-a genetic variations influence brain activity associated with inhibitory control: New insight into the neural correlates of impulsivity. Biol Psychiatr 59(4): 334-340.
56. Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES. 1995. Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J Clin Psychol 51(6): 768-774.
57. Qian Q, Wang Y, Zhou R, Li J, Wang B, Glatt S, Faraone SV. 2003. Family-based and case-control association studies of catechol-O-methyltransferase in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder suggest genetic sexual dimorphism. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet 118B(1): 103-109.
58. Qian QJ, Liu J, Wang YF, Yang L, Guan LL, Faraone SV. 2009. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder comorbid oppositional defiant disorder and its predominately inattentive type: Evidence for an association with COMT but not MAOA in a Chinese sample. Behav Brain Funct 5: 8.
59. Qian Y, Shuai L, Cao Q, Chan RC, Wang Y. 2010. Do executive function deficits differentiate between children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder? A cross-cultural study using performance-based tests and the behavior rating inventory of executive function. Clin Neuropsychol 24(5): 793-810.
60. Qian Y, Wang YF. 2007. [Reliability and validity of behavior rating scale of executive function parent form for school age children in China]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao 39(3): 277-283.
61. Rasmussen ER, Neuman RJ, Heath AC, Levy F, Hay DA, Todd RD. 2004. Familial clustering of latent class and DSM-IV defined attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 45(3): 589-598.
62. Reif A, Kiive E, Kurrikoff T, Paaver M, Herterich S, Konstabel K, Tulviste T, Lesch KP, Harro J. 2010. A functional NOS1 promoter polymorphism interacts with adverse environment on functional and dysfunctional impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 214(1): 239-248.
63. Ribases M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Hervas A, Bosch R, Bielsa A, Gastaminza X, Artigas J, Rodriguez-Ben S, Estivill X, Casas M., et al. 2009. Exploration of 19 serotoninergic candidate genes in adults and children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identifies association for 5HT2A, DDC and MAOB. Mol Psychiatr 14(1): 71-85.
64. Roman T, Polanczyk GV, Zeni C, Genro JP, Rohde LA, Hutz MH. 2006. Further evidence of the involvement of alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRA2A) in inattentive dimensional scores of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatr 11(1): 8-10.
65. Rommelse NN, Altink ME, Arias-Vasquez A, Buschgens CJ, Fliers E, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J, Franke B. 2008a. Differential association between MAOA, ADHD and neuropsychological functioning in boys and girls. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B(8): 1524-1530.
66. Rommelse N, Altink ME, Martin NC, Buschgens CJ, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J. 2008b. Relationship between endophenotype and phenotype in ADHD. Behav Brain Funct 4: 4.
67. Rommelse NN, Arias-Vasquez A, Altink ME, Buschgens CJ, Fliers E, Asherson P, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J., et al. 2008c. Neuropsychological endophenotype approach to genome-wide linkage analysis identifies susceptibility loci for ADHD on 2q21.1 and 13q12.11. Am J Hum Genet 83(1): 99-105.
68. Rommelse NN, Altink ME, Fliers EA, Martin NC, Buschgens CJ, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J. 2009. Comorbid problems in ADHD: Degree of association, shared endophenotypes, and formation of distinct subtypes. Implications for a future DSM. J Abnorm Child Psychol 37(6): 793-804.
69. Rubinstein S, Malone MA, Roberts W, Logan WJ. 2006. Placebo-controlled study examining effects of selegiline in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 16(4): 404-415.
70. Sabol SZ, Hu S, Hamer D. 1998. A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter. Hum Genet 103(3): 273-279.
71. Seidman LJ, Biederman J, Valera EM, Monuteaux MC, Doyle AE, Faraone SV. 2006. Neuropsychological functioning in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without learning disabilities. Neuropsychology 20(2): 166-177.
72. Sergeant JA, Geurts H, Oosterlaan J. 2002. How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Behav Brain Res 130(1-2): 3-28.
73. Shang CY, Gau SS, Liu CM, Hwu HG. 2010. Association between the dopamine transporter gene and the inattentive subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwan. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr 35(2): 421-428.
74. Shuai L, Chan RC, Wang Y. 2011. Executive function profile of chinese boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Different subtypes and comorbidity. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 26(2): 120-132.
75. Sims KB, de la Chapelle A, Norio R, Sankila EM, Hsu YP, Rinehart WB, Corey TJ, Ozelius L, Powell JF, Bruns G., et al. 1989. Monoamine oxidase deficiency in males with an X chromosome deletion. Neuron 2(1): 1069-1076.
76. Solanto MV. 1998. Neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms of stimulant drug action in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A review and integration. Behav Brain Res 94(1): 127-152.
77. Solanto MV, Schulz KP, Fan J, Tang CY, Newcorn JH. 2009. Event-related FMRI of inhibitory control in the predominantly inattentive and combined subtypes of ADHD. J Neuroimaging 19(3): 205-212.
78. Soreni N, Crosbie J, Ickowicz A, Schachar R. 2009. Stop signal and Conners' continuous performance tasks: Test-retest reliability of two inhibition measures in ADHD children. J Atten Disord 13(2): 137-143.
79. Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T. 1999. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity. Pediatr Clin North Am 46(5): 915-927.
80. Stroop J. 1935. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol 18(6): 643-662.
81. Szporny L, Gorog P. 1961. Investigations into the correlations between monomine oxidase inhibition and other effects due to methyphenydate and its stereoisomers. Biochem Pharmacol 8: 263-268.
82. Todd RD, Rasmussen ER, Neuman RJ, Reich W, Hudziak JJ, Bucholz KK, Madden PA, Heath A. 2001. Familiality and heritability of subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a population sample of adolescent female twins. Am J Psychiatr 158(11): 1891-1898.
83. Toplak ME, Bucciarelli SM, Jain U, Tannock R. 2009. Executive functions: Performance-based measures and the behavior rating inventory of executive function (BRIEF) in adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Child Neuropsychol 15(1): 53-72.
84. Uebel H, Albrecht B, Asherson P, Borger NA, Butler L, Chen W, Christiansen H, Heise A, Kuntsi J, Schafer U., et al. 2010. Performance variability, impulsivity errors and the impact of incentives as gender-independent endophenotypes for ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 51(2): 210-218.
85. Walcott CM, Landau S. 2004. The relation between disinhibition and emotion regulation in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33(4): 772-782.
86. Walderhaug E, Herman AI, Magnusson A, Morgan MJ, Landro NI. 2010. The short (S) allele of the serotonin transporter polymorphism and acute tryptophan depletion both increase impulsivity in men. Neurosci Lett 473(3): 208-211.
87. Wang B, Wang Y, Zhou R, Li J, Qian Q, Yang L, Guan L, Faraone SV. 2006. Possible association of the alpha-2A adrenergic receptor gene (ADRA2A) with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141B(2): 130-134.
88. Xu X, Brookes K, Chen CK, Huang YS, Wu YY, Asherson P. 2007. Association study between the monoamine oxidase A gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwanese samples. BMC Psychiatr 7: 10.
89. Yang L, Wang Y, Qian Q, Gu B. 2001. Primary exploration of the clinical subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese children. Chin J Psychiatr 34(4): 204-207.
90. Yang L, Wang YF, Qian QJ, Biederman J, Faraone SV. 2004. DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD in a Chinese outpatient sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 43(3): 248-250.
91. Zalsman G, Patya M, Frisch A, Ofek H, Schapir L, Blum I, Harell D, Apter A, Weizman A, Tyano S. 2010. Association of polymorphisms of the serotonergic pathways with clinical traits of impulsive-aggression and suicidality in adolescents: A multi-center study. World J Biol Psychiatr 12(1): 33-41.
92. Zametkin A, Rapoport JL, Murphy DL, Linnoila M, Ismond D. 1985. Treatment of hyperactive children with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. I. Clinical efficacy. Arch Gen Psychiatr 42(10): 962-966.