Review of knowledge prior to the cassini-huygens mission and concurrent research

Saturn from Cassini-Huygens

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 9-54

  Orton, Glenn S ^a   Baines, Kevin H ^a   Cruikshank, Dale ^b   Cuzzi, Jeffrey N ^b   Krimigis, Stamatios M ^c,d   Miller, Steve ^e   Lellouch, Emmanuel ^f  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY   (United States)

^d BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION   (Greece)

^e IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^f OBSERVATOIRE DE PARIS   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80051475577     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_2     Document Type: Chapter

References (367)

1. Acarreta, J. R. and Sanchez-Lavega, A. (1999) Vertical cloud structure in Saturn's 1990 equatorial storm. Icarus 137, 24-33.
2. Alexander, A. F. O'D. (1962) The Planet Saturn: A History of Observation, Theory and Discovery, London, Faber & Faber.
3. Allison, M. and Stone, P. H. (1983) Saturn meteorology - A diagnostic assessment of thin-layer configurations for the zonal flow. Icarus 54, 296-308.
4. Allison, M., Godfrey, D. A., and Beebe, R. F. (1990) A wave dynamical interpretation of Saturn's polar hexagon. Science 247, 1061-1063.
5. Appleby, J. F. (1984) Equilibrium models of Jupiter and Saturn. Icarus 59, 336-366.
6. Araki, S. (1991) Dynamics of planetary rings. Am. Sci. 79, 44-59.
7. Armstrong, T. P., Paonessa, M. T., Bell, E. V., and Krimigis, S. M. (1983) Voyager observations of Saturnian ion and electron phase space densities. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8893-8904.
8. Atreya, S. K., Wong, M. H., Owen, T. C., Mahaffy, P. R., Niemann, H. B., de Pater, I., Drossart, P., and Encrenaz, T. (1999) A comparison of the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn: Deep atmospheric composition, cloud structure, vertical mixing and origin. Planet. Space Sci. 47, 1243-1262.
9. Atreya, S. K., Wong, A. S., Baines, K. H., Wong, M. H., and Owen, T. C. (2005) Jupiter's ammonia clouds-localized or ubiquitous? Planet Space Sci. 53, 498-507.
10. Axel, L. (1972) Inhomogeneous models of the atmosphere of Jupiter. Astrophys. J. 173, 451-468.
11. Baines, K. H., Carlson, R. W., and Kamp, L. W. (2002) Fresh ammonia ice clouds in Jupiter. I. Spectroscopic identification, spatial distribution, and dynamical implications. Icarus 159, 74-94.
12. Baldwin, M. et al. (2001) The quasi-biennial oscillation. Rev. Geophys. 39, 179-230.
13. Barbosa D. D. (1990) Auroral precipitation flux of ions and electrons in Saturn's outer magnetosphere. Planet. Space. Sci. 38, 1295-1304.
14. Barnet, C. D., Westphal, J. A., Beebe, R. F., and Huber, L. F. (1992) Hubble Space Telescope observations of the 1990 equatorial disturbance on Saturn - Zonal winds and central meridian albedos. Icarus 100, 499-511.
15. 3+ in the ionosphere of Jupiter. Nature 353, 539-542.
16. Barshay, S. S. and Lewis, J. S. (1978) Chemical structure of the deep atmosphere of Jupiter. Icarus 33, 593-611.
17. Beebe, R. F., Barnet, C., Sada, P. V., and Murrell, A. S. (1992) The onset and growth of the 1990 equatorial disturbance on Saturn. Icarus 95, 163-172.
18. Behannon K. W., Lepping, R. P., and Ness, N. F. (1983) Structure and dynamics of Saturn's outer magnetosphere and boundary regions, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8791-8800.
19. ben Jaffel, L., Leers, V., and Sandel, B. (1995) Dark auroral oval on Saturn discovered in HST UV images. Science 269, 951-953.
20. Berge, G. L. and Muhleman, D. O. (1973) High-angular-resolution observations of Saturn at 21.1 cm wavelength. Astrophys. J. 183, 373-381.
21. Berge, G. L. and Read, R. B. (1968) The microwave emission of Saturn. Astrophys. J. 152, 755-764.
22. Bézard, B., Gautier, D., and Conrath, B. (1984) A seasonal model of the Saturnian upper troposphere: Comparison with Voyager infrared measurements. Icarus 60, 274-288.
23. Bézard, B. and Gautier, D. (1985) A seasonal climate model of the atmospheres of the giant planets at the Voyager encounter time. I - Saturn's stratosphere. Icarus 61, 296-310.
24. Bézard, B., Drossart, P., Lellouch, E., Tarrago, G., and Maillard, J. P. (1989) Detection of arsine in Saturn. Astrophys. J. 346, 509-513.
25. Bézard, B., Griffith, C, Lacy, J. and Owen, T. (1995) Non-detection of hydrogen cyanide on Jupiter. Icarus 118, 384, 391.
26. 3) on Saturn. Astron. Astrophys. 334, L41-L44.
27. Bézard, B., Drossart, P., Encrenaz, T., and Feuchtgruber, H. (2001a) Benzene on the giant llanets. Icarus 154, 492-500.
28. 4) on Jupiter and Saturn in non-auroral regions. Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 33, 1079;
29. Icarus 154, 492-500.
30. Bjoraker, G. L., Larson, H. P., Fink, U., and Smith, H. A. (1981) A study of ethane on Saturn in the 3 μm region. Astrophys. J. 248, 856-862.
31. Borderies, N. (1989) Ring dynamics. Celest. Mechan. 46, 207-230.
32. Borderies, N., Goldreich, P., and Tremaine. S. (1989) The formation of sharp edges in planetary rings by nearby satellites. Icarus 80, 344-360.
33. Brahic, A. (1984) Planetary rings. Proceedings of IAU Colloquium 75, Cepadues-Editions, Toulouse.
34. 3. Astrophys. J. 247, L101-L104.
35. 2 band of PH3 in the atmosphere of Saturn. Astrophys. J. 202, L55-L56.
36. Bridge, H. S., Bagenal, F, Belcher, J. W., Lazarus, A. J., McNutt, R. L., Sullivan, J. D., Gazis, P. R., Hartle, R. E., Ogilvie, K. W., Scudder, J. D., Sittier, E. C, Eviatar, A., Siscoe, G. L., Goertz, C. K., and Vasyliunas, V M. (1982) Plasma observations near Saturn: Initial results from Voyager 2. Science 215, 563-570.
37. Briggs, F H. and Sackett, P. D. (1989) Radio observations of Saturn as a probe of its atmosphere and cloud structure. Icarus 80, 77-103.
38. Broadfoot et al. (1981) Extreme ultraviolet observations from Voyager 1 encounter with Saturn. Science 212, 206-211.
39. Brown, L. W. (1974) Spectral behavior of Jupiter near 1 MHz. Astrophys. J. 194, L159-L162.
40. Brown, L. W. (1975) Saturn radio emission near 1 MHz. Astrophys. J. 198, L89-L92.
41. Bunce, E. J. and Cowley, S. W. H. (2003) A note on the ring current in Saturn's magnetosphere: Comparison of magnetic field data obtained during the Pioneer-11 and Voyager-1 and -2 flybys. Ann. Geophys. 21, 661-669.
42. Burrati, B., Veverka, J. and Thomas, P. (1983) Enceladus: Implications of its unusual photometric properties. Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 14, 737.
43. Buratti, B. J., Mosher, J. A., and Johnson, T. V (1990) Albedo and color maps of the Saturnian satellites. Icarus 87, 339-357.
44. Burns, J. A., Hamilton, D. P., and Showalter., M. R. (2001) Dusty rings and circumplanetary dust, observations and simple physics. In Interplanetary Dust, Springer, Berlin, pp. 641-725.
45. Caldwell, J. (1977) The atmosphere of Saturn: An infrared perspective. Icarus 30, 493-510.
46. Caldwell, J., Gillett, F. C, Nolt, I. G., Tokunaga, A. (1978) Spatially resolved infrared observations of Saturn. I - Equatorial limb scans at 20 microns. Icarus 35, 308-312.
47. Caldwell, J., Tokunaga, A. T, and Orton G. S. (1983) Further observations of 8-μm polar brightenings of Jupiter. Icarus 53, 133-140.
48. Caldwell, J., Hua, X.-M., Turgeon, B., Westphal, J. A., and Barnet, C. D. (1993) The drift of Saturn's north polar spot observed by the Hubble Space Telescope. Science 260, 326-329.
49. Carbary, J. F, Krimigis, S. M., and Ip, W. H. (1983) Energetic particle microsignatures of Saturn's satellites, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8947-8958.
50. Carlson, B. E., Caldwell, J., and Cess, R. D. (1980) A model of Saturn's seasonal stratosphere at the time of the Voyager encounters. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 1883-1885.
51. Carr, T. D., Brown, G. W., Smith, A. G., Higgins, C. S., Bollhagen, H., May, J., and Levy, J. (1964) Spectral distribution of the decametric radiation from Jupiter in 1961. Astrophys. J. 140, 778-795.
52. Cavalié, T, Billebaud, F, Fouchet, T, Lellouch, E., Brillet, J, Dobrijevic, M. et al. (2008) Observations of CO on Saturn and Uranus at millimeter wavelengths: New upper limit determinations. Astron. Astrophys. 484, 555-561.
53. Cess, R. D. and Caldwell, J. (1979) A Saturnian stratospheric seasonal climate model. Icarus 38, 349-357.
54. Clark, R. N. and McCord, T. B. (1980) The rings of Saturn - New infrared reflectance measurements and a 0.326-4.08 micron summary. Icarus 43, 161-168.
55. Clarke J. T, Moos, H. W., Atreya, S. K., and Lane, A. L. (1981) IUE detection of bursts of H Ly? emission from Saturn. Nature 290, 226-227.
56. Clarke, J. T. and 12 co-authors (2005) Morphological differences between Saturn's ultraviolet aurorae and those of Earth and Jupiter. Nature 433, 717-719.
57. Colwell, J. (1994) The disruption of planetary satellites and the creation of planetary rings. Planet Space Sci. 42, 1139-1149.
58. Combes, M., Maillard, J. P., and de Bergh, C. (1977) Evidence for a telluric value of the 12C=13C ratio in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. Astron. Astrophys. 61, 531-537.
59. Connerney, J. E. P. Acuna, M. H., and Ness, N. F (1983) Currents in Saturn's magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8779-8789.
60. Connerney, J. E. P., Davis, L. Jr., and Chenette, D. L. (1984) Magnetic field models. In Saturn (T. Gehrels, M. Matthews, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 354-377.
61. Conrath, B. J. and Pirraglia, J. A. (1983) Thermal structure of Saturn from Voyager infrared measurements: Implications for atmospheric dynamics. Icarus 53, 286-291.
62. Conrath, B. J., Gautier, D., Hanel, R. A., and Hornstein, J. S. (1984) The helium abundance of Saturn from Voyager measurements. Astrophys. J. 282, 807-815.
63. Conrath, B. J. and Gautier, D. (2000) Saturn helium abundance: A reanalysis of Voyager measurements. Icarus 144, 124-134.
64. Conrath, B. J. and Gierasch, P. J. (1986) Retrieval of ammonia abundances and cloud opacities on Jupiter from Voyager IRIS spectra. Icarus 67, 444-455.
65. Conrath, B. J., Gierasch, P. J., and Leroy, S. S. (1990) Temperature and circulation in the stratosphere of the outer planets. Icarus 83, 255-281.
66. Conrath, B. J., Gierasch, P. J., and Ustinov, E. A. (1998) Thermal structure and para hydrogen fraction on the outer planets from Voyager IRIS measurements. Icarus 135, 501-517.
67. Cooper, J. F, Eraker, J. H., and Simpson, J. A. (1985) The secondary radiation under Saturn's A-B-C rings produced by cosmic ray interactions. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 3415-3427.
68. 4 and the Saturnian D/H isotopic ratio. Astrophys. J. 287, 899-916.
69. Coustenis, A., Salama, A., Schulz, B., Ott, S., Lellouch, E., Encrenaz, T, Gautier, D., and Feuchtgruber, H. (2003) Titan's atmosphere from ISO mid-infrared spectroscopy. Icarus 161, 383-403.
70. Cowley S. W. H. and Bunce, E. J. (2001) Origin of the main auroral oval in Jupiter's coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system. Planet. Space Sci. 49, 1067-1088.
71. Cowley, S. W. H., Bunce, E. J., and Prangé, R. (2004a) Saturn's polar ionospheric flows and their relation to the main auroral oval. Ann. Geophys. 22, 1379-1394.
72. Cowley, S. W. H., Bunce, E. J., and O'Rourke, J. M. (2004b) A simple quantitative model of plasma flows and currents in Saturn's polar ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 109, 5212.
73. Cruikshank, D. P., Veverka, J., and Lebofsky, L. A. (1984) Satellites of Saturn: Optical properties. In Saturn (T. Gehrels, M. S. Matthews, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 640-667.
74. Cruikshank, D. P., Owen, T. C, Dalle Ore, C, Geballe, T. R., Roush, T. L., de Bergh, C, Sandford, S. A., Poulet, F, Benedix, G. K., and Emery, J. P. (2004) A spectroscopic study of the surfaces of Saturn's large satellites: H2O ice, tholins, and minor constituents. Icarus 175, 268-283.
75. Cruikshank, D. P., Imanaka, H., and Dalle Ore, C. M. (2005) Tholins as coloring agents on outer Solar System bodies. Adv. Space Res. 36, 178-183.
76. Cuzzi, J. N. and Pollack, J. B. (1978) Saturn's rings: Particle composition and size distribution as constrained by microwave observations. I - Radar observations. Icarus 33, 233-262.
77. Cuzzi, J. N., Pollack, J. B., and Summers, A. L. (1980) Saturn's rings - Particle composition and size distribution as constrained by observations at microwave wavelengths. II - Radio interferometric observations. Icarus 44, 683-705.
78. Cuzzi, J. N. (1983) Planetary ring systems. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 21, 173-186.
79. Cuzzi, J. N., Lissauer, J. J, Esposito, L. W., Holberg, J. B., Marouf, E. A., Tyler, G. L., and Boischot, A. (1984) Saturn's rings: Properties and Processes, In Planetary Rings (R. Greenberg, A. Brahic, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tuscon, pp. 73-200.
80. Cuzzi, J. N. and Burns, J. A. (1988) Charged particle depletion surrounding Saturn's F ring - Evidence for a moonlet belt? Icarus 74, 284-324.
81. Cuzzi, J. N. (1995) Evolution of planetary ring-moon systems. In Comparative Planetology, also, Earth, Moon Planet. Kluwer, Dordrecht 67, 179-208.
82. Cuzzi, J. N. and Estrada, P. R. (1998) Compositional evolution of Saturn's rings due to meteoroid bombardment. Icarus 132, 1-35.
83. Cuzzi, J. N. and 10 co-authors (2002) Saturn's Rings: Pre-Cassini status and mission goals. Space Sci. Rev. 104, 209-251.
84. Davis, G. R. and 26 co-authors (1996) ISO LWS measurement of the far-infrared spectrum of Saturn. Astron. Astrophys. 315, L393-L396.
85. Davis, L., Jr. and Smith, E. J. (1990) A model of Saturn's magneitc field based on all available data. J. Geophys. Rev. 96, 15, 257-15, 261.
86. de Bergh, C, Lutz, B. L., Owen, T, Brault, J., and Chauville, J. (1986) Monodeuterated methane in the outer solar system. II Its detection on Uranus at 1.6 microns. Astrophys. J. 311, 501-510.
87. 2, O. Astron. Astrophys. 321, L13-L16.
88. de Pater, I. and Dickel, J. R. (1982) New information on Saturn and its rings from VLA multifrequency data. Proceedings of Planetary Rings/Anneaux des Planètes Conference, Toulouse, France, August 1982 (abstract).
89. de Pater, I. and Dickel, J. R. (1991) Multifrequency radio observations of Saturn at ring inclination angles between 5 and 26 degrees. Icarus 94, 474-492.
90. Desch M. D. and Rucker, H. O. (1983) The relationship between Saturn kilometric radiation and the solar wind. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8999-9006.
91. Dollfus, A. (1963) Mouvements dans l'atmosphère de Saturne en 1960. Observations coordonées parl'Union Astronomique Internationale. Icarus 2, 109-114.
92. Dones, L. (1998) The rings of the Giant Planets. In Solar System Ices (B. Schmitt, C. de Bergh, M. Festou, Eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 711-734.
93. Doyle, L., Dones, R. L., and Cuzzi, J. N. (1989) Radiative transfer modeling of Saturn's outer B ring. Icarus 80, 104-135
94. Doyle, L. R. and Grün, E. (1990) Radiative transfer modeling constraints on the size of the spoke particles in Saturn's rings. Icarus 85, 168-190.
95. 3+ on Jupiter, Nature 240, 539-541.
96. Dulk, G. A. and Eddy, J. A. (1966) A new search for visual aurora on Jupiter. Astron. J. 71, 160.
97. Dungey, J. W. (1961) The steady state of the Chapman-Ferraro problem in two dimensions. J. Geophys. Res. 66, 1043.
98. Durisen, R. H., Cramer, N. L., Murphy, B. W., Cuzzi, J. N. Mulikin, T. L., and Cederbloom, S. E. (1989) Ballistic transport in planetary ring systems due to particle erosion mechanisms. I - Theory, numerical methods, and illustrative examples. Icarus 80, 136-166.
99. Edgington, S. (1997) Latitude variations of the abundances of ammonia, acetylene, and phosphine and vertical mixing in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn.. PhD Thesis. Univ. of Michigan. 243 pp..
100. Emery, J. P., Burr, D. M., Cruikshank, D. P., Brown, R. H., and Dalton, J. B. (2005) Near-infrared (0.8-4.0 μm) spectroscopy of Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, and Rhea. Astron. Astrophys. 435, 353-362.
101. Epstein, E. E., Janssen, M. A., and Cuzzi, J. N. (1984) Saturn's rings - 3-mm low-inclination observations and derived properties. Icarus 58, 403-411.
102. Espinosa, S. A., Southwood, D. J., and Dougherty, M. K. (2003) How can Saturn impose its rotation period in a noncorotating magnetoshere? J. Geophys. Res. 108, NO. A2.
103. Esposito, L. W., O'Callaghan, M., and West, R. A. (1983) The structure of Saturn's rings - Implications from the Voyager stellar occultation. Icarus 56, 439-452.
104. Esposito, L. W., Cuzzi, J. N., Holberg, J. E., Marouf, E. A., Tyler, G. L., and Porco, C. C. (1984) Saturn's rings: Structure, dynamics, and particle properties. In Saturn (T. Gehrels, M. Matthews, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tuscon, pp. 463-545.
105. Esposito, L. W. (1993) Understanding planetary rings. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 21, 487-523.
106. Esposito, L. W. and 15 co-authors. (2005) Ultraviolet imaging spectroscopy shows an active Saturnian system. Science 307, 1251-1255.
107. Estrada, P. R. and Cuzzi, J. N. (1996) Voyager observations of the color of Saturn's rings. Icarus 122, 251-272.
108. Estrada, P. R., Cuzzi, J. N., and Showalter, M. R. (2003) Voyager color photometry of Saturn's main rings: a correction. Icarus 166, 212-222.
109. Fegley, B. and Prinn, R. G. (1985) Equilibrium and nonequilibrium chemistry of Saturn's atmosphere - Implications for the observability of PH3, N2, CO, and GeH4. Astrophys. J. 299, 1067-1078.
110. Feibelman, W. A. (1967) Concerning the "D" ring of Saturn. Nature 214, 793-794.
111. Festou, M. C. and Atreya, S. K. (1982) Voyager ultraviolet stellar occultation measurements of the composition and thermal profiles of the Saturnian upper atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 1147-1152.
112. Feuchtgruber, H., Lellouch, E., de Graauw, T, Bézard, B., Encrenaz, T, and Griffin, M. (1997) External supply of oxygen to the atmospheres of the giant planets. Nature 389, 159-162.
113. Fillius, W., Ip, W J., McIlwain, C. E. (1980) Trapped radiation belts of Saturn: First look. Science 207, 425-431.
114. Fink, U., Larson, H. P., Bjoraker, G. L., and Johnson, J. R. (1983) The NH3 spectrum in Saturn's 5-μm window. Astrophys. J. 268, 880-888.
115. Fletcher, L. N., and 13 co-authors (2008) Temperature and composition of Saturn's polar hot spots and hexagon. Science 319, 79-81.
116. Fortney, J. and Hubbard, W B. (2003) Phase separation in giant planets: Inhomogeneous evolution of Saturn. Icarus 164, 228-243.
117. Fouchet, T, Lellouch, E., Bézard, B., Feuchtgruber, H., Drossart, P., and Encrenaz, T. (2000) Jupiter's hydrocarbons observed with ISO-SWS: Vertical profiles of C2H6 and C2H2, detection of CH3C2H. Astron. Astrophys. 355, L13-L17.
118. Fouchet, T, Guerlet, S., Strobel, D. F, Simon-Miller, A. A. Bézard, B., and Flasar, F M. (2008) An equatorial oscillation in Saturn's middle atmosphere. Nature 453, 200-202.
119. Flynn, B. C. and Cuzzi, J. N. (1989) Regular structure in the inner Cassini Division of Saturn's rings. Icarus 82, 180-199.
120. Frank, L., Burek, B., Ackerson, K., Wolfe, J., and Mihalov, J. (1980) Plasmas in Saturn's Magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res. 85(A11), 5695-5708.
121. French, R. C. and Nicholson P. D. (2000) Saturn's rings II. Particle sizes inferred from stellar occultation data. Icarus 145, 502-523.
122. Friedson, A. J. (1999) New observations and modeling of a QBO-like oscillation in Jupiter's stratosphere. Icarus 137, 34-55.
123. 3 + infrared emission lines in Saturn. Astrophys. J. 408, L109-L112.
124. Gehrels, T. and 22 co-authors (1980) Imaging Photopolarimeter on Pioneer Saturn. Science 207, 434-439.
125. Gehrels, T. and Matthews, M. S., Eds. (1984) Saturn, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
126. Gérard J.-C. and Singh, V. (1982) A model of energy deposition of energetic electrons and EUV emission in the Jovian and Saturnian atmospheres and implications. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 4525-4532.
127. Gérard, J.-C. et al. (1995) Simultaneous observations of the Saturnian aurora and polar haze with the HST FOC. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 2685-2688.
128. Gérard, J.-C. and 10 co-authors. (2006) Saturn's auroral morphology and activity during quiet magnetospheric conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A12210.
129. Gezari, D. Y., Mumma, M. J., Espenak, F, Deming, D., Bjoraker, G., Woods, L., and Folz, W. (1991) New features in Saturn's atmosphere reveled by high-resolution thermal infrared images. Nature 342, 777-780.
130. Giampieri, G. and Dougherty, M. K. (2004a) Rotation rate of Saturn's interior from magnetic field observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, 16701.
131. Giampieri, G. and Dougherty, M. K. (2004b) Modelling of the ring current in Saturn's magnetosphere Ann. Geophys., 22, 653-659.
132. Gierasch, P. J. (1983) Dynamical consequences of orthohydrogenparahydrogen disequilibrium in Jupiter and Saturn. Science 219, 847-849.
133. Gierasch, P. J. and Goody, R. M. (1969) Radiative time constants in the atmosphere of Jupiter. J. Atmos. Sci. 26, 979-980.
134. Gillett, F. C and Forrest, W J. (1974) The 7.5- to 13.5 micron spectrum of Saturn. Astrophys. J. 187, L37-L38.
135. Gillett, F. C. and Orton, G. S. (1975) Center-to-limb observations of Saturn in the thermal infrared. Astrophys. J. 195, L47-L49.
136. Godfrey, D. A. (1988) A hexagonal feature around Saturn's North Pole. Icarus 76, 335-356.
137. Goldstein, R. M. and Morris, G. A. (1973) Radar observations of the rings of Saturn. Icarus 20, 249-283.
138. Goldstein, R. M., Green, R. R., Pettengill, G. H., and Campbell, D. B. 1977. The rings of Saturn: Two-frequency radar observations. Icarus 30, 104-110.
139. Greathouse, T. K., Lacy, J. H., Bezard, B., Moses, J. I. Griffith, C. A., and Richter, M. J. (2005) Meridional variations of temperature, C2H2 and C2H6 abundances in Saturn's stratosphere at southern summer solstice. Icarus 177, 18-31.
140. Greathouse, T. K., Lacy, J. H., Bezard, B., Moses, J. I., Richter, M. J., and Knez, C. (2006) First detection of propane on Saturn. Icarus 181, 266-271.
141. Greenberg, R. and Brahic, A., Eds. (1984) Planetary Rings. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
142. Grevesse, N., Asplund, M., and Sauval, A. J. (2007) The solar chemical composition. Space Sci. Rev. 130, 104-114.
143. Griffin, M. J. and 27 co-authors (1996) First detection of the 56-μm rotational line of HD in Saturn's atmosphere. Astron. Astrophys. 315, L389-L392.
144. Grossman, A. W., Muhleman, D. O., and Berge, G. L. (1989) Highresolution microwave images of Saturn. Science 245, 1211-1215.
145. Grün, E., Garneau, G. W., Terrile, R. J., Johnson, T. V. and Morfill, G. E. (1984) Kinematics of Saturn's spokes. Adv. Space Res. 4, 143-148.
146. Guerin, P. (1970) Sur la mise en evidence d'un quartrième anneau et d'une nouvelle division obscure dans le système des anneaux de Saturne. Comtes Res. Serie. B. Sci. Phys. 270, 125-128.
147. Guillot, T, Gautier, D., Chabrier, G., and Mosser, B (1994) Are the giant planets fully convective? Icarus 12, 337-353.
148. Guillot, T. (1999a) A comparison of the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn. Planet. Space Sci. 47, 1183-1200.
149. Guillot, T. (1999b) Interior of giant planets inside and outside the solar system. Science 286, 72-77.
150. Guillot, T, Stevenson, D. J., Hubbard, W. B., and Saumon, D. (2004) The interior of Jupiter. In Jupiter, The Planet, Satellites, and Magnetosphere (F. Bagenal, W. McKinnon, T. Dowling, Eds.), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
151. Guillot, T. (2005) The interiors of giant planets. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 33, 493-530.
152. Gurnett, D. A., Kurth, W. S., Scarf, F. L. (1981) Narrowband electromagnetic emission from Saturn's magnetosphere. Nature 292, 733-737.
153. Haff, P. K., Siscoe, G. L., and Eviatar, A. (1983) Ring and plasma-The enigmae of Enceladus. Icarus 56, 425-438.
154. Hanel, R. A. and 12 co-authors (1979) Infrared observations of the Jovian system from Voyager 1. Science 204, 972-976.
155. Hanel, R. A. and 12 co-authors (1980) Infrared observations of the Jovian system from Voyager 2. Science 206, 962-956.
156. Hanel, R. A. and 15 co-authors (1981) Infrared observations of the Saturnian system from Voyager 1. Science 212, 192-200.
157. Hanel, R. A. and 12 coauthors (1982) Infrared observations of the Saturnian system from Voyager 2. Science 215, 544-548.
158. Hanel, R. A., Conrath, B. J, Herath, L., Kunde, V. G., and Pirraglia, J. A. (1983) Albedo, internal heat flux and energy balance of Saturn. Icarus 53, 262-285.
159. Hapke, B. (1981) Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy. 1. Theory. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 3039-3054.
160. Harris, A. W. (1984) The origin and evolution of planetary rings. In Planetary Rings (R. Greenberg, A. Brahic, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tuscon.
161. Hill, T. W. (1979.) Inertial limit on corotation. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 6554-6558.
162. Hill, T. W. (2001) The jovian auroral oval. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 8101-8108.
163. Hill, T. W. (2005) Rotationally-driven dynamics in the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. In Magnetospheres of the Outer Planets meeting, Leicester, August 12, 2005.
164. Holberg, J. B., Forrester, W. T., and Lissauer, J. J. (1982) Identification of resonance features within the rings of Saturn. Nature 297, 115-120.
165. Hubbard, W. B. and Stevenson, D. J. 1984. Interior structure of Saturn. In Saturn (T. Gehrels, M. Matthews, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 47-87.
166. Horn, L. J. (1997) Planetary rings. In Encyclopedia of Planetary Sciences (J. H. Shirley, R. W. Fairbridge, Eds.), Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 602-607.
167. Hueso, R. and Sánchez-Lavega, A. (2004) A three-dimensional model of moist convection for the giant planets II. Saturn's water and ammonia moist convective storms. Icarus 172, 255-271.
168. Ingersoll, A. P., Orton, G. S., Münch, G., Neugebauer, G., and Chase, S. C. (1980) Science 207, 439-443.
169. Ingersoll, A. P., Beebe, R., F., Conrath, B. J., and Hunt, G. E. (1984) Structure and dynamics of Saturn's atmosphere. In Saturn (T. Gehrels, M. S. Matthews, Eds.), pp 195-238.
170. Ingersoll A. P., Vasavada, A. R., Little, B., Anger, C. D., Bolton, S. J. Alexander, C., Klaasen, K. P., and Tobiksa, W. K. (1998) Imaging Jupiter's aurora at visible wavelengths. Icarus 135, 251-264.
171. Ip, W.-H. (1997) On the neutral cloud distribution in the Saturnian magnetosphere. Icarus 126, 42-57.
172. Isbell J., Dessler, A. J., and Waite, J. H. (1984) Magnetospheric energization by interaction between planetary spin and the solar wind. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 10716-10722.
173. Judge, D. L., Wu, F.-M., and Carlson, R. W. (1980) Ultraviolet spectrometer observations of the Saturnian system. Science 207, 431-434.
174. Kaiser, M. L., Desch, M. D., and Lecacheux, A. (1981) Saturn kilometric radiation: statistical properties and beam geometry. Nature 292, 731-733.
175. Kaiser, M. L., Desch, M. D., Burth, W. S., Lecacheux, A., Genova, F., Pedersen, B. M., and Evans D. R. (1984) Saturn as a radio source. In Saturn (T. Gehrels, M. Matthews, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 378-415.
176. Kalogerakis, K. S., Marschall, J., Oza, A. U., Engel, P. A., Meharchand, R. T., and Wong, M. H. (2008) The coating hypothesis for ammonia ice particles in Jupiter: Laboratory experiments and optical modeling. Icarus 196, 202-215.
177. Karkoschka, E. and Tomasko, M. G. (1992) Saturn's upper troposphere 1986-1989. Icarus 97, 161-181.
178. Karkoschka, E. and Tomasko, M. G. (1993) Saturn's upper atmospheric hazesobserved by the Hubble Space Telescope. Icarus 106, 421-441.
179. Karkoschka, E. (1994) Spectrophotometry of the Jovian planets and Titan at 300-1000 nm wavelength; The methane spectrum. Icarus 111, 174-192.
180. Karkoschka, E. and Tomasko, M. (2005) Saturn's vertical and latitudinal cloud structure 1991-2004 from HST imaging in 30 filters. Icarus 179, 195-221.
181. 3, clouds and haze. Icarus 185, 476-486.
182. Kirsch, E., Krimigis, S. M., Ip, W.-H., and Gloeckler, G. (1981) X-ray and energetic neutral particle emission from Saturn's magnetosphere. Nature 292, 718-721.
183. Kliore, A. J., Lindal, G. F., Patel, I. R., Sweetnam, D. N., Hotz, H. B., and McDonough. T. R. (1980a) Vertical structure of the ionosphere and the upper neutral atmosphere of Saturn from the Pioneer radio occultation. Science 207, 446-449.
184. Kliore, A. J, Patel, I. R., Lindal, G. F., Sweetnam, D. N, Hotz, H. B., Waite, J. H., and McDonough, T. R. (1980b) Structure of the ionosphere and atmosphere of Saturn from Pioneer 11 Saturn radio occultation. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 5857-5870.
185. Kolvoord, R. A., Burns, J. A., and Showalter, M. R. (1990) Periodic features in Saturn's F ring - Evidence for nearby moonlets. Nature 345, 695-697.
186. Krimigis, S. M. and Armstrong, T. P., (1982) Two-component proton spectra in the inner Saturnian magnetosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 1143-1146.
187. Krimigis, S. M., Carbary, J. F., Keath, E. P., Armstrong, T. P., Lanzerotti, L. J., and Gloeckler, G. (1983) General characteristics of hot plasma and energetic particles in the Saturnian magnetosphere: Results from the Voyager spacecraft, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 8871-8892.
188. Krimigis, S. M., Mitchell, D. G., Hamilton, D. C., Livi, S., Dandouras, J., Jaskulek, S., Armstrong, T. P., Cheng, A. F., Gloeckler, G., Hsieh, K. C., Ip, W.-H., Keath, E. P., Kirsch, E., Krupp, N., Lanzerotti, L. J., Mauk, R. B. H., McEntire, W., Roelof, E. C., Tossman, B. E., Wilken, B., and Williams, D. J. (2004) Magnetosphere Imaging Instrument (MIMI) on the Cassini Mission to Saturn/Titan, Space Sci. Rev., 114, 233-329.
189. Kuiper, G. P., Cruikshank, D. P., and Fink, U. (1970) Sky & Telescope 39, 80.
190. Lam, H. A., Achilleos, N., Miller, S., Tennyson, J., Trafton, L. M., Geballe, T. R., and Ballester, G. (1997) A baseline spectroscopic study of the infrared aurorae of Jupiter. Icarus, 127, 379-393.
191. Lane, A. L., Hord, C. W., West, R. A., Esposito, L. W., Coffeen, D. L., Sato, M., Simmons, K. E., Pomphrey, R. B., and Morris, R. B. (1982) Photopolarimetry from Voyager 2 - Preliminary results on Saturn, Titan, and the rings. Science 215, 537-543.
192. Larson, H. P., Fink, U., Treffers, R., and Gautier, T. N. (1975) Detection of water vapor on Jupiter. Astrophys. J. 197, L137-L140.
193. Larson, H. P., Fink, U., Smith, H. A., and Davis, D. S. (1980) The middle-infrared spectrum of Saturn - Evidence for phosphine and upper limits to other trace atmospheric constituents. Astrophys. J. 240, 327-337.
194. Lebovsky, L. A., Johnson, T. V., and McCord, T. B. (1970) Saturn's rings: Spectral reflectivity and compositional implications. Icarus 13, 226-230.
195. Lecluse, C., Robert, F., Gautier, D., and Guiraud, M. (1996) Deuterium enrichment in giant planets. Planet. Space Sci. 44, 1579-1592.
196. Lellouch, E., Bézard, B., Fouchet, T., Feuchtgruber, H., Encrenaz, T., and de Graauw, T. (2001) The deuterium abundance in Jupiter and Saturn from ISO-SWS observations. Astron. & Astrophys. 370, 610-622.
197. Leovy, C. B., Friedson, A. J., and Orton, G. S. (1991) The quasiquadrennial oscillation of Jupiter's equatorial stratosphere. Nature 354, 380-382.
198. Lewis, J. S. and Fegley, M. B. (1984) Vertical distribution of disequilibrium species in Jupiter's troposphere. Space Sci. Rev. 39, 163-192.
199. Macy, W. (1977) Inhomogeneous models of the atmosphere of Saturn. Icarus 32, 328-347.
200. Magalhâes, J. A., Weir, A. L., Conrath B. J., Gierasch, P. J., and Leroy, S. S. (1990) Zonal motion and structure in Jupiter's upper troposphere from Voyager infrared and imaging observations. Icarus 88, 39-72.
201. Marouf, E. A., Tyler, G. L., Zebker, H. A., Simpson, R. A., and Eshleman, V. R. (1983) Particle size distributions in Saturn's rings from Voyager 1 radio occultation. Icarus 54, 189-211.
202. Marouf, E. A., Tyler, G. L., and Rosen, P. A. (1986) Profiling Saturn's rings by radio occultation. Icarus 68, 120-166.
203. Marouf, E. A. and Tyler, G. L. (1986) Detection of two satellites in the Cassini division of Saturn's rings. Nature 323, 31-35.
204. Massie, S. T. and Hunten, D. M. (1982) Conversion of para and ortho hydrogen in the giant planets. Icarus 49, 213-226.
205. Mauk, B. H., Krimigis, S. M., and Lepping, R. P. (1985) Particle and field stress balance within a planetary magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 8253-8264.
206. McClain, E. F. (1959) A test for non-thermal radiation from Jupiter at a
207. McGrath, M. A. and Clarke, J. T. (1992) H I Lyman alpha emission from Saturn (1980-1990) J. Geophys. Res. 97, 13691-13703.
208. McNutt, R. L., Jr. (1984) Force balance in the outer planet magnetospheres. In Proceedings of the 1982-4 Symposia on the Physics of Space Plasmas, SPI Conf. Proc. Reprint Ser., vol. 5 (H. S. Bridge, J. W. Belcher, T. S. Chang, B. Coppi, J. R. Jasperse, Eds.), Scientific Publishers, Cambridge, MA.
209. Melin, H., Miller, S. Stallard, T. Trafton L. M., and Geballe T. R. (2007) Variability in the H3C emission from Saturn: Consequences for ionization rates and temperature. Icarus 186, 234-241.
210. 3+. Can. J. Phys. 72, 760-771.
211. 3+ in planetary atmospheres. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 358, 2485-2502.
212. Miller, S., Aylward, A., and Millward, G. (2005) Giant planet ionospheres and thermospheres: The importance of ion-neutral coupling. Space Sci. Rev. 116, 319-343.
213. 3+: the driver of planetary atmospheres. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A. 364, 3121-3137.
214. Moos, H. W. and Clarke, J. T. (1979) Detection of acetylene in the Saturnian atmosphere, using the IUE satellite. Astrophys. J. 229, L107-L108.
215. Morrison, D., Jones, T., Cruikshank, and Murphy, R. (1975) The two faces of Iapetus. Icarus 24, 157-171.
216. Morrison, D., Johnson, T. V., Shoemaker, E. M., Soderblom, L. A., Thomas, P., Veverka, J., and Smith, B. A. (1984) Satellites of Saturn: Geological perspective. In Saturn (T. Gehrels, M. S. Matthews, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 609-639.
217. Morrison, D., Owen, T., and Soderblom, L. A. (1986) The satellites of Saturn. In Satellites (J. A. Burns, M. S. Matthews, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 764-801.
218. Moses, J. I., Bézard, B. Lellouch, E., Gladstone, G. R., Feuchtgruber, H., Allen, M. and (2000a) Photochemistry of Saturn's atmosphere: I. Hydrocarbon chemistry and comparisons with ISO observations. Icarus 143, 244-298.
219. Moses, J. I., Lellouch, E., Bézard, B., Gladstone, G. R., Feuchtgruber, H., and Allen, M. (2000b) Photochemistry of Saturn's atmosphere. II. Effects of an influx of external oxygen. Icarus 145, 166-202.
220. Moses, J. I. and Greathouse, T. K. (2005) Latitudinal and seasonal models of stratospheric photochemistry on Saturn: Comparison with infrared data from IRTF/TEXES. J. Geophys. Res. 110, E09007.
221. Müller-Wodarg, I. C. F., Mendillo, M., Yelle, R. V., Aylward, A. D. (2006) A global circulation model of Saturn's thermosphere. Icarus 180, 147-160.
222. Muñoz, O., Moreno, F., Molina, A., Grodent, D., Gerard, J. C., and Dols, V. (2004) Study of the vertical structure of Saturn's atmosphere using HST/WFPC2 images. Icarus 169, 413-428.
223. Ness, N. F., Acuna, M. H., Behannon, K. W., Burlaga, L. F., Connerney, J. E. P., Lepping, R. P., Neubauer, F. M. (1982) Magnetic field studies by Voyager 2 - Preliminary results at Saturn. Science, 215, 558-563.
224. Nicholson, P. D. and Dones, L. (1991) Planetary rings. Rev. Geophys. Supp. 29, 313-327.
225. Niemann, H. B. and 12 co-authors (1996) The Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer: Composition of Jupiter's atmosphere. Science, 272, 846-849.
226. Noll, K. S., Knacke, R. F., Geballe, T. R., and Tokunaga, A. T. (1986) Detection of carbon monoxide in Saturn. Astrophys. J. 309, L91-L94.
227. Noll, K. S., Knacke, R. F., Geballe, T. R., and Tokunaga. A. T. (1988) Evidence for germane in Saturn. Icarus 85, 409-422.
228. Noll, K. S., Geballe, R. T., and Knacke, R. F. (1989) Arsine in Saturn and Jupiter. Astrophys. J. 338, L71-L74.
229. Noll, K. S., Larson, H. P., and Geballe, T. R. (1990) The abundance of AsH3 in Jupiter. Icarus 83, 494-499.
230. Noll, K. S. and Larson, H. P. (1991) The spectrum of Saturn from 1990 to 2230/cm - Abundances of AsH3, CH3D, CO, GeH4, NH3 and PH3. Icarus 89, 168-189.
231. Noll, K. S., Roush, T. L., Cruikshank, D. P., Johnson, R. E., and Pendleton, Y. J. (1997) Detection of ozone on Saturn's satellites Rhea and Dione. Nature 388, 45-47.
232. Noland, M., Veverka, J., Morrison, D., Cruikshank, D. P., Lazarewicz, A., Morrison, N., Elliot, Goguen, J., and Burns, J. (1974) Six-color photometry of Iapetus, Titan, Rhea, Dione, and Tethys. Icarus 23, 334-354.
233. Null, G. W., Lao, E. L., Biller, E. D., and Anderson, J. D. (1981) Saturn gravity results obtained fro Pioneer 11 tracking data and earth-based Saturn satellite data. Astron. J. 84, 456-468.
234. Ohring, G. (1975) The temperature profile in the upper atmosphere of Saturn from inversion of thermal emission observations. Astrophys. J. 195, 223-225.
235. Oldham, P. G., Griffin, M. J., Davis, G. R., Encrenaz, T., de Graauw, T., Irwin, P. J. Swinyard, B. M., Naylor, D. A., and Burgdorf, M. (1997) ISO LWS Far-infrared observations of Jupiter and Saturn. In The Far Infrared and Submillmetre Universe (A. Wilson, Ed.), ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, p. 325.
236. Ollivier, J. L., Billebaud, F., Drossart, P., Dobrijévic, M., Roos-Serote, M., August-Bernex, T., and Vauglin, I. (2000) Seasonal effects in the thermal structure of Saturn's stratosphere from infrared imaging at 10 microns. Astron. Astrophys. 356, 347-356.
237. Ortiz, J. L., Moreno, F., and Molina, A. (1996) Saturn 1991-1993: Clouds and hazes. Icarus 119, 53-66.
238. Orton, G. S. and Ingersoll, A. P. (1980) Saturn's atmospheric temperature structure and heat budget. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 5871-5881.
239. Orton, G. S. (1983) Thermal infrared constraints on ammonia ice particles as candidates for clouds in the atmosphere of Saturn. Icarus 53, 293-300.
240. Orton, G. S. and 14 co-authors. (1991) Thermal maps of Jupiter: Spatial organization and time dependence of stratospheric temperatures, 1980 to 1990. Science 252, 537-542.
241. Orton, G. S. and 19 co-authors. (1994) Thermal maps of Jupiter: Spatial organization and time dependence of tropospheric temperatures, 1980-1993. Science 265, 625-631.
242. Orton, G. S., Serabyn, E., and Lee, Y. T. (2000) Vertical distribution of PH3 in Saturn from observations of Its 1-0 and 3-2 rotational lines. Icarus 146, 48-59.
243. Orton, G. S., Serabyn, E., and Lee, Y. T. (2001) Erratum: Vertical distribution of PH3 in Saturn from observations of its 1-0 and 3-2 rotational lines. Icarus 149, 489-490.
244. Orton, G. S. and Yanamandra-Fisher, P. A. (2005) Saturn's temperature field from high-resolution middle-infrared imaging. Science, 696-701.
245. Orton, G. S. and 27 co-authors. (2008) Semi-annual oscillations in Saturn's low-latitude stratospheric temperatures. Nature 453, 196-199.
246. Ostro, S. J., Pettengill, G. H., and Campbell, D. P. (1980) Radar observations of Saturn's rings at intermediate tilt angles. Icarus 41, 381-388.
247. Ostro, S. J., Pettengill, G. H., Campbell, D. P., and Goldstein, R. M. (1982) Delay-doppler radar observations of Saturn's rings. Icarus 49, 367-381.
248. Owen, T. C. (1969) The spectra of Jupiter and Saturn in the photographic infrared. Icarus 10, 355.
249. Owen, T., Lutz, B. L., and de Bergh, C. (1986) Deuterium in the outer solar system - Evidence for two distinct reservoirs. Nature 320, 244-246.
250. Owen, T. C., Cruikshank, D. P., Dalle Ore, C. M., Geballe, T. R., Roush, de Bergh, C., Pendleton, Y. J., and Khare, B. N. (2001) Decoding the domino: The dark side of Iapetus. Icarus 149, 160-172.
251. Pang, K., Voge, C. C., Rhoads, J. W., and Ajello, J. M. (1984) The E ring of Saturn and satellite Enceladus. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 9459-9470.
252. Pérez-Hoyos, S., Sánchez-Lavega, A., French, R. G., and Rolas, J. F. (2005) Saturn's cloud structure and temporal evolution from ten years of Hubble Space Telescope images (1994-2003) Icarus 176, 155-174.
253. Pérez-Hoyos, S. and Sánchez-Lavega, A. (2006) On the vertical wind shearof Saturn's equatorial jet at cloud level. Icarus 180, 161-175.
254. Plescia, J. B. and Boyce, J. M. (1982) Crater densities and geological histories of Rhea, Dione, Mimas and Tethys. Nature 295, 285-290.
255. Plescia, J. B., and Boyce, J. M. (1983) Crater numbers and geological histories of Iapetus, Enceladus, Tethys and Hyperion. Nature 301, 666-670.
256. Podolak, M. and Danielson, R. E. (1977) Axel dust on Saturn and Titan. Icarus 30, 479-492.
257. Pollack, J. B., Summers, A. L., and Baldwin, B. J. (1973) Estimates of the size of the particles in Saturn's rings and their cosmogonic implications. Icarus 20, 263-278.
258. Pollack, J. B. (1975) The rings of Saturn. Space Sci. Rev. 18, 3-93.
259. Porco, C. C. (1990) Narrow rings: Observation and theory. Adv. Space Res. 10, 221-229.
260. Porco, C. C. (1995) Highlights in planetary rings. Revs. Geophys. Sp. Phys. Supp., 497-504.
261. Poulet, F., Cuzzi, J. N., Cruikshank, D. P., Roush, T., and Dalle Ore, C. (2002) Comparison between the Shkuratov and Hapke scattering theories for solid planetary surfaces: Application to the surface composition of two centaurs. Icarus 160, 315-324.
262. Poulet, F., Cuzzi, J. N., Cruikshank, D. P., Roush, T. L., and French, R. C. (2003) Compositions of Saturn's rings A, B, and C from high resolution near-infrared spectroscopic observations. Astron. Astrophys. 412, 305-316.
263. Prangé, R., Fouchet, T., Courtin, R., Connerney, J. E. P., and McConnell, J. C. (2006) Latitudinal variation of Saturn photochemistry deduced from spatially resolved ultraviolet spectra. Icarus 180, 379-392.
264. Prinn, R. G. and Barshay, S. S. (1977) Carbon monoxide on Jupiter and implications for atmospheric convection. Science 198, 1031-1034.
265. Prinn, R. G., Larson, H. P., Caldwell, J. J., and Gautier, D. (1984) Composition and chemistry of Saturn's atmosphere. In Saturn (T. Gehrels, M. Matthews, Eds.), Tucson, pp. 88-149.
266. Reuter, D. C., Simon-Miller, A. A., Lunsford, A., Baines, K. H., Cheng, K. H., Jennings, D. E., Olkin, C. B., Spencer, J. R., Stern, S. A., Weaver, H. A., and Young, L. A. (2007) Jupiter cloud composition, stratification, convection, and wave motion: A view from New Horizons. Science 318, 223-225.
267. Richardson, J. D. and Sittler, E. C. (1990) A plasma density model for Saturn based on Voyager observations. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 12019-12031.
268. Rieke, G. H. (1975) The thermal radiation of Saturn and its rings. Icarus 26, 37-44.
269. Roellig, T. W., Werner, M. W. and Becklin, E. J. (1988) Thermal emission from Saturn's rings at 380 microns. Icarus 73, 574-583.
270. Rosenqvist, J., Lellouch, E., Romani, P. N, Paubert, G., and Encrenaz, T. (1992) Millimeter-wave observations of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune-CO and HCN on Neptune. Astrophys. J. 392, L99-L102.
271. Sada, P. V., McCabe, G. H., Bjoraker, G. L., Jennings, D. E., Reuter, D. C. (1996) Astrophys. J. 472, 903.
272. Sada, P. V., Bjoraker, G. L., Jennings, D. E., Romani, P. N., and McCabe, G. H. (2005) Observations of C2H6 and C2H2 in the stratosphere of Saturn. Icarus 173, 499-507.
273. Sánchez-Lavega. A. (1982) Motions in Saturn's atmosphere - Observations before Voyager encounters. Icarus 49, 1-16.
274. Sánchez-Lavega, A., Colas, F., Lecacheux, J., Laques, P., Parker, D., and Miyazaki, I. (1991) The Great White Spot and disturbances in Saturn's equatorial atmosphere during 1990. Nature 33, 397-401.
275. Sánchez-Lavega, A. and Battaner, E. (1986) Long-term changes in Saturn's atmospheric belts and zones. Astron. Astrophys. Supp. Ser. 64, 287-301.
276. Sánchez-Lavega, A. (1989) Saturn's Great White Spots. Sky Telescope 78, 141-142.
277. Sánchez-Lavega, A., Colas, F., Lecacheux, J., Laques, P., Miyazaki, I., and Parker, D. (1991) The Great White Spot and disturbances in Saturn's equatorial atmosphere during 1990. Nature 353, 397-401.
278. Sánchez-Lavega, A., Lecacheux, J. Colas, F and Laques P. (1993a) Temporal behavior of cloud morphologies and motions in Saturn's atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 18857-18872.
279. Sánchez-Lavega, A., Lecacheux, J., Colas, F., and Laques, P. (1993b) Ground-based observations of Saturn's north polar spot and hexagon. Science 260, 329-332.
280. Sánchez-Lavega, A., Lecacheux, J., Gomez. J. M., Colas, F., Laques, P., Noll, K., Gilmore, D., Miyazaki, I., and Parker, D. (1996) Largerscale storms in Saturn's atmosphere during 1994. Science 271, 631-634.
281. Sánchez-Lavega, A., Lecacheux, J., Colas, F., Rojas, J. F., and Gomez, J. M. (1999) Discrete cloud activity in Saturn's equator during 1995, 1996 and 1997. Planet. Space Sci. 47, 10-11.
282. Sánchez-Lavega, A., Rojas, J. F., and Sada, P. V. (2000) Saturn's zonal winds at cloud level. Icarus 147, 405-420.
283. Sánchez-Lavega, A., Pérez-Hoyos, S., Acarreta, J. R., and French, R. G. (2002) No hexagonal waves around Saturn's southern pole. Icarus 160, 216-219.
284. Sánchez-Lavega, A., Pérez-Hoyos, S., Rojas, J. F., Hueso, R., and French, R. G. (2003) A strong decrease in Saturn's equatorial jet at cloud level. Nature 423, 623-625.
285. Sánchez-Lavega, A., Hueso, R., Pérez-Hoyos, S., Rojas, J. F., and French, R. G. (2004) Saturn's cloud morphology and zonal winds before the Cassini encounter. Icarus 170, 519-523.
286. Sánchez-Lavega, A. (2006) Solar flux in Saturn's atmosphere: Penetration and heating rates in the aerosol and cloud layers. Icarus 180, 368-378.
287. Sandel B. R. and Broadfoot, A. L. (1981) Morphology of Saturn's aurora. Nature 292, 679-682.
288. Sandel B. R. et al. (1982) Extreme ultraviolet observations from the Voyager 2 encounter with Saturn. Science 215, 248-253.
289. Saumon, D., and Guilot, T. (2004) Shock compression of deuterium and the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn. Astrophys. J. 609, 1170-1180.
290. Scarf, F. L., Frank, L. A., Gurnett, D. A., Lanzerotti, L. J., Lazarus, A., and Sittler, E. C. (1984) Measurements of plasma, plasma waves, and suprathermal charged particles in Saturn's inner magnetosphere. In Saturn (T. Gehrels, M. Matthews, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tuscon, pp. 318-353.
291. Schloerb, F. P., Muhleman D. O., and Berge G. L. (1980) Interferometry of Saturn and its rings at 1.30cm wavelength. Icarus 42, 125-135.
292. Showalter, M. R., Cuzzi, J. N. Marouf, E. A., and Esposito, L. W. (1986) Satellite 'wakes' and the orbit of the Encke Gap moonlet. Icarus 66, 297-323.
293. Showalter, M. R. and Nicholson, P. D. (1990) Saturn's rings through a microscope: Particle size constraints from the Voyager PPS scan. Icarus 87, 285-306.
294. Showalter, M. R. (1991) Visual detection of 1981S13, Saturn's eighteenth satellite, and its role in the Encke gap. Nature 351, 709-713.
295. Showalter, M. R., Cuzzi, J. N., and Larson, S. M. (1991) Structure and particle properties of Saturn's E ring. Icarus 94, 451-473.
296. Shkuratov, Y., Starukhina, L., Hoffmann, H., and Arnold, G. (1999) A model of spectral albedo of particulate surfaces: Implications for optical properties of the Moon. Icarus 137, 235-246.
297. Simpson, J. A., Bastian, T. S., Chenette, D. L., Lentz, G. A., McKibben, R. B., Pyle, K. R., and Tuzzolino, A. J. (1980) Saturnian trapped radiation and its absorption by satellites and rings: The first results from Pioneer 11. Science 207: 411-415.
298. Sittler, E. C., Blanc, M. F., and Richardson, J. D. (2006) Proposed model for Saturn's auroral response to the solar wind: Centrifugal instability model. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A06208.
299. Slipher, V. M. (1905) A photographic study of the spectrum of Saturn. Astrophys. J. 26, 59-62.
300. Smith, E. J., Davis, L., Jones, D. E., Coleman, P. J., Colburn, D. S., Dyal, P., and Sonett, C. P. (1980a) Saturn's magnetosphere and its interaction with the solar wind. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 5655.
301. Smith, E. J., Davis., L., Jones, D. E., Coleman, P. J., Colburn, D. S., Dyal, P., and Sonett, C. P. (1980b) Saturn's magnetic field and magnetosphere. Science 207, 407-410.
302. Smith, B. A., and 25 co-authors. (1981) Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 imaging results. Science 212, 163-191.
303. Smith, B. A. and 28 coauthors (1982) A new look at the Saturn system: The Voyager 2 images. Science 215, 505-537.
304. Smith, H. J., Rodman, J. P., and Sloan, W. A. (1963) On jovian H-α auroral activity. Astron. J. 68, 79.
305. Smith G. R., Shemansky, D. E., Holberg, J. B., Broadfoot, A. L., Sandel, B. R., and McConnell, J. C. (1983) Saturn's upper atmosphere from the Voyager 2 EUV solar and stellar occultations. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8667-8678.
306. Smith, M. D., Conrath, B. J., and Gautier, D. (1996) Dynamical influence on the isotopic enrichment of CH3D in the outer planets. Icarus 124, 598-607.
307. Smith, C. G. A., Aylward, A. D., Miller, S., Müller-Wodarg, I. C. F. (2005) Polar heating in Saturn's thermosphere. Ann. Geophys. 23, 2465-2477.
308. Spilker, L. J., Pilorz, S. H., Edgington, S. G., Wallis, B. D., Brooks, S. M., Pearl, J. C., and Flasar, F. M. (2005) Cassini CIRS Observations of a roll-off in Saturn ring spectra at submillimeter wavelengths. Earth, Moon, and Planets 96, 149-163.
309. Spinrad, H, Münch, G., and Trafton, L. M. (1962) Recent spectroscopic investigations of Jupiter and Saturn. Astron. J. 67, 587.
310. Sromovsky, L. A., Revercomb, H. E., Krauss, R. J., and Suomi, V. E. (1983) Voyager 2 observations of Saturn's northern mid latitude cloud features: Morphology, motions and evolution. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8650-8666.
311. 3+ latitudinal profile of Saturn. Astrophys. J. Lett. 521, L149-L152.
312. Stallard T., Miller, S., Millward, G., and Joseph, R. D. (2001) On the dynamics of the jovian ionosphere and thermosphere I: the measurement of ion winds. Icarus 154, 475-491.
313. Stallard, T., Miller, S., Trafton, L. M., Geballe, T. R., and Joseph. R. D. (2004) Ion winds in Saturn's southern auroral/polar region. Icarus 167, 204-211.
314. 3+ infrared emission I: General morphology and ion velocity structure. Icarus 189, 1-13.
315. 3+ infrared emission II: An indicator of magnetospheric origin. Icarus 191, 678-680.
316. 3+ aurora. Astrophys. J. Lett. 673, L203-L205.
317. 3+ aurora. Astrophys. J. Lett. 675, L117-L120.
318. Stallard T., Miller, S., Melin, H., Lystrup, M., Cowley, S., Bunce, E., Achilleos, N., and Dougherty, M. (2008c) Jovian-like aurorae on Saturn. Nature 453, 1083-1085.
319. Stallard, T. and 16 co-authors, Complex structure within Saturn's infrared aurora (2008d) Nature 456, 214-217.
320. Stevenson, D. J. (1980) Saturn's luminosity and magnetism. Science 208, 746-748.
321. Stevenson, D. J. (1982) Interiors of the giant planets. Ann. Rev. Earth and Planetary Sci. 10, 257-295.
322. Stewart, G. R. (1991) Nonlinear satellite wakes in planetary rings. I - Phase-space kinematics. Icarus 94, 436-450.
323. Strobel, D. F. (1969) Photochemistry of methane in the Jovian atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 26, 906-911.
324. Strobel, D. F. and Smith, G. R. (1973) On the temperature of the Jovian thermosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 30, 718-725.
325. Tagger, M., Henriksen, R. N., and Pellat, R. (1991) On the nature of the spokes in Saturn's rings. Icarus 91, 297-314.
326. Tejfel, V. G. (1977a) Latitudinal differences in the structure of Saturn's cloud cover. Solar System Res. 11, 10-18.
327. Tejfel, V. G. (1977b) On the determination of the two-layer planetary atmosphere model parameters from the absorption bands observations. Astron. Zh. 54, 178-189. (Russian).
328. Tokunaga, A., Knacke, R. F, and Owen, T. (1975) The detection of ethane on Saturn. Astrophys. J. 197, L77-L78.
329. Tokunaga, A. and Cess. R. (1977) A model for the temperature inversion within the atmosphere of Saturn. Icarus 32, 231-327.
330. Tokunaga, A. T, Caldwell, J., Gillett, F. C, and Nolt, I. G. (1978) Spatially resolved infrared observations of Saturn. II - The temperature enhancement at the south pole. Icarus 36, 216-222.
331. Tokunaga, A. T, Caldwell, J., Gillett, F. C, and Nolt, I. G. (1979) Spatially resolved infrared observations of Saturn. II - 10 and 20 micron disk scans at B' at -11:8°. Icarus 39, 46-53.
332. Tomasko, M., McMillan, R. S., Doose, L. R., Castillo, N. D., and Dilley J. P. (1980) Photometry of Saturn at large phase angles. J. Geophys. Res. 85, 8167-8186.
333. Tomasko, M. G. and Stahl, H. P. (1982) Measurements of the singlescattering properties of water and ammonia ice crystals. Proceedings "Fourth Annual Meeting of Planetary Atmospheres Principal Investigators: Ann Arbor, MI, April 1982 (abstract).
334. Tomasko, M. G. and Doose, L. R. (1984) Polarimetry and photometry of Saturn from Pioneer 11: Observations and constraints on the distribution and properties of cloud aerosol particles. Icarus 58, 1-34.
335. Tomasko, M. G., West, R. A., Orton, G. S., and Tejfel, V. G. (1984) Clouds and aerosols in Saturn's atmosphere. In Saturn (T. Gehrels, M. Matthews, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 150-194.
336. Trafton, L. M. (1967) Model atmospheres of the major planets. Astrophys. J. 147, 765-781.
337. + from Uranus. Astrophys. J., 405, 761-766.
338. Trauger J. T, Griffiths, R. E., Hester, J. J., Hoessel, J. G., Holtzman, J. A., Krist, J. E., Mould, J. R., Sahai, R., Scowen, P. A., Stapelfeldt, K. R., and Watson, A. M. (1998) Saturn's hydrogen aurora: Widefield camera 2 imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 20237-20244.
339. Tyler, G. L., Eshleman, V. R., Anderson, J. D., Levy, G. S, Lindal, G. F, Wood, G. E., and Croft, T. A. (1981) Radio science investigations of the Saturn system with Voyager 1: Preliminary results. Science 212, 201-206.
340. Tyler, G. L., Eshleman, V. R., Anderson, J. D., Levy, G. S., Lindal, G. F, Wood, G. E., and Croft. T. A. (1982) Radio science with Voyager 2 at Saturn: Atmosphere and ionosphere and the masses of Mimas, Tethys and Iapetus. Science, 215, 553-558.
341. Tyler, G. L., Marouf, E. A., Simpson, R. A., Zebker, H. A., and Eshleman, V. R. (1983) The microwave opacity of Saturn's rings at wavelengths of 3.6 and 13 cm from Voyager 1 radio occultation. Icarus 54, 160-188.
342. Van Allen, J. A., Thomsen, M. F, Randall, B. A., Rairden, R. L., and Grosskreutz, C. L. (1980a) Saturn's magnetosphere, rings, and inner satellites. Science 207, 415-421.
343. Van Allen, J. A., Thomsen, M. F., and Randall, B. A. (1980b) The energetic charged particle absorption signature of Mimas, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 5709-5718.
344. Van Allen, J. A. (1984) Energetic particles in the inner magnetosphere of Saturn. In Saturn (T. Gehrels, M. Matthews, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tuscon, pp. 281-318.
345. Van der Tak, F., de Pater, I., Silva, A., and Millan, R. (1998) Time variability in the radio brightness distribution of Saturn; Icarus 142, 125-147.
346. Van der Tak, F., de Pater, I., Silva, A., and Millan, R. (1999) Time variability in the radio brightness distribution of Saturn. Icarus 142, 125-147.
347. Vasyliunas, V. M. (1983) Plasma distribution and flow. In Physics of the Jovian Magnetosphere (A. J. Dessler, Ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 395-453.
348. Verbiscer, A. J. and Veverka, J. (1992) Mimas-photometric roughness and albedo map. Icarus 99, 63-69.
349. Visscher, C. and Fegley, B. (2005) Chemical constraints on the water and total oxygen abundances in the deep atmosphere of Saturn. Astrophys. J. 623, 1221-1227.
350. Visscher, C., Lodders, K., and Fegley, B. (2006) Atmospheric chemistry in giant planets, brown dwarfs, and low-mass dwarf stars. II. Sulfur and phosphorus. Astrophys. J. 648, 1181-1195.
351. Vogt, R. E., Chenette, D. L., Cummings, A. C., Garrard, T. L., Stone, E. C., Schardt, A. W., Trainor, J. H., Lal, N., and McDonald, F. B. (1982) Energetic charged particles in Saturn's magnetosphere-Voyager 2 results. Science 215, 577-582.
352. von Zahn, U., Hunten, D. M., and Lehmacher, G. (1998) Helium in Jupiter's atmosphere: Results from the Galileo probe helium interferometer experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 22815-22830.
353. Warwick J. W., Pearce, J. B., Peltzer, R. G., and Riddle, A. C. (1977) Planetary radio astronomy experiment for Voyager missions. Space Sci. Rev. 21, 309-327.
354. Warwick, J. W. and 12 co-authors. (1981) Planetary radio astronomy observations from Voyager 1 near Saturn. Science, 212, 239-243.
355. Warwick, J. W., Evans, D. R., Romig, J. H., Alexander, J. K., Desch, M. D., Kaiser, M. L., Aubier, M., Leblanc, Y., Lecacheux, A., and Pedersen, B. M. (1982) Planetary radio astronomy observations from Voyager 2 near Saturn. Science 215, 582-587.
356. Weidenschilling, S. J. and J. S Lewis (1973) Atmospheric and cloud structures of the jovian planets. Icarus 20, 465-476.
357. Weiser, H., Vitz, R. C., and Moos, H. W. (1977) Detection of Lymanalpha emission from the Saturnian disk from the rings system.
358. Weisstein, E. W. and Serabyn, E. (1996) Submillimeter line search in Jupiter and Saturn. Icarus 123, 23-36.
359. West, R. A., Hord, C. W., Simmons, I. E., Hart, H., Esposito, L, W., Lane, A. L., Pomphrey, R. B, Morris, R. B., Sato, M., and Coffeen, D. L. (1983) Voyager photopolarimeter observations of Saturn and Titan. Adv. Space Res. 3, 45-48.
360. West, R. A., Tomasko, M. G., Wijesinghe, M. P. Doose, L. R. Reitsema, H. J., and Larson, S. M. (1982) Spatially resolved methane band photometry of Saturn. I. Absolute reflectivity and center-to-limb variations in the 6190-, 7250-, ad 8900-A bands. Icarus 51, 5-64.
361. West, R. A., Sato, M., Hart, H., Lane, A. L., Hord, C. W., Simmons, K. E., Esposito, L. W., Coffeen, D. L., and Omphey, R. B. (1983) Photometry and polarimetry of Saturn at 2640 and 7500 Å. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8679-8697.
362. Westphal, J. A., Baum, W. A., Ingersoll, A. P., Barnet, C. D., De Jong, E. M., Danielson, G. E., and Caldwell, J. (1992) Hubble Space Telescope observations of the 1990 equatorial disturbance on Saturn: Images, albedos, and limb darkening. Icarus 100, 485-498.
363. Wildt, R. (1932) The atmospheres of the giant planets. Nature 134, 418.
364. Winkelstein, P., Caldwell, J., Owen, T. Combes, M., Encrenaz, T., Hunt, G., and Moore, V. (1983) A determination of the composition of the Saturnian stratosphere using IUE. Icarus 54, 309-318.
365. Yanamandra-Fisher, P. A., Orton, G. S., Fisher, B., and Sánchez-Lavega, A. (2001) Saturn's 5.2-μm cold spots: Unexpected cloud variability. Icarus 150, 189-193.
366. Yelle R. V. and Miller, S. (2004) Jupiter's Upper Atmosphere, in Jupiter: Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere (F. Bagenal, W. McK-innon, T. Dowling, Eds.), (Cambridge Univ. Press), pp. 185-218.
367. Zebker, H. A., Marouf, E. A., and Tyler, G. L. (1985) Saturn's rings; particle size distribution for thin layer models. Icarus 64, 531-548.