Research and development of on-site decontamination system for biological and chemical warfare agents

Journal of Health Science

Volumn 57, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 311-333

  Seto, Yasuo ^a  

^a NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF POLICE SCIENCE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Adsorption; Biological warfare agent; Chemical warfare agent; Decontamination; Molecularrecognition; Photocatalysis

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL ENZYME; BLISTER AGENT; CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT; HYDROLASE; HYPOCHLORITE; NERVE GAS; REAGENT; TOXIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADSORPTION; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENT; CHLAMYDIA; DECOMPOSITION; DEVICE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; HUMAN; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NONHUMAN; ON SITE DECONTAMINATION SYSTEM; PHOTOCATALYSIS; RESEARCH; RICKETTSIA; TECHNOLOGY; VIRUS; WASTE MANAGEMENT; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CHLAMYDIA; RICKETTSIA;

EID: 79961000412     PISSN: 13449702     EISSN: 13475207     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1248/jhs.57.311     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Seto, Y., Tsunoda, N., Kataoka, M., Tsuge, K. and Nagano, T. (2000) Toxicological analysis of victim's blood and crime scene evidence samples in the sarin gas attack caused by the Aum Shinrikyo cult. In Natural and Selected Synthetic Toxins- Biological Implication (Tu, A. T. and Gaffield, W., Eds.), American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 318-332.
2. Inglesby, T. V., O'Toole, T., Henderson, D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher, M. S., Eitzen, E., Gerberding, A. M., Hauer, L., Hughes, J., McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russell, P. K. and Tonat, K. (2002) Anthrax as a biological weapon. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 287, 2236-2252.
3. Stewart, C. E. and Sullivan, J. B., Jr. (1992) Military munitions and antipersonnel agents. In Hazardous Materials Toxicology-Clinical Principles of Environmental Health (Sullivan, J. B., Jr. and Krieger, G. R., Eds.), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 986-1014.
4. Somani, S. M. (Ed.) (1992) Chemical Warfare Agents, Academic Press, San Diego.
5. Marrs, T. C., Maynard, R. L. and Sidell, F. R. (Eds.) (1996) Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
6. Franz, D. R., Jahling, P. B., Friedlander, A. M., McClain, D. J., Hoover, D. L., Bryne, W. R., Pavlin, J. A., Christopher, G. W. and Eitzen, E. M. (1997) Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological agents. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 278, 399-411.
7. Seto, Y. (2006) On-site detection method for biological and chemical warfare agents. BUNSEKI KAGAKU, 55, 891-906.
8. Seto, Y., Kanamori-Kataoka, M. and Tsuge, K. (2008) Mass Spectrometric Technologies for Countering Chemical and Biological Terrorism Incidents. J. Mass Spectrom. Soc. Jpn., 56, 91-115.
9. The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (2006) Standard Methods of Analysis in Poisoning with Commentary 2006, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin, Tokyo, pp. 283-294.
10. Seto, Y. (2006) Analytical and on-site detection methods for chemicalwarfare agents. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI, 126, 1279-1299.
11. Seto, Y. (2009) Development of technology of onsite decontamination for biological and chemical warfare agents. KAGAKU KOUGAKU, 73, 2-4.
12. Seto, Y. (2009) Decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI, 129, 53-69.
13. Ellison, D. H. (Ed.) (2000) Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Section II, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp.121-209.
14. Society for Countermeasure against Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive Terrorism (2008) Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism Countermeasure Handbook, Shindan To Chiryo Sha, Tokyo.
15. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Chemical Weapon Convention. http://www.opcw.org (cited 29 July, 2005).
16. Ministry of Energy, Trade and Industry. Outline of The Law of the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and the Regulation of Specific Substances, http://www.meti.go.jp/polycy/chemicalmanagement/cwc/200kokunai/202horitugaiyo.htm (cited 9 April, 2003).
17. Chambers, J. E. and Levi, P. E. (1992) Organophosphates- Chemistry, Fate, and Effects, Academic, San Diego.
18. Tayler, P. (1995) Agents acting at the neuromuscular junction and autonomous ganglia. In Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed., (Hardman, J. G. and Limbird, L. E., Eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 161-176.
19. Sweeney, R. E. and Maxwell, D. M. (1999) A theoretical model of the competition between hydrolase and carboxylesterase in protection against organophosphorus poisoning. Math. Biosci., 160, 175-190.
20. Davies, H. G., Richter, R. J., Keifer, M., Broomfield, C. A., Sowalla, J. and Furlong, C. E. (1996) The effect of the human serum paraoxonase polymorphism is reversed with diazoxon, soman and sarin. Nat. Genet., 14, 334-336.
21. Kanamori-Kataoka, M. and Seto, Y. (2009) Paraoxonase activity against nerve gases measured by capillary electrophoresis and characterization of human serum paraoxonase (PON1) polymorphism in the coding region (Q192R). Anal. Biochem., 385, 94-100.
22. Munro, N. B., Talmage, S. S., Griffin, G. D., Waters, L. C., Watson, A. P., King, J. F. and Hauschild, V. (1999) The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agents degradation products. Environ. Health Perspect., 107, 933-974.
23. Dacre, J. C. and Goldman, M. (1996) Toxicology and pharmacology of the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard. Pharmacol. Rev., 48, 289-326.
24. Goldman, M. and Dacre, J. C. (1989) Lewisite: its chemistry, toxicology, and biological effects. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 110, 75-115.
25. Abandoned Chemical Weapons Office, Cabinet Office, Japan, http://www.cao.go.jp/acw/ (cited 1 September, 2010).
26. Ishii, K., Tamaoka, A., Otsuka, F., Iwasaki, N., Shin, K., Matsui, A., Endo, G., Kumagai, Y., Ishii, T., Shoji, S., Ogata, T., Ishizaki, M., Doi, M. and Shimojo, N. (2004) Diphenylarsinic acid poisoning from chemicalweapons in Kamisu, Japan. Ann. Neurol., 56, 741-745.
27. Olajos, E. J. and Salem, H. (2001) Riot control agents: pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry, and chemistry. J. Appl. Toxicol., 21, 355-391.
28. Kanamori-Kataoka, M., Seto, Y., Tsuge, K. and Noami, M. (2002) Stability and detectability of lachrymators and their degradation products in evidence samples. J. Forensic Sci., 47, 44-51.
29. Govindarajan, V. S. and Sathyanarayana, M. N. (1991) Capsicum-production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part V. Impact on physiology, pharmacology, nutrition, and metabolism; structure, pungency, pain, and desensitization sequences. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 29, 435-474.
30. Paddle, B. M. (2003) Therapy and prophylaxis of inhaled biological toxins. J. Appl. Toxicol., 23, 139-170.
31. World Health Organization (2004) Public health response to biological and chemical weapons: WHO guidance, 2004, http://www.who.int/csr/delibepidemics/biochemguide/en
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) Bioterrorism overview, http://www.bt.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/overview.asp (cited 12 February, 2007).
33. Kodama, M. (2000) Paralytic shellfish poisoning: ecology, classification, and origin. In Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection (Botana, L. M., Ed.), Dekker, New York, pp. 125-149.
34. Load, J. M., Roberts, L. M. and Robertus, J. D. (1994) Ricin: structure, mode of action, and some current applications. FASEB J., 8, 201-208.
35. Arnon, S. S., Schechter, R., Inglesby, T. V., Henderson, D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher, M. S., Eitzen, E., Fine, A. D., Hauer, J., Layton, M., Lillibridige, S., Osterholm, M. T., O'Toole, T., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russell, P. K., Swerdlow, D. L. and Tonat, K. (2001) Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 285, 1059-1070.
36. Balaban, N. and Rasooly, A. (2000) Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 61, 1-10.
37. Henderson, D. A., Inglesby, T. V., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher, M. S., Eitzen, E., Jahrling, P. B., Hauer, L., Layton, M., McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., O'Toole, T., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russell, P. K. and Tonat, K. (2002) Samallpox as a biological weapon. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 281, 2127-2137.
38. McQuiston, J. H., Childs, J. E. and Thompson, H. A. (2002) Q fever. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 221, 796-799.
39. Nicholson, W. L., Munakata, N., Horneck, G., Melosh, H. J. and Setlow, P. (2000) Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environment. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 64, 548-572.
40. Inglesby, T. V., Dennis, D. T., Henderson, D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher, M. S., Eitzen, E., Fine, A. D., Friedlander, A. M., Hauer, J., Koerner, J. F., Layton, M., McDade, J., Osterholm, M.T., O'Toole, T., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russell, P. K., Schoch-Spana, M. and Tonat, K. (2000) Plague as a biological weapon: Medical and public health management. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 283, 2281-2290.
41. Zheng, W., Yates, S. R., Guo, M., Papiernik, S. K. and Kim, J. H. (2004) Transformation of chloropicrin and 1,3-dichloropropane by metam sodium in a combined application of fumigants. J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 3002-3009.
42. Parga, J. R., Shukla, S. S. and Carrillo-Pedroza, F. R. (2003) Destruction of cyanide waste solutions using chlorine dioxide, ozone and titania sol. Waste Management, 23, 183-191.
43. Dubey, S. K. and Holmes, S. K. (1995) Biological cyanide destruction mediated by microorganisms. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 11, 257-265.
44. Yang Y.-C., Baker J. A. and Ward J. R. (1992) Decontamination of chemical warfare agents. Chem. Rev., 92, 1729-1743.
45. Love, A. H., Vance, A. L., Reynolds, J. G. and Davisson, M. L. (2004) Investigating the affinities and persistence of VX nerve agent in environmental matrices. Chemosphere, 57, 1257-1264.
46. Yang, Y.-C., Szafraniec, L. L., Beaudry, W. T. and Rohrbaugh, D. K. (1990) Oxidative detoxification of phosphonothiolates. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 6621-6627.
47. Epstein, J., Cannon, P. L., Jr. and Sowa, J. R. (1970) The catalysis of the hydrolysis of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate in aqueous solutions by primary amines. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 92, 7390-7393.
48. Epstein, J. and Mosher, W. A. (1968) Magnesium ion catalysis of hydrolysis of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate. The charge effect in metal ion catalysis. J. Phys. Chem., 72, 622-625.
49. Ward, J. R., Szafraniec, L. L., Beaudry, W. T. and Hovanec, J. W. (1990) On the mechanism of phosphono- or phosphorofluoridate hydrolysis catalyzed by transition metal ions. J. Mol. Catal., 58, 373-378.
50. Hambrook, J. L., Howells, D. J. and Utley, D. (1971) Degradation of phosphonates. Breakdown of soman (O-pinacolyl-methylphoshonofluoridate in water plants. Pestic. Sci., 2, 172-175.
51. Cordeiro, M. L., Pompliano, D. L. and Frost, J. W. (1986) Degradation and detoxification of organophosphonates: Cleavage of the carbon to phosphorus bond. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 332-334.
52. Zhang, Y., Autenrieth, R. L., Bonner, J. S., Harvey, S. P. and Wild, J. R. (1999) Biodegradation of neutralized sarin. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 64, 221-231.
53. Kohler, M., Hofmann, K., Volsgen, F., Thurow, K. and Koch, A. (2001) Bacterial release of arsenic ions and organoarsenic compounds from soil contaminated by chemical warfare agents. Chemosphere, 42, 425-429.
54. Ellison, D. H. (Ed.) (2000) Tear agents-nonhalogenated. In Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 312, 316-317.
55. Helfinstine, S. L., Vargas-Aburto, C., Urribo, R. M. and Woolverton, C. J. (2005) Inactivation of Bacillus endospores in envelopes by electron beam irradiation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 7029-7032.
56. Spotts Whitney, E. A., Beatty, M. E., Taylor, T. H., Jr., Weyant, R., Sobel, J., Arduino, M. J. and Ashford, D. A. (2003) Inactivation of Bacillus an thracis spores. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 9, 623-627.
57. Kenar, L., Ortatatli, M., Yaren, H., Karayilanoglu, T. and Aydogan, H. (2007) Comparative sporicidal effects of disinfectants after release of a biological agent, Mil. Med., 172, 616-621.
58. Hilgren, J., Swanson, K. M. J., Diez-Gonzalez, F. and Cords, B. (2007) Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores by liquid biocides in the presence of food residue. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73, 6370-6377.
59. Sidell, F. R., Patric, W. C. and Dashiell, T. R. (2003) Jane's Chem-Bio Handbook, 2nd ed., Jane's Information Group, Surrey.
60. Iura, K., Tsuge, K., Seto, Y. and Sato, A. (2004) Detection of proteinous toxins using the Bio Threat Alert system. Japanese Journal of Forensic Toxicology, 22, 13-16.
61. Komano, A., Maruko, H., Sekiguchi, H. and Seto, Y. (2010) Detection of saxitoxin in counterterrorism using a commercial lateral flow immunoassay kit. Forensic Toxicology, 29, 38-43.
62. Itoi, T., Kataoka, M., Seto, Y., Kawahara, K. and Iijima, J. (2004) On-site method for detecting bacteria using flow cytometer. Japanese Journal of Forensic Science & Technology, 9, 9-18.
63. Fujinami, Y., Kataoka, M., Matsushita, K., Sekiguchi, H., Itoi, T., Tsuge, K. and Seto, Y. (2004) Sensitive detection of bacteria and spores using a portable bioluminescence ATP measurement assay system distinguishing from white powder materials. J. Health Sci., 50, 126-132.
64. Higgins, J. A., Nasarabadi, S., Karns, J. S., Shelton, D. R., Cooper, M., Gbakima, A. and Koopman, R. P. (2003) A handheld real time thermal cycler for bacterial pathogen detection. Biosens. Bioelectron., 18, 1115-1123.
65. Manchee, R. J., Broster, M. G., Stagg, A. J. and Hibbs, S. E. (1994) Formaldehyde solution effectively inactivates spores of Bacillus anthracis on the Scottish Island of Gruinard. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60, 4167-4171.
66. Sano, Y., Yamashiro, S., Komano, A., Maruko, H., Sekioka, H., Takayama, Y., Sekioka, R., Tsuge, K., Ohsawa, I., Kanamori-Kataoka, M., Seto, Y. and Satoh, S. (2007) Detection of proteinous toxins using the Bio-Threat Alert system, part 3: effects of heat pretreatment and interfering substances. Forensic Toxicology, 25, 76-79.
67. Johnston, M. D., Lawson, S. and Otter, J. A. (2005) Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide vapour as a method for the decontamination of surface contaminated with Clostridium botulinum spores. J. Microbiol. Methods, 60, 403-411.
68. Wood, J. P. and Martin, G. B. (2009) Development and field testing of a mobile chlorine dioxide generation system for the decontamination of building contaminated with Bacillus anthracis. J. Hazard. Mater., 164, 1460-1467.
69. Rastogi, V. K., Wallace, L., Smith, L. S., Ryan, S. P. and Martin, B. (2009) Quantitative methods to determine sporicidal decontamination of building surfaces by gaseous fumigants, and issues related to laboratory-scale studies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75, 3688-3694.
70. Seto, Y., Iura K. and Kanamori-Kataoka, M. (2005) Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of chemical warfare agents. Japanese Journal of Forensic Science & Technology, 10, 49-61.
71. Kanamori-Kataoka, M. and Seto, Y. (2005) Simultaneous and rapid analysis of nerve gases and proteinous toxins by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Jpn. J. Forensic Toxicol., 23, 21-28.
72. Dell'Aversano, C., Hess, P. and Quiliam, M. A. (2005) Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins. J. Chromatogr. A, 1081, 190-201.
73. LeDoux, M. and Hall, S. (2000) Proficiency testing of eight French laboratories in using the AOAC mouse bioassay for paralytic shellfish poisoning: interlaboratory collaborative study. J. AOAC Int., 83, 305-310.
74. Shyu, H.-F., Chiao, D.-J., Liu, H.-W. and Tang, S.-S. (2002) Monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for detection of ricin. Hybrid. Hybridomics, 21, 69-73.
75. Na, D. H., Cho, C. K., Youn, Y. S., Choi, Y., Lee, K. R., Yoo, S. D. and Lee, K. C. (2004) Capillary electrophoresis to characterize ricin and its subunits with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Toxicon, 43, 329-335.
76. Kanamori-Kataoka, M., Ohsawa, I. and Seto, Y. (2006)Analytical method for proteinous toxin ricin based on its molecular weight estimation. Japanese Journal of Forensic Science & Technology, 11, 131-138.
77. Uzawa, H., Ohga, K., Shinozuka, Y., Ohsawa, I., Nagatsuka, T., Seto, Y. and Nishida, Y. (2008) A novel sugar-probe biosensor for the deadly plant proteinous toxin, ricin. Biosens. Bioelectron., 24, 929-933.
78. Seto, Y. and Kanamori-Kataoka, M. (2005) Mass spectrometric strategy for the determination of natural and synthetic organic toxins. J. Health Sci., 51, 519-525.
79. Kageyama, A., Kusano, I., Tamura, T., Oda, T. and Muramatsu, T. (2002) Comparison of the apoptosis-inducing abilities of various protein systhesis inhibitors in U937 cells. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 66, 835-839.
80. Sheridan, R. E., Deshpande, S. S. and Smith, T. (1999) Comparison of in vivo and in vitro mouse bioassays for botulinum toxins antagonists. J. Appl. Toxicol., 19, S29-S33.
81. Heisler, I., Keller, J., Tauber, R., Sutherland, M. and Fuchs, H. (2002) A colorimetric assay for the quantitation of free adenine applied to determine the enzymatic activity of ribosome-inactivating proteins. Anal. Biochem., 302, 114-122.
82. Keller, J. E., Nowakowski, J. L., Filbert, M. G. and Adler, M. (1999) Rapid microplate assay for monitoring botulinum neurotoxin B catalytic activity. J. Appl. Toxicol., 19, S13-S17.
83. Stanier, R. Y., Adelberg, E. A. and Ingraham, J. (1976) The Microbial World, 4th ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
84. Itoi, T., Kanamori-Kataoka, M. and Seto, Y. (2006) Usefulness of Gram stain and spore staining methods for bacterial detection from suspected white powder samples. Report of National Research Institute of Police Science, 56, 13-18.
85. Ellerbrok, H., Nattermann, H., Ozel, M., Beutin, L., Appel, B. and Pauli, G. (2002) Rapid and sensitive identification of pathogenic and apathogenic Bacillus anthracis by real-time PCR. FEMSMicrobiol. Lett., 214, 51-59.
86. Dang, J. L., Heroux, K., Kearney, J., Arasteh, A., Gostomski, M. and Emanuel, P. A. (2001) Bacillus spore inactivation methods affect detection assays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67, 3665-3670.
87. Cabal, J., Kassa, J. and Severa, J. (2003) A comparison of the decontamination efficacy of foammaking blends based on cationic and nonionic tensides against organophosphorus compounds determined in vitro and in vivo. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 22, 507-514.
88. Waysbort, D., McGarvey, D. J., Creasy, W. R., Morrissey, K. M., Hendrickson, D. M. and Durst, H. D. (2009) A decontamination system for chemical weapons agents using a liquid solution on a solid sorbent. J. Hazard. Mater., 161, 1114-1121.
89. Raber, E. and McGuire, R. (2002) Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel. J. Hazard. Mater., 93, 339-352.
90. Nishi, I., Asari, S., Toyokawa, M., Horikawa, M. and Nishimura, S. (2002) Bacteriocidal effects of peracetic acid against some clinical instruments and some clinical microorgamisms. Japanese Journal of Environmental Infections, 17, 325-328.
91. Mahato, T. H., Prasad, G. K., Singh, B., Srivastava, A. R., Genesan, K., Acharya, J. and Vijayaraghavan, R. (2009) Reactions of sulfur mustard on V1.022.98 nanotubes. J. Hazard. Mater., 166, 1545-1549.
92. Singh, B., Saxena, A., Nigam, A. K., Ganesan, K. and Pandey, P. (2009) Impregnated silica nanoparticles for the reactive removal of sulfur mustard from solutions. J. Hazard. Mater., 161, 933-940.
93. Cheng, T.-C., Rastogi, V. K., Defrank, J. J. and Sawiris, G. P. (1998) G-Type nerve agent decontamination by Alteromonas prolidase. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 864, 253-258.
94. LeJeune, K. E., Swers, J. S., Hetro, A. D., Donahey, G. P. and Russell, A. J. (1999) Increasing the tolerance of organophosphorus hydrolase to bleach. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 64, 250-255.
95. LeJeune, K. E., Dravis, B. C., Yang, F., Hetro, A. D., Doctor, B. P. and Russell, A. J. (1998) Fighting nerve agent chemical weapons with enzyme technology. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 864, 153-170.
96. LeJeune, K. E. and Russell, A. J. (1999) Biocatalytic nerve agent detoxification in fire fighting foams. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 62, 659-665.
97. Cho, C. M.-H., Mulchandani, A. and Chen, W. (2002) Bacterial cell surface display of organophosphorus hydrolase for selective screening of improved hydrolysis organophosphate nerve agents. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 2026-2030.
98. Raushel, F. M. (2002) Bacterial detoxification of organophosphate nerve agents. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 5, 288-295.
99. Gopal, S., Rastogi, V., Ashman, W. and Mulbry, W. (2000) Mutagenesis of organophosphorus hydrolase to enhance hydrolysis of the nerve agent VX. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 279, 516-519.
100. Vayron, P., Renard, P.-V., Teran, F., Creminon, C., Frobert, Y., Grassi, J. and Mioskowski, C. (2000) Toward antibody-catalyzed hydrolysis of organophosphorus poisons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 97, 7058-7063.
101. Richardt, A. and Blum, M.-M. (2008) Decontamination of Warfare Agents, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
102. Mulchandani, A., Kaneva, I. and Chen, W. (1999) Detoxification of organophosphate nerve agents by immobilized Escherichia coli with surfaceexpressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 63, 216-223.
103. Uzawa, H. (2004) Application of the artificial membranes to sensor materials carrying carbohydrate molecules that mimic natural membranes. MEMBRANE, 29, 34-41.
104. Mukhopadhyay, R. (2005) Aptamers are ready for the spotlight. Anal. Chem., 77, 114A-118A.
105. Haupt, K. (2003) Molecularly imprinted polymers: The next generation. Anal. Chem., 75, 376A-383A.
106. Nakanishi, K. and Soga, N. (1992) Phase separation in silica sol-gel system containing polyacrylic acid. I. Gel formation behavior and effect of solvent composition. J. Non Cryst. Solids, 139C, 1-13.
107. Ota, S., Miyazaki, S., Matsuoka, H., Morisato, K., Shintani, Y. and Nakanishi, K. (2007) High-throughput protein digestion by trypsinimmobilized monolithic silica with pipette-tip formula. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 70, 57-62.
108. Kato, H., Kaneta, N., Nii, S., Kobayashi, K., Fukui, N., Shinohara, H. and Nishida, Y. (2005) Preparation and supramolecular properties of unadulterated glycosyl liposomes from a bis(a-Dmannopyranosyl)[60]fullerene conjugates. Chem. Biodivers., 2, 1232-1241.
109. Nagatsuka, T., Uzawa, H., Ohsawa, I., Seto, Y. and Nishida, Y. (2010) Use of lactose against the deadly biological toxin ricin. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2, 1081-1085.
110. Hoess, R. H. (2001) Protein design and phage display. Chem. Rev., 101, 3205-3218.
111. Urushibata, Y., Itoh, K., Ohshima, M. and Seto, Y. (2010) Generation of Fab fragment-like molecular recognition proteins against Staphylococcal enterotoxin B by phage display technology. Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 17, 1708-1717.
112. Hashimoto, K., Ohtani, F. and Kudo, A. (Eds.) (2005) Photocatalysis Fundamentals, Material Development and Applications, Enu Thi Esu Co., Tokyo, Japan.
113. Hirakawa, T., Sato, K., Komano, A., Kishi, S., Nishimoto, C. K., Mera, N., Kugishima, M., Sano, T., Ichinose, H., Negishi, N., Seto, Y. and Tekeuchi, K. (2010) Experimental study on adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate at surface of TiO2 photocatalysis. J. Phys. Chem., 114, 2305-2314.
114. Kau, J.-H., Sun, D.-S., Huang, H.-H., Wong, M.-S., Lin, H.-C. and Chang, H.-H. (2009) Role of visible light-activated photocatalysis on the reduction of anthrax spore-induced mortality in mice. PloS One, 4, e4167.
115. Ichinose, H., Taira, M., Furuta, S. and Katsuki, H. (2003) Anatase sol prepared from peroxotitanium complex aqueous solution containing niobium or vanadium. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 86, 1605-1608.
116. Mera, N., Hirakawa, T., Sano, T., Takeuchi, K., Seto, Y. and Negishi, N. (2010) Removal of high concentration dimethyl methylphosphonate in the gas phase by repeated-batch reactions using TiO2. J. Hazard. Mater., 177, 274-280.