Guanylyl cyclase / atrial natriuretic peptide receptor-A: Role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular regulation

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

Volumn 89, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 557-573

  Pandey, Kailash N ^a  

^a TULANE UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Atrial natriuretic factor peptide; Cardiac hypertrophy; Gene targeting; Guanylyl cyclase natriuretic peptide receptor a; High blood pressure

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ADENYLATE CYCLASE INHIBITOR; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; CALSENILIN; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; CXCL13 CHEMOKINE; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC GMP; CYTOKINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; GUANYLATE CYCLASE; HOMODIMER; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INOSITOL TRISPHOSPHATE; INTERLEUKIN 6; LIGAND; MESSENGER RNA; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE RECEPTOR A; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE TYPE C; PHOSPHODIESTERASE; PROLINE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; PROLYL ENDOPEPTIDASE; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEINASE; RENIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL TYPE; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; DOWN REGULATION; GENE INACTIVATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KNOCKOUT GENE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHARMACOGENOMICS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN HOMEOSTASIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

ANIMALS; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; GUANYLATE CYCLASE; HUMANS; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE, BRAIN; RECEPTORS, ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR;

EID: 79961177493     PISSN: 00084212     EISSN: 12057541     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/y11-054     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. -/- mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23(6): 1077-1082. doi:10. 1161/01.ATV.0000071702.45741.2E. PMID:12702516.
2. Anand-Srivastava, M.B. 2005. Natriuretic peptide receptor-C signaling and regulation. Peptides, 26(6): 1044-1059. doi:10.1016/j. peptides.2004.09.023. PMID:15911072.
3. Appel, R.G. 1992. Growth-regulatory properties of atrial natriuretic factor. Am. J. Physiol. 262(6 Pt 2): F911-F918. PMID:1535754.
4. Arise, K.K., and Pandey, K.N. 2006. Inhibition and down-regulation of gene transcription and guanylyl cyclase activity of NPRA by angiotensin II involving protein kinase C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 349(1): 131-135. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.003. PMID:16930545.
5. Atarashi, K., Mulrow, P.J., Franco-Saenz, R., Snajdar, R., and Rapp, J. 1984. Inhibition of aldosterone production by an atrial extract. Science, 224(4652): 992-994. doi:10.1126/science.6326267. PMID:6326267.
6. Ballermann, B.J., Marala, R.B., and Sharma, R.K. 1988. Characterization and regulation by protein kinase C of renal glomerular atrial natriuretic peptide receptor-coupled guanylate cyclase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 157(2): 755-761. doi:10. 1016/S0006-291X(88)80314-0. PMID:2904814.
7. Barak, L.S., Tiberi, M., Freedman, N.J., Kwatra, M.M., Lefkowitz, R.J., and Caron, M.G. 1994. A highly conserved tyrosine residue in G protein-coupled receptors is required for agonist-mediated b2-adrenergic receptor sequestration. J. Biol. Chem. 269(4): 2790- 2795. PMID:7507928.
8. Bianchi, C., Gutkowska, J., Thibault, G., Garcia, R., Genest, J., and Cantin, M. 1986. Distinct localization of atrial natriuretic factor and angiotensin II binding sites in the glomerulus. Am. J. Physiol. 251(4 Pt 2): F594-F602. PMID:2945442.
9. Bottari, S.P., King, I.N., Reichlin, S., Dahlstroem, I., Lydon, N., and de Gasparo, M. 1992. The angiotensin AT2 receptor stimulates protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and mediates inhibition of particulate guanylate cyclase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 183(1): 206-211. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(92)91629-5. PMID: 1347447.
10. 2+ sensor protein VILIP-1 affects cGMP signalling of guanylyl cyclase B by regulating clathrin-dependent receptor recycling in hippocampal neurons. J. Cell Sci. 118(11): 2495-2505. doi:10.1242/jcs.02376. PMID:15923662.
11. Brenner, B.M., Ballermann, B.J., Gunning, M.E., and Zeidel, M.L. 1990. Diverse biological actions of atrial natriuretic peptide. Physiol. Rev. 70(3): 665-699. PMID:2141944.
12. Burczynska, B., Duda, T., and Sharma, R.K. 2007. ATP signaling site in the ARM domain of atrial natriuretic factor receptor guanylate cyclase. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 301(1-2): 93-107. doi:10.1007/ s11010-006-9400-7. PMID:17277921.
13. Burnett, J.C., Jr, Granger, J.P., and Opgenorth, T.J. 1984. Effects of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor on renal function and renin release. Am. J. Physiol. 247(5 Pt 2): F863-F866. PMID:6238539.
14. Cao, L., Wu, J., and Gardner, D.G. 1995. Atrial natriuretic peptide suppresses the transcription of its guanylyl cyclase-linked receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270(42): 24891-24897. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.42. 24891. PMID:7559613.
15. Cermak, R., Kleta, R., Forssmann, W.G., and Schlatter, E. 1996. Natriuretic peptides increase a K+ conductance in rat mesangial cells. Pflugers Arch. 431(4): 571-577. doi:10.1007/BF02191905. PMID:8596701.
16. Chang, M.S., Lowe, D.G., Lewis, M., Hellmiss, R., Chen, E., and Goeddel, D.V. 1989. Differential activation by atrial and brain natriuretic peptides of two different receptor guanylate cyclases. Nature, 341(6237): 68-72. doi:10.1038/341068a0. PMID: 2570358.
17. Charles, C.J., Espiner, E.A., Richards, A.M., Nicholls, M.G., and Yandle, T.G. 1995. Biological actions and pharmacokinetics of C-type natriuretic peptide in conscious sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 268(1 Pt 2): R201-R207. PMID:7840321.
18. Chen, H.H., and Burnett, J.C., Jr. 1999. The natriuretic peptides in heart failure: diagnostic and therapeutic potentials. Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 111(5): 406-416. PMID:10519161.
19. Chinkers, M., and Garbers, D.L. 1989. The protein kinase domain of the ANP receptor is required for signaling. Science, 245(4924): 1392-1394. doi:10.1126/science.2571188. PMID:2571188.
20. Chinkers, M., Garbers, D.L., Chang, M.S., Lowe, D.G., Chin, H.M., Goeddel, D.V., and Schulz, S. 1989. A membrane form of guanylate cyclase is an atrial natriuretic peptide receptor. Nature, 338(6210): 78-83. doi:10.1038/338078a0. PMID:2563900.
21. Chrisman, T.D., and Garbers, D.L. 1999. Reciprocal antagonism coordinates C-type natriuretic peptide and mitogen-signaling pathways in fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 274(7): 4293-4299. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.7.4293. PMID:9933630.
22. Cogan, M.G., Huang, C.L., Liu, F.Y., Madden, D., and Wong, K.R. 1986. Effect of atrial natriuretic factor on acid-base homeostasis. J. Hypertens. Suppl. 4(2): S31-S34. PMID:2941542.
23. Das, S., Au, E., Krazit, S.T., and Pandey, K.N. 2010. Targeted disruption of guanylyl cyclase-A/natriuretic peptide receptor-A gene provokes renal fibrosis and remodeling in null mutant mice: role of proinflammatory cytokines. Endocrinology, 151(12): 5841-5850. doi:10.1210/en.2010-0655. PMID:20881240.
24. de Bold, A.J. 1985. Atrial natriuretic factor: a hormone produced by the heart. Science, 230(4727): 767-770. doi:10.1126/science. 2932797. PMID:2932797.
25. de Bold, A. J., Borenstein, H. B., Veress, A. T., and Sonnenberg, H. 1981. A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats. Life Sci. 28(1): 89-94.
26. De Léan, A., McNicoll, N., and Labrecque, J. 2003. Natriuretic peptide receptor A activation stabilizes a membrane-distal dimer interface. J. Biol. Chem. 278(13): 11159-11166. doi:10.1074/jbc. M212862200. PMID:12547834.
27. Deschepper, C.F., Masciotra, S., Zahabi, A., Boutin-Ganache, I., Picard, S., and Reudelhuber, T.L. 2001. Function alterations of the Nppa promoter are linked to cardiac ventricular hypertrophy in WKY/WKHA rat crosses. Circ. Res. 88(2): 223-228. PMID: 11157676.
28. Doust, J.A., Pietrzak, E., Dobson, A., and Glasziou, P. 2005. How well does B-type natriuretic peptide predict death and cardiac events in patients with heart failure: systematic review. BWJ, 625- 650. PMID:554905.
29. Drewett, J.G., and Garbers, D.L. 1994. The family of guanylyl cyclase receptors and their ligands. Endocr. Rev. 15(2): 135-162. PMID: 7913014.
30. Duda, T., and Sharma, R.K. 1990. Regulation of guanylate cyclase activity by atrial natriuretic factor and protein kinase C. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 93(2): 179-184. doi:10.1007/BF00226190. PMID: 1971707.
31. Duda, T., Goraczniak, R.M., and Sharma, R.K. 1993. Core sequence of ATP regulatory module in receptor guanylate cyclases. FEBS Lett. 315(2): 143-148. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)81151-O. PMID:8093355.
32. Ellmers, L.J., Knowles, J.W., Kim, H.S., Smithies, O., Maeda, N., and Cameron, V.A. 2002. Ventricular expression of natriuretic peptides in Npr1(-/-) mice with cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 283(2): H707-H714. PMID: 12124219.
33. Ellmers, L.J., Scott, N.J., Piuhola, J., Maeda, N., Smithies, O., Frampton, C.M., 2007. Npr1-regulated gene pathways contributing to cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 38(1- 2): 245-257. doi:10.1677/jme.1.02138. PMID:17293444.
34. Felker, G.M., Petersen, J.W., and Mark, D.B. 2006. Natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis and management of heart failure. CMAJ, 175(6): 611-617. doi:10.1503/cmaj.060236. PMID:16966666.
35. Feller, S.M., Mgert, H.J., Schulz-Knappe, P., and Forssmann, W.G. (1990). Urodilatin (hANF 95-126) -Characteristics of a new atrial natriuretic factor peptide. In Atrial Natriuretic Factor. Edited by A. D. Struthers. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. pp. 209-226.
36. Fenrick, R., McNicoll, N., and De Lean, A. 1996. Glycosylation is critical for natriuretic peptide receptor-B function. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 165(2): 103-109. doi:10.1007/BF00229471. PMID: 8979258.
37. Fenrick, R., Bouchard, N., McNicoll, N., and De Léan, A. 1997. Glycosylation of asparagine 24 of the natriuretic peptide receptor-B is crucial for the formation of a competent ligand binding domain. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 173(1-2): 25-32. doi:10.1023/ A:1006855522272. PMID:9278251.
38. Flynn, T.G., de Bold, M.L., and de Bold, A.J. 1983. The amino acid sequence of an atrial peptide with potent diuretic and natriuretic properties. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 117(3): 859-865. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(83)91675-3. PMID:6230081.
39. Foster, D.C., and Garbers, D.L. 1998. Dual role for adenine nucleotides in the regulation of the atrial natriuretic peptide receptor, guanylyl cyclase-A. J. Biol. Chem. 273(26): 16311-16318. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.26.16311. PMID:9632692.
40. Fried, T.A., McCoy, R.N., Osgood, R.W., and Stein, J.H. 1986. Effect of atriopeptin II on determinants of glomerular filtration rate in the in vitro perfused dog glomerulus. Am. J. Physiol. 250(6 Pt 2): F1119-F1122. PMID:2940875.
41. Fujio, N., Gossard, F., Bayard, F., and Tremblay, J. 1994. Regulation of natriuretic peptide receptor A and B expression by transforming growth factor-b1 in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. Hypertension, 23(6 Pt 2): 908-913. PMID:7911451.
42. Fuller, F., Porter, J.G., Arfsten, A.E., Miller, J., Schilling, J.W., Scarborough, R.M., 1988. Atrial natriuretic peptide clearance receptor. Complete sequence and functional expression of cDNA clones. J. Biol. Chem. 263(19): 9395-9401. PMID:2837487.
43. Garbers, D.L. 1992. Guanylyl cyclase receptors and their endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine ligands. Cell, 71(1): 1-4. doi:10.1016/ 0092-8674(92)90258-E. PMID:1356629.
44. Garbers, D.L., and Lowe, D.G. 1994. Guanylyl cyclase receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 269(49): 30741-30744. PMID:7982997.
45. Garbers, D.L., Chrisman, T.D., Wiegn, P., Katafuchi, T., Albanesi, J.P., Bielinski, V., 2006. Membrane guanylyl cyclase receptors: an update. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 17(6): 251-258. doi:10.1016/ j.tem.2006.06.006. PMID:16815030.
46. Gardner, D.G. 2003. Natriuretic peptides: markers or modulators of cardiac hypertrophy? Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 14(9): 411-416. doi:10.1016/S1043-2760(03)00113-9. PMID:14580760.
47. Garg, R., and Pandey, K.N. 2003. Angiotensin II-mediated negative regulation of Npr1 promoter activity and gene transcription. Hypertension, 41(3): 730-736. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000051890. 68573.94. PMID:12623988.
48. Gutkowska, J., Jankowski, M., Sairam, M.R., Fujio, N., Reis, A.M., Mukaddam-Daher, S., and Tremblay, J. 1999. Hormonal regulation of natriuretic peptide system during induced ovarian follicular development in the rat. Biol. Reprod. 61(1): 162-170. doi:10. 1095/biolreprod61.1.162. PMID:10377045.
49. Haneda, M., Kikkawa, R., Maeda, S., Togawa, M., Koya, D., Horide, N., 1991. Dual mechanism of angiotensin II inhibits ANP-induced mesangial cGMP accumulation. Kidney Int. 40(2): 188-194. doi:10.1038/ki.1991.199. PMID:1719265.
50. Heim, J.M., Singh, S., and Gerzer, R. 1996. Effect of glycosylation on cloned ANF-sensitive guanylyl cyclase. Life Sci. 59(4): PL61- PL68. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(96)00306-2. PMID:8761009.
51. Holmes, S.J., Espiner, E.A., Richards, A.M., Yandle, T.G., and Frampton, C. 1993. Renal, endocrine, and hemodynamic effects of human brain natriuretic peptide in normal man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76(1): 91-96. doi:10.1210/jc.76.1.91. PMID: 8380606.
52. Holtwick, R., van Eickels, M., Skryabin, B.V., Baba, H.A., Bubikat, A., Begrow, F., 2003. Pressure-independent cardiac hypertrophy in mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted inactivation of the atrial natriuretic peptide receptor guanylyl cyclase-A. J. Clin. Invest. 111 (9): 1399-1407. PMID:12727932.
53. Huganir, R.L., and Greengardt, P. 1990. Regulation of neurotrans-mitter receptor desensitization by protein phosphorylation. Neuron, 5(5): 555-567. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(90)90211-W. PMID: 1699566.
54. Hunt, P.J., Richards, A.M., Espiner, E.A., Nicholls, M.G., and Yandle, T.G. 1994. Bioactivity and metabolism of C-type natriuretic peptide in normal man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 78(6): 1428-1435. doi:10.1210/jc.78.6.1428. PMID:8200946.
55. Hunter, T. 1995. Protein kinases and phosphatases: the yin and yang of protein phosphorylation and signaling. Cell, 80(2): 225-236. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90405-0. PMID:7834742.
56. Hutchinson, H.G., Trindade, P.T., Cunanan, D.B., Wu, C.F., and Pratt, R.E. 1997. Mechanisms of natriuretic-peptide-induced growth inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc. Res. 35(1): 158-167. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(97)00086-2. PMID:9302360.
57. Jaffe, A.S., Babuin, L., and Apple, F.S. 2006. Biomarkers in acute cardiac disease: the present and the future. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48 (1): 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.02.056. PMID:16814641.
58. Ji, W., Foo, J.N., O'Roak, B.J., Zhao, H., Larson, M.G., Simon, D.B., 2008. Rare independent mutations in renal salt handling genes contribute to blood pressure variation. Nat. Genet. 40(5): 592-599. doi:10.1038/ng.118. PMID:18391953.
59. John, S. W., Krege, J. H., Oliver, P. M., Hagaman, J. R., Hodgin, J. B., Pang, S.C., et al. 1995. Genetic decreases in atrial natriuretic peptide and salt-sensitive hypertension. Science, 267(5198): 679-681.
60. Kaupp, U.B., and Seifert, R. 2002. Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels. Physiol. Rev. 82(3): 769-824. PMID:12087135.
61. Khan, I.A., Fink, J., Nass, C., Chen, H., Christenson, R., and deFilippi, C.R. 2006. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide for identifying coronary artery disease and left ventricular hypertrophy in ambulatory chronic kidney disease patients. Am. J. Cardiol. 97(10): 1530-1534. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.11.090. PMID:16679099.
62. Khurana, M.L., and Pandey, K.N. 1993. Receptor-mediated stimulatory effect of atrial natriuretic factor, brain natriuretic peptide, and C-type natriuretic peptide on testosterone production in purified mouse Leydig cells: activation of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. Endocrinology, 133(5): 2141-2149. doi:10. 1210/en.133.5.2141. PMID:8404664.
63. Khurana, M.L., and Pandey, K.N. 1996. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits the phosphoinositide hydrolysis in murine Leydig tumor cells. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 158(2): 97-105. doi:10.1007/ BF00225834. PMID:8817470.
64. Kilić, A., Bubikat, A., Gassner, B., Baba, H.A., and Kuhn, M. 2007. Local actions of atrial natriuretic peptide counteract angiotensin II stimulated cardiac remodeling. Endocrinology, 148(9): 4162-4169. doi:10.1210/en.2007-0182. PMID:17510245.
65. Kishimoto, I., Rossi, K., and Garbers, D.L. 2001. A genetic model provides evidence that the receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide (guanylyl cyclase-A) inhibits cardiac ventricular myocyte hypertrophy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(5): 2703-2706. doi:10. 1073/pnas.051625598. PMID:11226303.
66. Knowles, J.W., Esposito, G., Mao, L., Hagaman, J.R., Fox, J.E., Smithies, O., 2001. Pressure-independent enhancement of cardiac hypertrophy in natriuretic peptide receptor A-deficient mice. J. Clin. Invest. 107(8): 975-984. doi:10.1172/JCI11273. PMID: 11306601.
67. Knowles, J.W., Erickson, L.M., Guy, V.K., Sigel, C.S., Wilder, J.C., and Maeda, N. 2003. Common variations in noncoding regions of the human natriuretic peptide receptor A gene have quantitative effects. Hum. Genet. 112(1): 62-70. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0834-z. PMID:12483301.
68. Koller, K.J., and Goeddel, D.V. 1992. Molecular biology of the natriuretic peptides and their receptors. Circulation, 86(4): 1081-1088. PMID:1327579.
69. Koller, K.J., Lowe, D.G., Bennett, G.L., Minamino, N., Kangawa, K., Matsuo, H., and Goeddel, D. 1991. Selective activation of the B natriuretic peptide receptor by C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). Science, 252(5002): 120-123. doi:10.1126/science.1672777. PMID:1672777.
70. Koller, K.J., de Sauvage, F.J., Lowe, D.G., and Goeddel, D.V. 1992. Conservation of the kinaselike regulatory domain is essential for activation of the natriuretic peptide receptor guanylyl cyclases. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12(6): 2581-2590. PMID:1350322.
71. Koller, K.J., Lipari, M.T., and Goeddel, D.V. 1993. Proper glycosylation and phosphorylation of the type A natriuretic peptide receptor are required for hormone-stimulated guanylyl cyclase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 268(8): 5997-6003. PMID: 8095500.
72. Kuhn, M. 2005. Cardiac and intestinal natriuretic peptides: insights from genetically modified mice. Peptides, 26(6): 1078-1085. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.08.031. PMID:15911075.
73. Kuhn, M., Volker, K., Schwarz, K., Carbajo-Lozoya, J., Flogel, U., Jacoby, C., 2009. The natriuretic peptide/guanylyl cyclase-a system functions as a stress-responsive regulator of angiogenesis in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 119(7): 2019-2030. doi:10.1172/ JCI37430. PMID:19487812.
74. Kumar, P., and Pandey, K.N. 2009. Cooperative activation of Npr1 gene transcription and expression by interaction of Ets-1 and p300. Hypertension,54(1):172-178. doi:10.1161/
75. HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.133033. PMID:19487584.
76. Kumar, R., Cartledge, W.A., Lincoln, T.M., and Pandey, K.N. 1997. Expression of guanylyl cyclase-A/atrial natriuretic peptide receptor blocks the activation of protein kinase C in vascular smooth muscle cells. Role of cGMP and cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Hypertension, 29(1 Pt 2): 414-421. PMID:9039136.
77. Kumar, P., Bolden, G., Arise, K.K., Krazit, S.T., and Pandey, K.N. 2009. Regulation of natriuretic peptide receptor-A gene expression and stimulation of its guanylate cyclase activity by transcription factor Ets-1. Biosci. Rep. 29(1): 57-70. doi:10.1042/ BSR20080094. PMID:18651838.
78. Kumar, P., Garg, R., Bolden, G., and Pandey, K.N. 2010. Interactive roles of Ets-1, Sp1, and acetylated histones in the retinoic acid-dependent activation of guanylyl cyclase/atrial natriuretic peptide receptor-A gene transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 285(48): 37521-37530. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.132795. PMID:20864529.
79. Kurose, H., and Lefkowitz, R.J. 1994. Differential desensitization and phosphorylation of three cloned and transfected a 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes. J. Biol. Chem. 269(13): 10093-10099. PMID: 7908287.
80. Kurose, H., Inagami, T., and Ui, M. 1987. Participation of adenosine 5′-triphosphate in the activation of membrane-bound guanylate cyclase by the atrial natriuretic factor. FEBS Lett. 219(2): 375-379. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(87)80256-9. PMID:2886366.
81. Kurtz, A., Della Bruna, R., Pfeilschifter, J., Taugner, R., and Bauer, C. 1986. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits renin release from juxtaglomerular cells by a cGMP-mediated process. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83(13): 4769-4773. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.13. 4769. PMID:3014509.
82. Langlet, C., Langer, I., Vertongen, P., Gaspard, N., Vanderwinden, J. M., and Robberecht, P. 2005. Contribution of the carboxyl terminus of the VPAC1 receptor to agonist-induced receptor phosphorylation, internalization, and recycling. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (30): 28034-28043. doi:10.1074/jbc.M500449200. PMID: 15932876.
83. LaPointe, M.C. 2005. Molecular regulation of the brain natriuretic peptide gene. Peptides, 26(6): 944-956. doi:10.1016/j.peptides. 2004.08.028. PMID:15911064.
84. Larose, L., Rondeau, J.J., Ong, H., and De Léan, A. 1992. Phosphorylation of atrial natriuretic factor R1 receptor by serine/ threonine protein kinases: evidences for receptor regulation. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 115(2): 203-211. doi:10.1007/BF00230332. PMID:1280321.
85. Lee, C.Y., Lieu, H., and Burnett, J.C., Jr. 2009. Designer natriuretic peptides. J. Investig. Med. 57(1): 18-21. PMID:19158603.
86. Levin, E.R., and Frank, H.J. 1991. Natriuretic peptides inhibit rat astroglial proliferation: mediation by C receptor. Am. J. Physiol. 261(2 Pt 2): R453-R457. PMID:1652217.
87. Levin, E.R., Gardner, D.G., and Samson, W.K. 1998. Natriuretic peptides. N. Engl. J. Med. 339(5): 321-328. doi:10.1056/ NEJM199807303390507. PMID:9682046.
88. Levy, D., DeStefano, A.L., Larson, M.G., O'Donnell, C.J., Lifton, R.P., Gavras, H., 2000. Evidence for a gene influencing blood pressure on chromosome 17. Genome scan linkage results for longitudinal blood pressure phenotypes in subjects from the framingham heart study. Hypertension, 36(4): 477-483. PMID: 11040222.
89. Li, Y., Kishimoto, I., Saito, Y., Harada, M., Kuwahara, K., Izumi, T., 2002. Guanylyl cyclase-A inhibits angiotensin II type 1A receptor-mediated cardiac remodeling, an endogenous protective mechanism in the heart. Circulation, 106(13): 1722-1728. doi:10.1161/01. CIR.0000029923.57048.61. PMID:12270869.
90. Liang, F., Schaufele, F., and Gardner, D.G. 2001. Functional interaction of NF-Y and Sp1 is required for type a natriuretic peptide receptor gene transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 276(2): 1516-1522. doi:10.1074/jbc.M006350200. PMID:11022037.
91. Lifton, R.P., Gharavi, A.G., and Geller, D.S. 2001. Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension. Cell, 104(4): 545-556. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00241-0. PMID:11239411.
92. Light, D.B., Schwiebert, E.M., Karlson, K.H., and Stanton, B.A. 1989. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits a cation channel in renal inner medullary collecting duct cells. Science, 243(4889): 383-385. doi:10.1126/science.2463673. PMID:2463673.
93. Lin, K.F., Chao, J., and Chao, L. 1995. Human atrial natriuretic peptide gene delivery reduces blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Hypertension, 26(6 Pt 1): 847-853. PMID:7490138.
94. Lincoln, T.M., Dey, N., and Sellak, H. 2001. Invited review: cGMP-dependent protein kinase signaling mechanisms in smooth muscle: from the regulation of tone to gene expression. J. Appl. Physiol. 91 (3): 1421-1430. PMID:11509544.
95. Lisy, O., Huntley, B.K., McCormick, D.J., Kurlansky, P.A., and Burnett, J.C., Jr. 2008. Design, synthesis, and actions of a novel chimeric natriuretic peptide: CD-NP. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 52(1): 60-68. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.02.077. PMID:18582636.
96. Liu, Y., Ruoho, A.E., Rao, V.D., and Hurley, J.H. 1997. Catalytic mechanism of the adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases: modeling and mutational analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94(25): 13414-13419. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.25.13414. PMID:9391039.
97. Lopez, M.J., Wong, S.K., Kishimoto, I., Dubois, S., Mach, V., Friesen, J., 1995. Salt-resistant hypertension in mice lacking the guanylyl cyclase-A receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide. Nature, 378(6552): 65-68. doi:10.1038/378065a0. PMID:7477288.
98. Lowe, D.G., and Fendly, B.M. 1992. Human natriuretic peptide receptor-A guanylyl cyclase. Hormone cross-linking and antibody reactivity distinguish receptor glycoforms. J. Biol. Chem. 267(30): 21691-21697. PMID:1356991.
99. Lucas, K.A., Pitari, G.M., Kazerounian, S., Ruiz-Stewart, I., Park, J., Schulz, S., 2000. Guanylyl cyclases and signaling by cyclic GMP. Pharmacol. Rev. 52(3): 375-414. PMID:10977868.
100. Maki, M., Takayanagi, R., Misono, K., Pandey, K.N., Tibbetts, C., and Inagami, T. 1984. Structure of rat atrial natriuretic factor precursor deduced from cDNA sequence. Nature, 309(5970): 722- 724. doi:10.1038/309722a0. PMID:6328328.
101. Maurice, D.H., Palmer, D., Tilley, D.G., Dunkerley, H.A., Netherton, S.J., Raymond, D.R., 2003. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, expression, and targeting in cells of the cardiovascular system. Mol. Pharmacol. 64(3): 533-546. doi:10.1124/mol.64.3. 533. PMID:12920188.
102. McGrath, M.F., de Bold, M.L., and de Bold, A.J. 2005. The endocrine function of the heart. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 16(10): 469-477. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2005.10.007. PMID:16269246.
103. Melo, L.G., Veress, A.T., Ackermann, U., Steinhelper, M.E., Pang, S. C., Tse, Y., and Sonnenberg, H. 1999. Chronic regulation of arterial blood pressure in ANP transgenic and knockout mice: role of cardiovascular sympathetic tone. Cardiovasc. Res. 43(2): 437- 444. doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00104-2. PMID:10536674.
104. Meyer, M., Wiebe, K., Wahlers, T., Zenker, D., Schulze, F.P., Michels, P., and Forssmann, W.-G. 1997. Urodilatin (INN: ularitide) as a new drug for the therapy of acute renal failure following cardiac surgery. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 24(5): 374-376. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1997.tb01205.x. PMID: 9143791.
105. Misono, K.S. 2000. Atrial natriuretic factor binding to its receptor is dependent on chloride concentration: A possible feedback-control mechanism in renal salt regulation. Circ. Res. 86(11): 1135-1139. PMID:10850964.
106. Misono, K.S., Ogawa, H., Qiu, Y., and Ogata, C.M. 2005. Structural studies of the natriuretic peptide receptor: a novel hormone-induced rotation mechanism for transmembrane signal transduc-tion. Peptides, 26(6): 957-968. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.12. 021. PMID:15911065.
107. Morita, E., Yasue, H., Yoshimura, M., Ogawa, H., Jougasaki, M., Matsumura, T., 1993. Increased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 88(1): 82-91. PMID:8319360.
108. Mukoyama, M., Nakao, K., Hosoda, K., Suga, S., Saito, Y., Ogawa, Y., 1991. Brain natriuretic peptide as a novel cardiac hormone in humans. Evidence for an exquisite dual natriuretic peptide system, atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide. J. Clin. Invest. 87(4): 1402-1412. doi:10.1172/JCI115146. PMID: 1849149.
109. Nakanishi, M., Saito, Y., Kishimoto, I., Harada, M., Kuwahara, K., Takahashi, N., 2005. Role of natriuretic peptide receptor guanylyl cyclase-A in myocardial infarction evaluated using genetically engineered mice. Hypertension, 46(2): 441-447. doi:10.1161/01. HYP.0000173420.31354.ef. PMID:15998711.
110. Nakao, K., Sugawara, A., Morii, N., Sakamoto, M., Yamada, T., Itoh, H., 1986. The pharmacokinetics of a-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide in healthy subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 31(1): 101-103. doi:10.1007/BF00870995. PMID:2946587.
111. Nakao, K., Itoh, H., Saito, Y., Mukoyama, M., and Ogawa, Y. 1996. The natriuretic peptide family. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 5 (1): 4-11. doi:10.1097/00041552-199601000-00003. PMID: 8834155.
112. Nakayama, T., Soma, M., Takahashi, Y., Rehemudula, D., Kanmat-suse, K., and Furuya, K. 2000. Functional deletion mutation of the 5′-flanking region of type A human natriuretic peptide receptor gene and its association with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy in the Japanese. Circ Res. 86(8):841-845. PMID:10785505.
113. Newton-Cheh, C., Larson, M.G., Vasan, R.S., Levy, D., Bloch, K.D., Surti, A., 2009. Association of common variants in NPPA and NPPB with circulating natriuretic peptides and blood pressure. Nat. Genet. 41(3): 348-353. doi:10.1038/ng.328. PMID: 19219041.
114. Nonoguchi, H., Knepper, M.A., and Manganiello, V.C. 1987. Effects of atrial natriuretic factor on cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation in microdissected nephron segments from rats. J. Clin. Invest. 79(2): 500-507. doi:10.1172/JCI112840. PMID:3027127.
115. Nuglozeh, E., Mbikay, M., Stewart, D.J., and Legault, L. 1997. Rat natriuretic peptide receptor genes are regulated by glucocorticoids in vitro. Life Sci. 61(22): 2143-2155. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205 (97)00630-9. PMID:9393934.
116. Oliver, P.M., Fox, J.E., Kim, R., Rockman, H.A., Kim, H.S., Reddick, R.L., 1997. Hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and sudden death in mice lacking natriuretic peptide receptor A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94(26): 14730-14735. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.26.14730. PMID:9405681.
117. Oliver, P.M., John, S.W., Purdy, K.E., Kim, R., Maeda, N., Goy, M. F., and Smithies, O. 1998. Natriuretic peptide receptor 1 expression influences blood pressures of mice in a dose-dependent manner. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95(5): 2547-2551. doi:10. 1073/pnas.95.5.2547. PMID:9482923.
118. Pandey, K.N. 1989. Stimulation of protein phosphorylation by atrial natriuretic factor in plasma membranes of bovine adrenal cortical cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163(2): 988-994. doi:10. 1016/0006-291X(89)92319-X. PMID:2551280.
119. Pandey, K.N. 1993. Stoichiometric analysis of internalization, recycling, and redistribution of photoaffinity-labeled guanylate cyclase/atrial natriuretic factor receptors in cultured murine Leydig tumor cells. J. Biol. Chem. 268(6): 4382-4390. PMID:8095048.
120. Pandey, K.N. 2001. Dynamics of internalization and sequestration of guanylyl cyclase/atrial natriuretic peptide receptor-A. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 79(8): 631-639. doi:10.1139/y01-035. PMID: 11558671.
121. Pandey, K.N. 2002. Intracellular trafficking and metabolic turnover of ligand-bound guanylyl cyclase/atrial natriuretic peptide receptor-A into subcellular compartments. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 230(1-2): 61-72. doi:10.1023/A:1014240006767. PMID:11952097.
122. Pandey, K.N. 2005a. Biology of natriuretic peptides and their receptors. Peptides, 26(6): 901-932. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004. 09.024. PMID:15911062.
123. Pandey, K.N. 2005b. Internalization and trafficking of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A. Peptides, 26(6): 985-1000. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.12.020. PMID:15911067.
124. Pandey, K.N. 2008. Emerging roles of natriuretic peptides and their receptors in pathophysiology of hypertension and cardiovascular regulation. J. Am. Soc. Hypertens. 2(4): 210-226. doi:10.1016/j. jash.2008.02.001. PMID:19746200.
125. Pandey, K.N. 2010. Ligand-mediated endocytosis and intracellular sequestration of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptors: role of GDAY motif. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 334(1-2): 81-98. doi:10. 1007/s11010-009-0332-x. PMID:19941037.
126. Pandey, K.N., and Kanungo, J. 1993. Expression of extracellular ligand-binding domain of murine guanylate cyclase/atrial natriure-tic factor receptor cDNA in Escherichia coli. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 190(3): 724-731. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.1109. PMID:8094955.
127. Pandey, K.N., and Singh, S. 1990. Molecular cloning and expression of murine guanylate cyclase/atrial natriuretic factor receptor cDNA. J. Biol. Chem. 265(21): 12342-12348. PMID:1973687.
128. Pandey, K.N., Inagami, T., and Misono, K.S. 1986. Atrial natriuretic factor receptor on cultured Leydig tumor cells: ligand binding and photoaffinity labeling. Biochemistry, 25(26): 8467-8472. doi:10. 1021/bi00374a022. PMID:3030398.
129. Pandey, K.N., Pavlou, S.N., and Inagami, T. 1988. Identification and characterization of three distinct atrial natriuretic factor receptors. Evidence for tissue-specific heterogeneity of receptor subtypes in vascular smooth muscle, kidney tubular epithelium, and Leydig tumor cells by ligand binding, photoaffinity labeling, and tryptic proteolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 263(26): 13406-13413. PMID: 2843519.
130. Pandey, K.N., Oliver, P.M., Maeda, N., and Smithies, O. 1999. Hypertension associated with decreased testosterone levels in natriuretic peptide receptor-A gene-knockout and gene-duplicated mutant mouse models. Endocrinology, 140(11): 5112-5119. doi:10.1210/en.140.11.5112. PMID:10537139.
131. Pandey, K.N., Kumar, R., Li, M., and Nguyen, H. 2000. Functional domains and expression of truncated atrial natriuretic peptide receptor-A: the carboxyl-terminal regions direct the receptor internalization and sequestration in COS-7 cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 57(2): 259-267. PMID:10648635.
132. Pandey, K.N., Nguyen, H.T., Sharma, G.D., Shi, S.J., and Kriegel, A. M. 2002. Ligand-regulated internalization, trafficking, and down-regulation of guanylyl cyclase/atrial natriuretic peptide receptor-A in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277(7): 4618-4627. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106436200. PMID:11704663.
133. Pandey, K.N., Nguyen, H.T., Garg, R., Khurana, M.L., and Fink, J. 2005. Internalization and trafficking of guanylyl (guanylate) cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor A is regulated by an acidic tyrosine-based cytoplasmic motif GDAY. Biochem. J. 388(Pt 1): 103-113. doi:10.1042/BJ20041250. PMID:15574117.
134. Park, K., Itoh, H., Yamahara, K., Sone, M., Miyashita, K., Oyamada, N., et al. 2008. Therapeutic potential of atrial natriuretic peptide administration on peripheral arterial diseases. Endocrinology, 149 (2): 483-491.
135. Pfeifer, A., Klatt, P., Massberg, S., Ny, L., Sausbier, M., Hirneiss, C., 1998. Defective smooth muscle regulation in cGMP kinase I-deficient mice. EMBO J. 17(11): 3045-3051. doi:10.1093/emboj/ 17.11.3045. PMID:9606187.
136. Philips, R.A., Ardeljan, M., Shimabukuro, S., Goldman, M.E., Garbowit, D.L., Eison, H.B., et al. 1991. Normalisation of left ventricular mass and associated changes in neurohormones and atrial natriuretic peptide after 1 year of sustained nifedipine therapy for severe hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 17(7): 1595-1602. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(91)90654-R.
137. Phillips, P.A., Sasadeus, J., Hodsman, G.P., Horowitz, J., Saltups, A., and Johnston, C.I. 1989. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with acute myocardial infarction: effects of streptokinase. Br. Heart J. 61(2): 139-143. doi:10.1136/hrt.61.2.139. PMID: 2522310.
138. Potter, L.R., and Garbers, D.L. 1994. Protein kinase C-dependent desensitization of the atrial natriuretic peptide receptor is mediated by dephosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 269(20): 14636-14642. PMID:7910166.
139. Prins, B.A., Weber, M.J., Hu, R.M., Pedram, A., Daniels, M., and Levin, E.R. 1996. Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase through the clearance receptor. Potential role in the inhibition of astrocyte proliferation. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (24): 14156-14162. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.24.14156. PMID: 8662898.
140. Rathinavelu, A., and Isom, G.E. 1991. Differential internalization and processing of atrial-natriuretic-factor B and C receptor in PC12 cells. Biochem. J. 276(Pt 2): 493-497. PMID:1646602.
141. Rauch, A., Leipelt, M., Russwurm, M., and Steegborn, C. 2008. Crystal structure of the guanylyl cyclase Cya2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105(41): 15720-15725. doi:10.1073/pnas. 0808473105. PMID:18840690.
142. Reinhart, K., Meisner, M., and Brunkhorst, F.M. 2006. Markers for sepsis diagnosis: what is useful? Crit. Care Clin. 22(3): 503-519, ix-x. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2006.03.003. PMID:16893736.
143. Richards, A.M. 2007. Natriuretic peptides: update on peptide release, bioactivity, and clinical use. Hypertension, 50(1): 25-30. doi:10. 1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.069153. PMID:17452510.
144. Rose, R.A., and Giles, W.R. 2008. Natriuretic peptide C receptor signalling in the heart and vasculature. J. Physiol. 586(2): 353-366. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.144253. PMID:18006579.
145. Rosenzweig, A., and Seidman, C.E. 1991. Atrial natriuretic factor and related peptide hormones. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60(1): 229-255. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.60.070191.001305. PMID:1652921.
146. Rubattu, S., Bigatti, G., Evangelista, A., Lanzani, C., Stanzione, R., Zagato, L., 2006. Association of atrial natriuretic peptide and type a natriuretic peptide receptor gene polymorphisms with left ventricular mass in human essential hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48(3): 499-505. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.12.081. PMID: 16875975.
147. Ruskoaho, H. 1992. Atrial natriuretic peptide: synthesis, release, and metabolism. Pharmacol. Rev. 44(4): 479-602. PMID:1480667.
148. Rybalkin, S.D., Yan, C., Bornfeldt, K.E., and Beavo, J.A. 2003. Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases and regulation of smooth muscle function. Circ. Res. 93(4): 280-291. doi:10.1161/01.RES. 0000087541.15600.2B. PMID:12933699.
149. Sabrane, K., Kruse, M.N., Fabritz, L., Zetsche, B., Mitko, D., Skryabin, B.V., 2005. Vascular endothelium is critically involved in the hypotensive and hypovolemic actions of atrial natriuretic peptide. J. Clin. Invest. 115(6): 1666-1674. doi:10.1172/ JCI23360. PMID:15931395.
150. Saxenhofer, H., Raselli, A., Weidmann, P., Forssmann, W.G., Bub, A., Ferrari, P., and Shaw, S.G. 1990. Urodilatin, a natriuretic factor from kidneys can modify renal and cardiovascular function in men. Am. J. Physiol. 259(5 Pt 2): F832-F838. PMID:2146885.
151. Schillinger, K.J., Tsai, S.Y., Taffet, G.E., Reddy, A.K., Marian, A.J., Entman, M.L., 2005. Regulatable atrial natriuretic peptide gene therapy for hypertension. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(39): 13789-13794. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506807102. PMID:16162668.
152. Schlossmann, J., Feil, R., and Hofmann, F. 2005. Insights into cGMP signalling derived from cGMP kinase knockout mice. Front. Biosci. 10(1-3): 1279-1289. doi:10.2741/1618. PMID:15769624.
153. Schreier, B., Borner, S., Volker, K., Gambaryan, S., Schafer, S.C., Kuhlencordt, P., 2008. The heart communicates with the endothelium through the guanylyl cyclase-A receptor: acute handling of intravascular volume in response to volume expansion. Endocrinology, 149(8): 4193-4199. doi:10.1210/en.2008-0212. PMID:18450968.
154. Schulz, S. 2005. C-type natriuretic peptide and guanylyl cyclase B receptor. Peptides, 26(6): 1024-1034. doi:10.1016/j.peptides. 2004.08.027. PMID:15911070.
155. Schulz, S., Singh, S., Bellet, R.A., Singh, G., Tubb, D.J., Chin, H., and Garbers, D.L. 1989. The primary structure of a plasma membrane guanylate cyclase demonstrates diversity within this new receptor family. Cell, 58(6): 1155-1162. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90513-8. PMID:2570641.
156. Schulz-Knappe, P., Forssmann, K., Herbst, F., Hock, D., Pipkorn, R., and Forssmann, W.D. 1988. Isolation and structural analysis of urodilatin, a new peptide of the cardiodilatin (ANP)-family extracted from human urine. Klin. Wochenschr. 66(17): 752-759. doi:10.1007/BF01726570. PMID:2972874.
157. Schweitz, H., Vigne, P., Moinier, D., Frelin, C.H., and Lazdunski, M. 1992. A new member of the natriuretic peptide family is present in the venom of the green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps). J. Biol. Chem. 267(20): 13928-13932. PMID:1352773.
158. Scott, N.J., Ellmers, L.J., Lainchbury, J.G., Maeda, N., Smithies, O., Richards, A.M., and Cameron, V.A. 2009. Influence of natriuretic peptide receptor-1 on survival and cardiac hypertrophy during development. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1792(12): 1175-1184. PMID:19782130.
159. See, R., and de Lemos, J.A. 2006. Current status of risk stratification methods in acute coronary syndromes. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 8(4): 282-288. doi:10.1007/s11886-006-0060-8. PMID:16822363.
160. Seilhamer, J.J., Arfsten, A., Miller, J.A., Lundquist, P., Scarborough, R.M., Lewicki, J.A., and Porter, J. 1989. Human and canine gene homologs of porcine brain natriuretic peptide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 165(2): 650-658. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(89) 80015-4. PMID:2597152.
161. Sharma, R.K. 2002. Evolution of the membrane guanylate cyclase transduction system. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 230(1-2): 3-30. doi:10. 1023/A:1014280410459. PMID:11952094.
162. Sharma, R.K. 2010. Membrane guanylate cyclase is a beautiful signal transduction machine: overview. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 334(1-2): 3-36. doi:10.1007/s11010-009-0336-6. PMID:19957201.
163. Sharma, G.D., Nguyen, H.T., Antonov, A.S., Gerrity, R.G., von Geldern, T., and Pandey, K.N. 2002. Expression of atrial natriuretic peptide receptor-A antagonizes the mitogen-activated protein kinases (Erk2 and P38MAPK) in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 233(1-2): 165-173. doi:10.1023/A:1015882302796. PMID:12083372.
164. Shi, S.J., Nguyen, H.T., Sharma, G.D., Navar, L.G., and Pandey, K.N. 2001. Genetic disruption of atrial natriuretic peptide receptor-A alters renin and angiotensin II levels. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 281(4): F665-F673. PMID:11553513.
165. Shi, S.J., Vellaichamy, E., Chin, S.Y., Smithies, O., Navar, L.G., and Pandey, K.N. 2003. Natriuretic peptide receptor A mediates renal sodium excretory responses to blood volume expansion. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 285(4): F694-F702. PMID:12824076.
166. Somanna, N.K., Arise, K.K., and Pandey, K.N. 2007. Analysis of natriuretic peptide receptor A internalization by ribonucleic acid interference. J Am Investig Med, 55: S262.
167. Sonnenberg, H., Honrath, U., Chong, C.K., and Wilson, D.R. 1986. Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits sodium transport in medullary collecting duct. Am. J. Physiol. 250(6 Pt 2): F963-F966. PMID: 2940876.
168. Steinhelper, M.E., Cochrane, K.L., and Field, L.J. 1990. Hypotension in transgenic mice expressing atrial natriuretic factor fusion genes. Hypertension, 16(3): 301-307. PMID:2144261.
169. Sudoh, T., Minamino, N., Kangawa, K., and Matsuo, H. 1988. Brain natriuretic peptide-32: N-terminal six amino acid extended form of brain natriuretic peptide identified in porcine brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 155(2): 726-732. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80555-2. PMID:3421965.
170. Sudoh, T., Minamino, N., Kangawa, K., and Matsuo, H. 1990. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP): a new member of natriuretic peptide family identified in porcine brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168(2): 863-870. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(90)92401-K. PMID:2139780.
171. Suga, S., Nakao, K., Hosoda, K., Mukoyama, M., Ogawa, Y., Shirakami, G., et al. 1992a. Phenotype-related alteration in expression of natriuretic peptide receptors in aortic smooth muscle cells. Circ. Res. 71(1): 34-39. PMID:1318796.
172. Suga, S., Nakao, K., Itoh, H., Komatsu, Y., Ogawa, Y., Hama, N., and Imura, H. 1992b. Endothelial production of C-type natriuretic peptide and its marked augmentation by transforming growth factor-beta possible existence of vascular natriuretic peptide system. J. Clin. Invest. 90(3): 1145-1149. doi:10.1172/ JCI115933. PMID:1522222.
173. Sunahara, R.K., Beuve, A., Tesmer, J.J., Sprang, S.R., Garbers, D.L., and Gilman, A.G. 1998. Exchange of substrate and inhibitor specificities between adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases. J. Biol. Chem. 273(26): 16332-16338. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.26.16332. PMID:9632695.
174. Tokudome, T., Kishimoto, I., Yamahara, K., Osaki, T., Minamino, N., Horio, T., 2009. Impaired recovery of blood flow after hind-limb ischemia in mice lacking guanylyl cyclase-A, a receptor for atrial and brain natriuretic peptides. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 29 (10): 1516-1521. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.187526. PMID: 19628785.
175. Tomoda, H. 1988. Atrial natriuretic peptide in acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 62(16): 1122-1123. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(88)90561-9. PMID:2973221.
176. Tremblay, J., Desjardins, R., Hum, D., Gutkowska, J., and Hamet, P. 2002. Biochemistry and physiology of the natriuretic peptide receptor guanylyl cyclases. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 230(1-2): 31-47. doi:10.1023/A:1014260204524. PMID:11952095.
177. Tsutamoto, T., Kanamori, T., Morigami, N., Sugimoto, Y., Yamaoka, O., and Kinoshita, M. 1993. Possibility of downregulation of atrial natriuretic peptide receptor coupled to guanylate cyclase in peripheral vascular beds of patients with chronic severe heart failure. Circulation, 87(1): 70-75. PMID:8093432.
178. Tucker, C.L., Hurley, J.H., Miller, T.R., and Hurley, J.B. 1998. Two amino acid substitutions convert a guanylyl cyclase, RetGC-1, into an adenylyl cyclase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95(11): 5993-5997. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.11.5993. PMID:9600905.
179. van den Akker, F., Zhang, X., Miyagi, M., Huo, X., Misono, K.S., and Yee, V.C. 2000. Structure of the dimerized hormone-binding domain of a guanylyl-cyclase-coupled receptor. Nature, 406 (6791): 101-104. doi:10.1038/35017602. PMID:10894551.
180. Vasan, R.S., Benjamin, E.J., Larson, M.G., Leip, E.P., Wang, T.J., Wilson, P.W., and Levy, D. 2002. Plasma natriuretic peptides for community screening for left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction: the Framingham heart study. JAMA, 288(10): 1252-1259. doi:10.1001/jama.288.10.1252. PMID:12215132.
181. Vellaichamy, E., Khurana, M.L., Fink, J., and Pandey, K.N. 2005. Involvement of the NF-kappa B/matrix metalloproteinase pathway in cardiac fibrosis of mice lacking guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor A. J. Biol. Chem. 280(19): 19230-19242. doi:10. 1074/jbc.M411373200. PMID:15710627.
182. Vellaichamy, E., Zhao, D., Somanna, N., and Pandey, K.N. 2007. Genetic disruption of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A upregulates ACE and AT1 receptor gene expression and signaling: role in cardiac hypertrophy. Physiol. Genomics, 31(2): 193-202. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00079.2007. PMID: 17566078.
183. Vollmer, A.M. 2005. The role of atrial natriuretic peptide in the immune system. Peptides, 26: 1087-1094.
184. von Geldern, T.W., Budzik, G.P., Dillon, T.P., Holleman, W.H., Holst, M.A., Kiso, Y., 1990. Atrial natriuretic peptide antagonists: biological evaluation and structural correlations. Mol. Pharmacol. 38(6): 771-778. PMID:2174500.
185. Webber, M.A., and Marder, S.R. 2008. Better pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia: what does the future hold? Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 10 (4): 352-358. doi:10.1007/s11920-008-0056-8. PMID:18627675.
186. Winger, J.A., Derbyshire, E.R., Lamers, M.H., Marletta, M.A., and Kuriyan, J. 2008. The crystal structure of the catalytic domain of a eukaryotic guanylate cyclase. BMC Struct. Biol. 8: 42. PMID: 18842118.
187. Wu, C.F., Bishopric, N.H., and Pratt, R.E. 1997. Atrial natriuretic peptide induces apoptosis in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 272(23): 14860-14866. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.23.14860. PMID:9169455.
188. Wu, C., Wu, F., Pan, J., Morser, J., and Wu, Q. 2003. Furin-mediated processing of Pro-C-type natriuretic peptide. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (28): 25847-25852. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301223200. PMID: 12736257.
189. Xue, H., Wang, S., Wang, H., Sun, K., Song, X., Zhang, W., 2008. Atrial natriuretic peptide gene promoter polymorphism is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension. Clin. Sci. (Lond.), 114(2): 131-137. doi:10.1042/CS20070109. PMID:17672826.
190. Yamahara, K., Itoh, H., Chun, T.H., Ogawa, Y., Yamashita, J., Sawada, N., et al. 2003. Significance and therapeutic potential of the natriuretic peptides/cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase pathway in vascular regeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 100(6): 3404-3409.
191. Yandle, T.G., Richards, A.M., Nicholls, M.G., Cuneo, R., Espiner, E. A., and Livesey, J.H. 1986. Metabolic clearance rate and plasma half life of a-human atrial natriuretic peptide in man. Life Sci. 38 (20): 1827-1833. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(86)90137-2. PMID: 2939312.
192. Zahabi, A., Picard, S., Fortin, N., Reudelhuber, T.L., and Deschepper, C.F. 2003. Expression of constitutively active guanylate cyclase in cardiomyocytes inhibits the hypertrophic effects of isoproterenol and aortic constriction on mouse hearts. J. Biol. Chem. 278(48): 47694-47699. doi:10.1074/jbc.M309661200. PMID:14500707.
193. Zhang, G., Liu, Y., Ruoho, A.E., and Hurley, J.H. 1997. Structure of the adenylyl cyclase catalytic core. Nature, 386(6622): 247-253. doi:10.1038/386247a0. PMID:9069282.
194. Zhao, D., Vellaichamy, E., Somanna, N.K., and Pandey, K.N. 2007. Guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A gene disruption causes increased adrenal angiotensin II and aldosterone levels. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 293(1): F121-F127. doi:10.1152/ ajprenal.00478.2006. PMID:17389676.