Recent progress in the genetics of generalized vitiligo

Journal of Genetics and Genomics

Volumn 38, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 271-278

  Spritz, Richard A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Children's Hospital Colorado   (United States)

Author keywords

Association; Autoimmune disease; Gene; Linkage; Vitiligo

Indexed keywords

NON RECEPTOR PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE 22; X BOX BINDING PROTEIN 1;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CAUCASIAN; CHINESE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENERALIZED VITILIGO; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOREGULATION; MELANOCYTE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; VITILIGO;

ADAPTOR PROTEINS, SIGNAL TRANSDUCING; APOPTOSIS REGULATORY PROTEINS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HUMANS; MELANOCYTES; METABOLIC NETWORKS AND PATHWAYS; MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE; PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE, NON-RECEPTOR TYPE 22; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; VITILIGO;

EID: 79960473214     PISSN: 16738527     EISSN: 18735533     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.05.005     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Addison T. On the constitutional and local effects of disease of the suprarenal capsules. A Collection of the Published Writing of the Late Thomas Addison, M.D., Physician to Guy's Hospital 1855, vol. 2:244-293. New Sydenham Society 1868, London, Reprinted in Med. Classics (1937).
2. al-Fouzan A., al-Arbash M., Fouad F. Study of HLA class I/IL and T lymphocyte subsets in Kuwaiti vitiligo patients. Eur. J. Immunogenet. 1995, 22:209-213.
3. Alkhateeb A., Qarqaz F. Genetic association of NALP1 with generalized vitiligo in Jordanian Arabs. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 2010, 302:631-634.
4. Alkhateeb A., Stetler G.L., Old W., Talbert J., Uhlhorn C., Taylor M., Fox A., Miller C., Dills D.G., Ridgway E.C., Bennett D.C., Fain P.R., Spritz R.A. Mapping of an autoimmunity susceptibility locus (AIS1) to chromosome 1p31.3-p32.2. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2002, 11:661-667.
5. Alkhateeb A., Fain P.R., Thody A., Bennett D.C., Spritz R.A. Epidemiology of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases in Caucasian probands and their families. Pigment Cell Res. 2003, 16:208-214.
6. Alkhateeb A., Fain P., Spritz R.A. Candidate functional promoter variant in the FOXD3 melanoblast developmental regulator gene in autosomal dominant vitiligo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2005, 125:388-391.
7. Ando I., Chi H.I., Nakagawa H., Otsuka F. Difference in clinical features and HLA antigens between familial and non-familial vitiligo of generalized type. Br. J. Dermatol. 1993, 129:408-410.
8. Arcos-Burgos M., Parodi E., Salgar M., Bedoya E., Builes J.J., Jaramillo D., Ceballos G., Uribe A., Rivera N., Rivera D., Fonseca I., Camargo M., Palacio L.G. Vitiligo: complex segregation and linkage disequilibrium analyses with respect to microsatellite loci spanning the HLA. Hum. Genet. 2002, 110:334-342.
9. Badri A.M., Todd P.M., Garioch J.J., Gudgeon J.E., Stewart D.G., Goudie R.B. An immunohistological study of cutaneous lymphocytes in vitiligo. J. Pathol. 1993, 170:149-155.
10. Birlea S.A., Fain P.R., Spritz R.A. A Romanian population isolate with high frequency of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases. Arch. Dermatol. 2008, 144:310-316.
11. Birlea S.A., Laberge G.S., Procopciuc L.M., Fain P.R., Spritz R.A. CTLA4 and generalized vitiligo: two genetic association studies and a meta-analysis of published data. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2009, 22:230-234.
12. Birlea S.A., Gowan K., Fain P.R., Spritz R.A. Genome-wide association study of generalized vitiligo in an isolated European founder population identifies SMOC2, in close proximity to IDDM8. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2010, 130:798-803.
13. Birlea S.A., Jin Y., Bennett D.C., Herbstman D.M., Wallace M.R., McCormack W.T., Kemp E.H., Gawkrodger D.J., Weetman A.P., Picardo M., Leone G., Taïeb A., Jouary T., Ezzedine K., van Geel N., Lambert J., Overbeck A., Fain P.R., Spritz R.A. Comprehensive association analysis of candidate genes for generalized vitiligo supports XBP1, FOXP3, and TSLP. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2011, 131:371-381.
14. Bishop T.D., Demenais F., Iles M.M., Harland M., Taylor J.C., Corda E., Randerson-Moor J., Aitken J.F., Avril M.F., Azizi E., Bakker B., Bianchi-Scarra G., Bressac-de Paillerets B., Calista D., Cannon-Albright L.A., Chin-A-Woeng T., Debniak T., Galore-Haskel G., Ghiorzo P., Gut I., Hansson J., Hocevar M., Höiom V., Hopper J.L., Ingvar C., Kanetsky P.A., Kefford R.F., Landi M.T., Lang J., Lubiński J., Mackie R., Malvehy J., Mann G.J., Martin N.G., Montgomery G.W., van Nieuwpoort F.A., Novakovic S., Olsson H., Puig S., Weiss M., van Workum W., Zelenika D., Brown K.M., Goldstein A.M., Gillanders E.M., Boland A., Galan P., Elder D.E., Gruis N.A., Hayward N.K., Lathrop G.M., Barrett J.H., Bishop J.A. Genome-wide association study identifies three loci associated with melanoma risk. Nat. Genet. 2009, 41:920-925.
15. Blomhoff A., Kemp E.H., Gawkrodger D.J., Weetman A.P., Husebye E.S., Akselsen H.E., Lie B.A., Undlien D.E. CTLA4 polymorphisms are associated with vitiligo, in patients with concomitant autoimmune diseases. Pigment Cell Res. 2005, 18:55-58.
16. Boissy R.E., Spritz R.A. Frontiers and controversies in the pathobiology of vitiligo: separating the wheat from the chaff. Exp. Dermatol. 2009, 18:583-585.
17. Brand O., Gough S., Heward J. HLA, CTLA-4, and PTPN22: the shared genetic master-key to autoimmunity?. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 2005, 7:1-15.
18. Cantón I., Akhtar S., Gavalas N.G., Gawkrodger D.J., Blomhoff A., Watson P.F., Weetman A.P., Kemp E.H. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the gene encoding lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) confers susceptibility to generalised vitiligo. Genes Immun. 2005, 6:584-587.
19. Casp C.B., She J.X., McCormack W.T. Genes of the LMP/TAP cluster are associated with the human autoimmune disease vitiligo. Genes Immun. 2003, 4:492-499.
20. Chen J.J., Huang W., Gui J.P., Yang S., Zhou F.S., Xiong O.G., Wu H.B., Cui Y., Gao M., Li W., Li J.Z., Yan K.L., Yuan W.T., Xu S.J., Liu J.J., Zhang X.J. A novel linkage to generalized vitiligo on 4q13-q21 identified in a genomewide linkage analysis of Chinese families. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2005, 76:1057-1065.
21. De Iudicibus S., Stocco G., Martelossi S., Londero M., Ebner E., Pontillo A., Lionetti P., Barabino A., Bartoli F., Ventura A., Decorti G. Genetic predictors of glucocorticoid response in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2011, 45:e1-e7.
22. Dieudé P., Guedj M., Wipff J., Ruiz B., Riemekasten G., Airo P., Melchers I., Hachulla E., Cerinic M.M., Diot E., Hunzelmann N., Caramaschi P., Sibilia J., Tiev K., Mouthon L., Riccieri V., Cracowski J.L., Carpentier P.H., Distler J., Amoura Z., Tarner I., Avouac J., Meyer O., Kahan A., Boileau C., Allanore Y. NLRP1 influences the systemic sclerosis phenotype: a new clue for the contribution of innate immunity in systemic sclerosis-related fibrosing alveolitis pathogenesis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2010, 70:668-674.
23. Fain P.R., Gowan K., LaBerge G.S., Alkhateeb A., Stetler G.L., Talbert J., Bennett D.C., Spritz R.A. A genomewide screen for generalized vitiligo: confirmation of AIS1 on chromosome 1p31 and evidence for additional susceptibility loci. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003, 72:1560-1564.
24. Fain P.R., Babu S.R., Bennett D.C., Spritz R.A. HLA class II haplotype DRB1*04-DQB1*0301 contributes to risk of familial generalized vitiligo and early disease onset. Pigment Cell Res. 2006, 19:51-57.
25. Finco O., Cuccia M., Mantinetti M., Ruberto G., Orecchia G., Rabbiosi G. Age of onset in vitiligo: relationship with HLA supratypes. Clin. Genet. 1991, 39:448-454.
26. Foley L.M., Lowe N.J., Misheloff E., Tiwari J.L. Association of HLA-DR4 with vitiligo. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1983, 8:39-40.
27. Freedman M.L., Reich D., Penney K.L., McDonald G.J., Mignault A.A., Patterson N., Gabriel S.B., Topol E.J., Smoller J.W., Pato C.N., Pato M.T., Petryshen T.L., Kolonel L.N., Lander E.S., Sklar P., Henderson B., Hirschhorn J.N., Altshuler D. Assessing the impact of population stratification on genetic association studies. Nat. Genet. 2004, 36:388-393.
28. Gross A., Tapia F.J., Mosca W., Perez R.M., Briceno L., Henriquez J.J., Convit J. Mononuclear cell subpopulations and infiltrating lymphocytes in erythema dyschromicum perstans and vitiligo. Histol. Histopathol. 1987, 2:277-283.
29. Gudbjartsson D.F., Sulem P., Stacey S.N., Goldstein A.M., Rafnar T., Sigurgeirsson B., Benediktsdottir K.R., Thorisdottir K., Ragnarsson R., Sveinsdottir S.G., Magnusson V., Lindblom A., Kostulas K., Botella-Estrada R., Soriano V., Juberías P., Grasa M., Saez B., Andres R., Scherer D., Rudnai P., Gurzau E., Koppova K., Kiemeney L.A., Jakobsdottir M., Steinberg S., Helgason A., Gretarsdottir S., Tucker M.A., Mayordomo J.I., Nagore E., Kumar R., Hansson J., Olafsson J.H., Gulcher J., Kong A., Thorsteinsdottir U., Stefansson K. ASIP and TYR pigmentation variants associate with cutaneous melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. Nat. Genet. 2008, 40:886-891.
30. Harsoulis P., Kanakoudi-Tsakalidis F., Vyzantiadis A., Minas A., Cassimos C. Autoimmunity and vitiligo. Arch. Dermatol. 1978, 114:1554.
31. Hirschhorn J.N., Lohmueller K., Byrne E., Hirschhorn K. A comprehensive review of genetic association studies. Genet. Med. 2002, 4:45-60.
32. Jin Y., Mailloux C.M., Gowan K., Riccardi S.L., LaBerge G., Bennett D.C., Fain P.R., Spritz R.A. NALP1 and vitiligo-associated multiple autoimmune disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 365:10-18.
33. Jin Y., Birlea S.A., Fain P.R., Spritz R.A. Genetic variations in NALP1 are associated with generalized vitiligo in a Romanian population. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2007, 127:2558-2562.
34. Jin Y., Birlea S.A., Fain P.R., Gowan K., Riccardi S.L., Holland P.J., Mailloux C.M., Sufit A.J.D., Hutton S.M., Amadi-Myers A., Bennett D.C., Wallace M.R., McCormack W.T., Kemp E.H., Gawkrodger D.J., Weetman A.P., Picardo M., Leone G., Taïeb A., Jouary T., Ezzedine K., van Geel N., Lambert J., Overbeck A., Spritz R.A. Variant of TYR and autoimmunity susceptibility loci in generalized vitiligo. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 362:1686-1697.
35. Jin Y., Birlea S.A., Fain P.R., Mailloux C.M., Riccardi S.L., Gowan K., Holland P.J., Bennett D.C., Wallace M.R., McCormack W.T., Kemp E.H., Gawkrodger D.J., Weetman A.P., Picardo M., Leone G., Taïeb A., Jouary T., Ezzedine K., van Geel N., Overbeck A., Spritz R.A. Common variants in FOXP1 are associated with generalized vitiligo. Nat. Genet. 2010, 42:576-578.
36. Jin Y., Birlea S.A., Fain P.R., Gowan K., Riccardi S.L., Holland P.J., Bennett D.C., Herbstman D.M., Wallace M.R., McCormack W.T., Kemp E.H., Gawkrodger D.J., Weetman A.P., Picardo M., Leone G., Taïeb A., Jouary T., Ezzedine K., Geel N., Lambert J., Overbeck A., Spritz R.A. Genome-wide analysis identifies a quantitative trait locus in the MHC class II region associated with generalized vitiligo age of onset. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2011, 131:1308-1312.
37. Johansson C.M., Zunec R., Garcia M.A., Scherbarth H.R., Tate G.A., Paira S., Navarro S.M., Perandones C.E., Gamron S., Alvarellos A., Graf C.E., Manni J., Berbotto G.A., Palatnik S.A., Catoggio L.J., Battagliotti C.G., Sebastiani G.D., Migliaresi S., Galeazzi M., Pons-Estel B.A., Alarcon-Riqauelme M.E., Collaborative Group on the Genetics of SLE, Argentine Collaborative Group Chromosome 17p12-q11 harbors susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum. Genet. 2004, 115:230-238.
38. Kaser A., Lee A.H., Franke A., Glickman J.N., Zeissig S., Tilg H., Nieuwenhuis E.E., Higgins D.E., Schreiber S., Glimcher L.H., Blumberg R.S. XBP1 links ER stress to intestinal inflammation and confers genetic risk for human inflammatory bowel disease. Cell 2008, 134:743-756.
39. Kemp E.H., Gavalas N.G., Gawkrodger D.J., Weetman A.P. Autoantibody responses to melanocytes in the depigmenting skin disease vitiligo. Autoimmun. Rev. 2007, 6:138-142.
40. Kingo K., Philips M.A., Aunin E., Luuk H., Karelson M., Ratsep R., Silm H., Vasar E., Koks S. MYG1, novel melanocyte related gene, has elevated expression in vitiligo. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2006, 44:119-122.
41. Laberge G., Mailloux C.M., Gowan K., Holland P., Bennett D.C., Fain P.R., Spritz R.A. Early disease onset and increased risk of other autoimmune diseases in familial generalized vitiligo. Pigment Cell Res. 2005, 18:300-305.
42. Laberge G.S., Bennett D.C., Fain P.R., Spritz R.A. PTPN22 is genetically associated with risk of generalized vitiligo, but CTLA4 is not. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2008, 128:1757-1762.
43. Laberge G.S., Birlea S.A., Fain P.R., Spritz R.A. The PTPN22-1858C>T (R620W) functional polymorphism is associated with generalized vitiligo in the Romanian population. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2008, 21:206-208.
44. Laddha N.C., Dwivedi M., Shajil E.M., Prajapati H., Marfatia Y.S., Begum R. Association of PTPN22 1858C/T polymorphism with vitiligo susceptibility in Gujarat population. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2008, 49:260-262.
45. Lamkanfi M., Dixit V.M. Inflammasomes: guardians of cytosolic sanctity. Immunol. Rev. 2009, 227:95-105.
46. Le Poole I.C., van den Wijngaard R.M., Westerhof W., Das P.K. Presence of T cells and macrophages in inflammatory vitiligo skin parallels melanocyte disappearance. Am. J. Pathol. 1996, 148:1219-1228.
47. Le Poole I.C., Sarangarajan R., Zhao Y., Stennett L.S., Brown T.L., Sheth P., Miki T., Boissy R.E. 'VIT1', a novel gene associated with vitiligo. Pigment Cell Res. 2001, 14:475-484.
48. Liang Y., Yang S., Zhou Y., Gui J., Ren Y., Chen J., Fan X., Sun L., Xiao F., Gao M., Du W., Fang Q., Xu S., Huang W., Zhang X. Evidence for two susceptibility loci on chromosomes 22q12 and 6p21-p22 in Chinese generalized vitiligo families. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2007, 127:2552-2557.
49. Liu J.B., Li M., Chen H., Yang S., Du W.D., Hao J.H., Zhang T.S., Zhang X.J., Zeegers M. Association of vitiligo with HLA-A2: a meta-analysis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2007, 21:205-213.
50. Magitta N.F., Bøe Wolff A.S., Johansson S., Skinningsrud B., Lie B.A., Myhr K.M., Undlien D.E., Joner G., Njølstad P.R., Kvien T.K., Førre Ø, Knappskog P.M., Husebye E.S. A coding polymorphism in NALP1 confers risk for autoimmune Addison's disease and type 1 diabetes. Genes Immun. 2009, 10:120-124.
51. Nath S.K., Kelly J.A., Namjou B., Lam T., Bruner G.R., Scofield R.H., Aston C.E., Harley J.B. Evidence for a susceptibility gene, SLEV1, on chromosome 17p13 in families with vitiligo-related systemic lupus erythematosus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2001, 69:1401-1406.
52. Neufeld M., Blizzard R.M. Polyglandular autoimmune diseases. Symposium on Autoimmune Aspects of Endocrine Disorders 1980, 357-365. Academic Press, New York. A. Pinchera, D. Doniach, G.F. Fenzi, L. Baschieri (Eds.).
53. Nordlund J.J., Ortonne J.-P., Le Poole I.C. Vitiligo vulgaris. The Pigmentary System 2006, 551-598. Blackwell Press, Oxford. second ed. J.J. Nordlund, R.E. Boissy, V.J. Hearing, R.A. King, W.S. Oetting, J.-P. Ortonne (Eds.).
54. Ogg G.S., Dunbar P., Romero P., Chen J.L., Cerundolo V. High frequency of skin-homing melanocyte specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune vitiligo. J. Exp. Med. 1998, 188:1203-1208.
55. Ongenae K., Van Geel N., Naeyaert J.-M. Evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis of vitiligo. Pigment Cell Res. 2003, 16:90-100.
56. Orecchia G., Perfetti L., Malagoli P., Borghini F., Kipervarg Y. Vitiligo is associated with a significant increase in HLA-A30, Cw6 and Dqw3 and a decrease in C4AQ0 in northern Italian patients. Dermatology 1992, 185:123-127.
57. Pehlivan S., Ozkinay F., Alper S., Onay H., Yuksel E., Pehlivan M., Ozkinay C. Association between IL4 (-590), ACE (I)/(D), CCR5 (Δ32), CTLA4 (+49) and IL1-RN (VNTR in intron 2) gene polymorphisms and vitiligo. Eur. J. Dermatol. 2009, 19:126-128.
58. Philips M.A., Kingo K., Karelson M., Rätsep R., Aunin E., Reimann E., Reemann P., Porosaar O., Vikeså J., Nielsen F.C., Vasar E., Silm H., Kõks S. Promoter polymorphism -119C/G in MYG1 (C12orf10) gene is related to vitiligo susceptibility and Arg4Gln affects mitochondrial entrance of Myg1. BMC Med. Genet. 2010, 11:56.
59. Vitiligo 2010, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. M. Picardo, A. Taïeb (Eds.).
60. Pontillo A., Vendramin A., Catamo E., Fabris A., Crovella S. The missense variation Q705K in CIAS1/NALP3/NLRP3 gene and an NLRP1 haplotype are associated with celiac disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2011, 106:539-544.
61. Quan C., Ren Y.Q., Xiang L.H., Sun L.D., Xu A.E., Gao X.H., Chen H.D., Pu X.M., Wu R.N., Liang C.Z., Li J.B., Gao T.W., Zhang J.Z., Wang X.L., Wang J., Yang R.Y., Liang L., Yu J.B., Zuo X.B., Zhang S.Q., Zhang S.M., Chen G., Zheng X.D., Li P., Zhu J., Li Y.W., Wei X.D., Hong W.S., Ye Y., Zhang Y., Wu W.S., Cheng H., Dong P.L., Hu D.Y., Li Y., Li M., Zhang X., Tang H.Y., Tang X.F., Xu S.X., He S.M., Lv Y.M., Shen M., Jiang H.Q., Wang Y., Li K., Kang X.J., Liu Y.Q., Sun L., Liu Z.F., Xie S.Q., Zhu C.Y., Xu Q., Gao J.P., Hu W.L., Ni C., Pan T.M., Li Y., Yao S., He C.F., Liu Y.S., Yu Z.Y., Yin X.Y., Zhang F.Y., Yang S., Zhou Y., Zhang X.J. Genome-wide association study for vitiligo identifies susceptibility loci at 6q27 and the MHC. Nat. Genet. 2010, 42:614-618.
62. Ren Y., Yang S., Xu S., Gao M., Huang W., Gao T., Fang Q., Quan C., Zhang C., Sun L., Liang Y., Han J., Wang Z., Zhang F., Zhou Y., Liu J., Zhang X. Genetic variation of promoter sequence modulates XBP1 expression and genetic risk for vitiligo. PLoS Genet. 2009, 5:e1000523.
63. Schallreuter K.U., Levenig C., Kuhnl P., Loliger C., Hohl-Tehari M., Berger J. Histocompatibility antigens in vitiligo: Hamburg study on 102 patients from northern Germany. Dermatology 1993, 187:186-192.
64. Schmidt M. Eine biglanduiare Erkrankung (Nebennieren und Schilddruse) bei Morbus Addisonii. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Pathol. 1926, 21:212-221.
65. Skipper J.C.A., Hendrickson R.C., Gulden P.H., Britchard V., Van Pel A., Chen Y., Shabanowitz J., Wolfel T., Slingluff C.L., Boon T., Hunt D.F., Engelhard V.H. An HLA-A2-restricted tyrosinase antigen on melanoma cells results from posttranslational modification and suggests a novel pathway for processing of membrane proteins. J. Exp. Med. 1996, 183:527-534.
66. Spritz R.A. The genetics of generalized vitiligo. Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. 2008, 10:244-257.
67. Spritz R.A. The genetics of generalized vitiligo: autoimmune pathways and an inverse relationship with malignant melanoma. Genome Med. 2010, 2:78.
68. Spritz R.A., Gowan K., Bennett D.C., Fain P.R. Novel vitiligo susceptibility loci on chromosomes 7 (AIS2) and 8 (AIS3), confirmation of SLEV1 on chromosome 17, and their roles in an autoimmune diathesis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2004, 74:188-191.
69. Strömberg S., Björklund M.G., Asplund A., Rimini R., Lundeberg J., Nilsson P., Pontén F., Olsson M.J. Transcriptional profiling of melanocytes from patients with vitiligo vulgaris. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2008, 21:162-171.
70. Sun X., Xu A., Wei X., Ouyang J., Lu L., Chen M., Zhang D. Genetic epidemiology of vitiligo: a study of 815 probands and their families from south China. Int. J. Dermatol. 2006, 45:1176-1181.
71. Taïeb A., Picardo M. Vitiligo. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 360:160-169.
72. Tastan H.B., Akar A., Orkunoglu F.E., Arca E., Inal A. Association of HLA class I antigens and HLA class II alleles with vitiligo in a Turkish population. Pigment Cell Res. 2004, 17:181-184.
73. Toyofuku K., Wada I., Spritz R.A., Hearing V.J. The molecular basis of oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1): sorting failure and degradation of mutant tyrosinases results in a lack of pigmentation. Biochem. J. 2001, 355:259-269.
74. Tripathi R.K., Giebel L.B., Strunk K.M., Spritz R.A. A polymorphism of the human tyrosinase gene that is associated with temperature-sensitive enzymatic activity. Gene Expr. 1991, 1:103-110.
75. Xia Q., Zhou W.M., Liang Y.H., Ge H.S., Liu H.S., Wang J.Y., Gao M., Yang S., Zhang X.J. MHC haplotypic association in Chinese Han patients with vitiligo. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2006, 20:941-946.
76. Zamani M., Spaepen M., Sghar S.S., Huang C., Westerhof W., Nieuweboer-Krobotova L., Cassiman J.J. Linkage and association of HLA class II genes with vitiligo in a Dutch population. Br. J. Dermatol. 2001, 145:90-94.
77. Zurawek M., Fichna M., Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska D., Gryczyńska M., Fichna P., Nowak J. A coding variant in NLRP1 is associated with autoimmune Addison's disease. Hum. Immunol. 2010, 71:530-534.