Anti-cancer role of SPARC, an inhibitor of adipogenesis

Cancer Treatment Reviews

Volumn 37, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 559-566

  Nagaraju, Ganji Purna Chandra ^a   Sharma, Dipali ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adipogenesis; Cancer; SPARC

Indexed keywords

COLLAGENASE 3; GELATINASE A; MATRILYSIN; OSTEONECTIN; PLASMIN; STROMELYSIN; TRYPSIN;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ADIPOGENESIS; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; BREAST CANCER; CELL ADHESION; CELL CYCLE; CELL INVASION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; COLON ADENOCARCINOMA; COLORECTAL CANCER; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; CYTOSKELETON; DNA METHYLATION; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GLIOMA; HUMAN; HYPERPLASIA; HYPERTROPHY; LEUKEMIA CELL; LIPOGENESIS; LIPOLYSIS; LUNG CANCER; MEDULLOBLASTOMA; MELANOMA; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NEUROBLASTOMA; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OVARY CANCER; PANCREAS; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; STROMA CELL; WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE;

ADIPOGENESIS; ANIMALS; ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; OBESITY; OSTEONECTIN;

EID: 79960025480     PISSN: 03057372     EISSN: 15321967     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.12.001     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Garzia L., Andolfo I., Cusanelli E., Marino N., Petrosino G., De Martino D., et al. MicroRNA-199b-5p impairs cancer stem cells through negative regulation of HES1 in medulloblastoma. PLoS One 2009, 4:e4998.
2. Kombogiorgas D., Sgouros S., Walsh A., Hockley A., Stevens M., Grundy R., et al. Outcome of children with posterior fossa medulloblastoma: a single institution experience over the decade 1994-2003. Child's Nerv Sys 2007, 23:399-405.
3. Yang S., Wang K., Cho B., Kim Y., Lim S., Park S., et al. Radiation-induced cerebellar glioblastoma at the site of a treated medulloblastoma. J Neurosurg: Pediat 2005, 102:417-422.
4. Gogineni V., Kargiotis O., Klopfenstein J., Gujrati M., Dinh D., Rao J. RNAi-mediated downregulation of radiation-induced MMP-9 leads to apoptosis via activation of ERK and Akt in IOMM-Lee cells. Inte J Oncol 2009, 34:209-218.
5. Guessous F., Li Y., Abounader R. Signaling pathways in medulloblastoma. J Cellular Physiol 2008, 217:577-583.
6. Podhajcer O., Benedetti L., Girotti M., Prada F., Salvatierra E., Llera A. The role of the matricellular protein SPARC in the dynamic interaction between the tumor and the host. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008, 27:691-705.
7. Sage E., Bornstein P. Extracellular proteins that modulate cell-matrix interactions. SPARC, tenascin, and thrombospondin. J Biol Chem 1991, 266:14831-14834.
8. Sage E., Tupper J. Bramson R: Endothelial cell injury in vitro is associated with increased secretion of an Mr 43, 000 glycoprotein ligand. J Cell Physiol 1986, 127:373-387.
9. Sage H., Johnson C., Bornstein P. Characterization of a novel serum albumin-binding glycoprotein secreted by endothelial cells in culture. J Biol Chem 1984, 259:3993-4007.
10. Termine J., Kleinman H., Whitson S., Conn K., McGarvey M., Martin G. Osteonectin, a bone-specific protein linking mineral to collagen. Cell 1981, 26:99-105.
11. Porter P., Sage E., Lane T., Funk S., Gown A. Distribution of SPARC in normal and neoplastic human tissue. J Histochem Cytochem 1995, 43:791-800.
12. Gooden M., Vernon R., Bassuk J., Sage E. Cell cycle-dependent nuclear location of the matricellular protein SPARC: association with the nuclear matrix. J Cell Biochem 1999, 74:152-167.
13. Flaumenhaft R., Rifkin D. The extracellular regulation of growth factor action. Mol Biol Cell 1992, 3:1057-1065.
14. Ingber D., Folkman J. How does extracellular matrix control capillary morphogenesis. Cell 1989, 58:803-805.
15. Ingber D., Folkman J. Mechanochemical switching between growth and differentiation during fibroblast growth factor-stimulated angiogenesis in vitro: role of extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol 1989, 109:317-330.
16. Ingber D. Fibronectin controls capillary endothelial cell growth by modulating cell shape. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1990, 87:3579-3583.
17. Bassuk J.A., Birkebak T.E.D., Rothmier J.D., Clark J.M., Bradshaw A.M.Y., Muchowski P.J., et al. Disruption of the SparcLocus in mice alters the differentiation of lenticular epithelial cells and leads to cataract formation. Exp Eye Res 1999, 68:321-331.
18. Tai I., Dai M., Owen D., Chen L. Genome-wide expression analysis of therapy-resistant tumors reveals SPARC as a novel target for cancer therapy. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1492-1502.
19. Murphy-Ullrich J., Lane T., Pallero M., Sage E. SPARC mediates focal adhesion disassembly in endothelial cells through a follistatin-like region and the Ca2+-binding EF-hand. J Cell Biochem 2004, 57:341-350.
20. Ford R., Wang G., Jannati P., Adler D., Racanelli P., Higgins P., et al. Modulation of SPARC expression during butyrate-induced terminal differentiation of cultured human keratinocytes: regulation via a TGF-(β)-dependent pathway. Exp Cell Res 1993, 206:261-275.
21. Sasaki T., Göhring W., Mann K., Maurer P., Hohenester E., Knäuper V., et al. Limited cleavage of extracellular matrix protein BM-40 by matrix metalloproteinases increases its affinity for collagens. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:9237-9243.
22. Raines E., Lane T., Iruela-Arispe M., Ross R., Sage E.H. The extracellular glycoprotein SPARC interacts with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB and -BB and inhibits the binding of PDGF to its receptors. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1992, 89:1281-1285.
23. Kupprion C., Motamed K., Sage E. SPARC (BM-40, osteonectin) inhibits the mitogenic effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on microvascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:29635-29640.
24. Hasselaar P., Sage E. SPARC antagonizes the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on the migration of bovine aortic endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2004, 49:272-283.
25. Francki A., Bradshaw A., Bassuk J. SPARC regulates the expression of collagen type I and transforming growth factor-beta1 in mesangial cells. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:32145-32152.
26. Taghizadeh F., Tang M., Tai I. Synergism between vitamin D and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine-induced apoptosis and growth inhibition results in increased susceptibility of therapy-resistant colorectal cancer cells to chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2007, 6:309-317.
27. Motamed K. SPARC (osteonectin/BM-40). Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999, 31:1363-1366.
28. Nielsen H., Brunak S., Von Heijne G. Machine learning approaches for the prediction of signal peptides and other protein sorting signals. Protein Eng Design Sele 1999, 12:3-9.
29. Maurer P., Hohenadl C., Hohenester E., Göhring W., Timpl R., Engel J. The C-terminal portion of BM-40 (SPARC/osteonectin) is an autonomously folding and crystallizable domain that binds calcium and collagen IV. J Mol Biol 1995, 253:347-357.
30. Xie R., Long G. Role of N-linked glycosylation in human osteonectin. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:23212-23217.
31. Bradshaw A., Sage E. SPARC, a matricellular protein that functions in cellular differentiation and tissue response to injury. J Clin Invest 2001, 107:1049-1054.
32. Yan Q., Sage E. SPARC, a matricellular glycoprotein with important biological functions. J Histochem Cytochem 1999, 47:1495-1506.
33. Lane T., Iruela-Arispe M., Johnson R., Sage E. SPARC is a source of copper-binding peptides that stimulate angiogenesis. J Cell biol 1994, 125:929-943.
34. Uchiyama A., Suzuki M., Lefteriou B., Glimcher M. Isolation and chemical characterization of the phosphoproteins of chicken bone matrix: heterogeneity in molecular weight and composition. Biochemistry 1986, 25:7572-7583.
35. Engel J., Taylor W., Paulsson M., Sage H., Hogan B. Calcium binding domains and calcium-induced conformational transition of SPARC/BM-40/osteonectin, an extracellular glycoprotein expressed in mineralized and nonmineralized tissues. Biochemistry 1987, 26:6958-6965.
36. Sage E., Reed M., Funk S., Truong T., Steadele M., Puolakkainen P., et al. Cleavage of the matricellular protein SPARC by matrix metalloproteinase 3 produces polypeptides that influence angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:37849-37857.
37. Lau C., Poon R., Cheung S., Yu W., Fan S. SPARC and Hevin expression correlate with tumour angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pathol 2006, 210:459-468.
38. Yamashita K., Upadhay S., Mimori K., Inoue H., Mori M. Clinical significance of secreted protein acidic and rich in cystein in esophageal carcinoma and its relation to carcinoma progression. Cancer 2003, 97:2412-2419.
39. Alpers C., Hudkins K., Segerer S., Sage E., Pichler R., Couser W., et al. Localization of SPARC in developing, mature, and chronically injured human allograft kidneys. Kidney Int 2002, 62:2073-2086.
40. Byzova T. Integrins in bone recognition and metastasis. J Musculosk Neuro Inter 2004, 4:374.
41. Kzhyshkowska J., Workman G., Cardo-Vila M., Arap W., Pasqualini R., Gratchev A., et al. Novel function of alternatively activated macrophages: stabilin-1-mediated clearance of SPARC. J Immunol 2006, 176:5825-5832.
42. Kzhyshkowska J., Gratchev A., Schmuttermaier C., Brundiers H., Krusell L., Mamidi S., et al. Alternatively activated macrophages regulate extracellular levels of the hormone placental lactogen via receptor-mediated uptake and transcytosis. J Immunol 2008, 180:3028-3037.
43. Huang D., Lin Y., Jan P., Hwang Y., Liang S., Peng Y., et al. Transcription factor SOX-5 enhances nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression by down-regulating SPARC gene expression. J Pathol 2008, 214:445-455.
44. Zhou H., Xia X., Xu Z. An RNA polymerase II construct synthesizes short-hairpin RNA with a quantitative indicator and mediates highly efficient RNAi. Nucl Acids Res 2005, 33:e62.
45. Ledda F., Bravo A.I., Adris S., Bover L., Mordoh J., Podhajcer O.L. The expression of the secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is associated with the neoplastic progression of human melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 1997, 108:210-214.
46. Rempel S.A., Golembieski W.A., Ge S., Lemke N., Elisevich K., Mikkelsen T., et al. SPARC: a signal of astrocytic neoplastic transformation and reactive response in human primary and xenograft gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998, 57:1112-1121.
47. Porter P.L., Sage E.H., Lane T.F., Funk S.E., Gown A.M. Distribution of SPARC in normal and neoplastic human tissue. J Histochem Cytochem 1995, 43:791-800.
48. Thomas R., True L.D., Bassuk J.A., Lange P.H., Vessella R.L. Differential expression of osteonectin/SPARC during human prostate cancer progression. Clin Cancer Res 2000, 6:1140-1149.
49. Wang Y., Yu Q., Cho A., Rondeau G., Welsh J., Adamson E., et al. Survey of differentially methylated promoters in prostate cancer cell lines. Neoplasia (New York, NY) 2005, 7:748-760.
50. Rodriguez-Jimenez F., Caldes T., Iniesta P., Vidart J., Lopez G. Overexpression of SPARC protein contrasts with its transcriptional silencing by aberrant hypermethylation of SPARC CpG-rich region in endometrial carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2007, 17:1301-1307.
51. Sato N., Fukushima N., Maehara N., Matsubayashi H., Koopmann J., Su G., et al. SPARC/osteonectin is a frequent target for aberrant methylation in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and a mediator of tumor-stromal interactions. Oncogene 2003, 22:5021-5030.
52. Cheetham S., Tang M.J., Mesak F., Kennecke H., Owen D., Tai I.T. SPARC promoter hypermethylation in colorectal cancers can be reversed by 5-Aza-2(prime)deoxycytidine to increase SPARC expression and improve therapy response. Br J Cancer 2008, 98:1810-1819.
53. DiMartino J., Lacayo N., Varadi M., Li L., Saraiya C., Ravindranath Y., et al. Low or absent SPARC expression in acute myeloid leukemia with MLL rearrangements is associated with sensitivity to growth inhibition by exogenous SPARC protein. Leukemia 2006, 20:426-432.
54. Jones P.A., Baylin S.B. The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat Rev Genet 2002, 3:415-428.
55. Esteller M. CpG island hypermethylation and tumor suppressor genes: a booming present, a brighter future. Oncogene 2002, 21:5427-5440.
56. Lee S., Hwang K., Lee H., Kim J., Kang G. Aberrant CpG island hypermethylation of multiple genes in colorectal neoplasia. Lab Invest 2004, 84:884-893.
57. Toyota M., Ahuja N., Ohe-Toyota M., Herman J., Baylin S., Issa J. CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1999, 96:8681-8686.
58. Suzuki M., Hao C., Takahashi T., Shigematsu H., Shivapurkar N., Sathyanarayana U., et al. Aberrant methylation of SPARC in human lung cancers. Br J Cancer 2005, 92:942-948.
59. Wolk A., Gridley G., Svensson M., Nyrén O., McLaughlin J., Fraumeni J., et al. A prospective study of obesity and cancer risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 2001, 12:13-21.
60. Larsson S., Wolk A. Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cancer 2006, 119:2657-2664.
61. Kadowaki T., Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Endocr Rev 2005, 26:439-451.
62. Scherer P., Williams S., Fogliano M., Baldini G., Lodish H. A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:26746-26749.
63. Gregoire F., Smas C., Sul H. Understanding adipocyte differentiation. Physiol Rev 1998, 78:783-809.
64. Rosen E., Spiegelman B. Molecular regulation of adipogenesis. Ann Rev Cell Dev Biol 2000, 16:145-171.
65. Liu J., DeYoung S., Zhang M., Cheng A., Saltiel A. Changes in integrin expression during adipocyte differentiation. Cell Metabol 2005, 2:165-177.
66. Nie J., Sage E. SPARC inhibits adipogenesis by its enhancement of -catenin signaling. J Biol Chem 2009, 284:1279-1290.
67. Weaver A. Invadopodia: specialized cell structures for cancer invasion. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006, 23:97-105.
68. O'Connor K., Song H., Rosenzweig N., Jansen D. Extracellular matrix substrata alter adipocyte yield and lipogenesis in primary cultures of stromal-vascular cells from human adipose. Biotechnol Lett 2003, 25:1967-1972.
69. Hohenester E., Sasaki T., Giudici C., Farndale R., Bächinger H. Structural basis of sequence-specific collagen recognition by SPARC. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2008, 105:18273-18277.
70. Takahashi M., Nagaretani H., Funahashi T., Nishizawa H., Maeda N., Kishida K., et al. The expression of SPARC in adipose tissue and its increased plasma concentration in patients with coronary artery disease. Obesity 2001, 9:388-393.
71. Keophiphath M., Achard V., Henegar C., Rouault C., Clement K., Lacasa D. Macrophage-secreted factors promote a profibrotic phenotype in human preadipocytes. Mol Endocrinol 2009, 23:11-24.
72. Bradshaw A., Reed M., Sage E. SPARC-null mice exhibit accelerated cutaneous wound closure. J Histochem Cytochem 2002, 50:1-10.
73. Shi Q., Bao S., Song L., Wu Q., Bigner D., Hjelmeland A., et al. Targeting SPARC expression decreases glioma cellular survival and invasion associated with reduced activities of FAK and ILK kinases. Oncogene 2007, 26:4084-4094.
74. Delany A., Kalajzic I., Bradshaw A., Sage E., Canalis E. Osteonectin-null mutation compromises osteoblast formation, maturation, and survival. Endocrinology 2003, 144:2588-2596.
75. Kang S., Bennett C., Gerin I., Rapp L., Hankenson K., MacDougald O. Wnt signaling stimulates osteoblastogenesis of mesenchymal precursors by suppressing CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:14515-14524.
76. Blobe G., Schiemann W., Lodish H. Role of transforming growth factor beta in human disease. The New Eng J Med 2000, 342:1350-1358.
77. Motamed K., Funk S., Koyama H., Ross R., Raines E., Sage E. Inhibition of PDGF-stimulated and matrix-mediated proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells by SPARC is independent of changes in cell shape or cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. J Cell Biochem 2002, 84:759-771.
78. Bassuk J., Pichler R., Rothmier J., Pippen J., Gordon K., Meek R., et al. Induction of TGF-beta1 by the matricellular protein SPARC in a rat model of glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2000, 57:117-128.
79. Reed M., Vernon R., Abrass I., Sage E. TGF-beta 1 induces the expression of type I collagen and SPARC, and enhances contraction of collagen gels, by fibroblasts from young and aged donors. J Cell Physiol 1994, 158:169-179.
80. Shanker Y., Shetty U., Rao A. Regulation of low density lipoprotein receptor mRNA levels by estradiol 17 beta and chorionic gonadotropin in human placenta. Mol Cell Biochem 1998, 187:133-139.
81. Shiba H., Fujita T., Doi N., Nakamura S., Nakanishi K., Takemoto T., et al. Differential effects of various growth factors and cytokines on the syntheses of DNA, type I collagen, laminin, fibronectin, osteonectin/secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), and alkaline phosphatase by human pulp cells in culture. J Cell Physiol 1998, 174:194-205.
82. Schiemann B., Neil J., Schiemann W. SPARC inhibits epithelial cell proliferation in part through stimulation of the transforming growth factor-beta-signaling system. Mol Biol Cell 2003, 14:3977-3988.
83. Dhanesuan N., Sharp J., Blick T., Price J., Thompson E. Doxycycline-inducible expression of SPARC/Osteonectin/BM40 in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells results in growth inhibition. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002, 75:73-85.
84. Yunker C., Golembieski W., Lemke N., Schultz C., Cazacu S., Brodie C., et al. SPARC-induced increase in glioma matrix and decrease in vascularity are associated with reduced VEGF expression and secretion. Int J Cancer 2008, 122:2735-2743.
85. Haber C., Gottifredi V., Llera A., Salvatierra E., Prada F., Alonso L., et al. SPARC modulates the proliferation of stromal but not melanoma cells unless endogenous SPARC expression is downregulated. Int J Cancer 2007, 122:1465-1475.
86. Said N., Socha M., Olearczyk J., Elmarakby A., Imig J., Motamed K. Normalization of the ovarian cancer microenvironment by SPARC. Mol Cancer Res 2007, 5:1015-1030.
87. Chlenski A., Liu S., Crawford S., Volpert O., DeVries G., Evangelista A., et al. SPARC is a key Schwannian-derived inhibitor controlling neuroblastoma tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2002, 62:7357-7363.
88. Holland P., Harper S., McVey J., Hogan B. In vivo expression of mRNA for the Ca2+-binding protein SPARC (osteonectin) revealed by in situ hybridization. J Cell Biol 1987, 105:473-482.
89. Sage H., Vernon R., Funk S., Everitt E., Angello J. SPARC, a secreted protein associated with cellular proliferation, inhibits cell spreading in vitro and exhibits Ca+ 2-dependent binding to the extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol 1989, 109:341-356.
90. Funk S., Sage E. The Ca2 (+)-binding glycoprotein SPARC modulates cell cycle progression in bovine aortic endothelial cells. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1991, 88:2648-2652.
91. Shi Q., Bao S., Maxwell J., Reese E., Friedman H., Bigner D., et al. Secreted protein acidic, rich in cysteine (SPARC), mediates cellular survival of gliomas through AKT activation. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:52200-52209.
92. Arnold S., Mira E., Muneer S., Korpanty G., Beck A., Holloway S., et al. Forced expression of MMP9 rescues the loss of angiogenesis and abrogates metastasis of pancreatic tumors triggered by the absence of host SPARC. Exp Biol Med 2008, 233:860-873.
93. Iruela-Arispe M., Lane T., Redmond D., Reilly M., Bolender R., Kavanagh T., et al. Expression of SPARC during development of the chicken chorioallantoic membrane: evidence for regulated proteolysis in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 1995, 6:327-343.
94. Lane T. Sage E: Functional mapping of SPARC. Peptides from two distinct Ca+ (+)-binding sites modulate cell shape. J Cell Biol 1990, 111:3065-3076.
95. Golembieski W., Thomas S., Schultz C., Yunker C., McClung H., Lemke N., et al. HSP27 mediates SPARC-induced changes in glioma morphology, migration, and invasion. Glia 2008, 56:1061-1075.
96. Seno T., Harada H., Kohno S., Teraoka M., Inoue A., Ohnishi T. Downregulation of SPARC expression inhibits cell migration and invasion in malignant gliomas. Int J Oncol 2009, 34:707-715.
97. Everitt E., Sage E. Expression of SPARC is correlated with altered morphologies in transfected F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 1992, 199:134-146.
98. Ledda M., Adris S., Bravo A., Kairiyama C., Bover L., Chernajovsky Y., et al. Suppression of SPARC expression by antisense RNA abrogates the tumorigenicity of human melanoma cells. Nature Med 1997, 3:171-176.
99. Alvarez M., Prada F., Salvatierra E., Bravo A., Lutzky V., Carbone C., et al. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine produced by human melanoma cells modulates polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitment and antitumor cytotoxic capacity. Cancer Res 2005, 65:5123-5132.
100. Robert G., Gaggioli C., Bailet O., Chavey C., Abbe P., Aberdam E., et al. SPARC represses E-cadherin and induces mesenchymal transition during melanoma development. Cancer Res 2006, 66:7516-7523.
101. Carmeliet P., Jain R. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 2000, 407:249-257.
102. Jendraschak E., Helene Sage E. Regulation of angiogenesis by SPARC and angiostatin: implications for tumor cell biology 1996, Elsevier, p. 139-146.
103. Chen L., Yang Z., Wang G., Wang C. Expression of angiopoietin-2 gene and its receptor Tie2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Tongji Med Univer Tong ji yi ke da xue xue bao 2001, 21:228-230.
104. Shankavaram U., DeWitt D., Funk S., Sage E., Wahl L. Regulation of human monocyte matrix metalloproteinases by SPARC. J Cell Physiol 1998, 173:327-334.
105. Schaeffer H., Weber M. Mitogen-activated protein kinases. Specific messages from ubiquitous messengers. Mol Cell Biol 1999, 19:2435-2444.
106. Chlenski A., Liu S., Guerrero L., Yang Q., Tian Y., Salwen H., et al. SPARC expression is associated with impaired tumor growth, inhibited angiogenesis and changes in the extracellular matrix. Int J Cancer 2005, 118:310-316.
107. Lane T., Sage E. The biology of SPARC, a protein that modulates cell-matrix interactions. FASEB J 1994, 8:163-173.
108. Said N., Motamed K. Absence of host-secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) augments peritoneal ovarian carcinomatosis. Amer J Pathol 2005, 167:1739-1752.
109. Krammer P., Galle P., Moller P., Debatin K. CD 95 (APO-1/Fas)-mediated apoptosis in normal and malignant liver, colon, and hematopoietic cells. Adv Cancer Res 1998, 75:251-273.
110. Schmitz I., Kirchhoff S., Krammer P. Regulation of death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2000, 32:1123-1136.
111. Yiu G., Chan W., Ng S., Chan P., Cheung K., Berkowitz R., et al. SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Amer J Pathol 2001, 159:609-622.
112. Tang M., Tai I. A novel interaction between procaspase 8 and SPARC enhances apoptosis and potentiates chemotherapy sensitivity in colorectal cancers. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:34457.
113. Tai I.T., Tang M.J. SPARC in cancer biology. Its role in cancer progression and potential for therapy. Drug Resist Updat 2008, 11:231-246.
114. Wong S., Crowley D., Bronson R., Hynes R. Analyses of the role of endogenous SPARC in mouse models of prostate and breast cancer. Clin Exp Metast 2008, 25:109-118.
115. Bhoopathi P., Chetty C., Gujrati M., Dinh D., Rao J., Lakka S. Cathepsin B facilitates autophagy-mediated apoptosis in SPARC overexpressed primitive neuroectodermal tumor cells. Cell Death Differ 2010, 1-10.
116. Koblinski J., Kaplan-Singer B., VanOsdol S., Wu M., Engbring J., Wang S., et al. Endogenous osteonectin/SPARC/BM-40 expression inhibits MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell metastasis. Cancer Res 2005, 65:7370-7377.
117. Briggs J., Chamboredon S., Castellazzi M., Kerry J., Bos T. Transcriptional upregulation of SPARC, in response to c-Jun overexpression, contributes to increased motility and invasion of MCF7 breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2002, 21:7077-7091.
118. Lien H., Hsiao Y., Lin Y., Yao Y., Juan H., Kuo W., et al. Molecular signatures of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast by large-scale transcriptional profiling: identification of genes potentially related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 2007, 26:7859-7871.
119. Prada F., Benedetti L., Bravo A., Alvarez M., Carbone C., Podhajcer O. SPARC endogenous level, rather than fibroblast-produced SPARC or stroma reorganization induced by SPARC, is responsible for melanoma cell growth. J Invest Dermatol 2007, 127:2618-2628.
120. Chan S., Griffith O., Tai I., Jones S. Meta-analysis of colorectal cancer gene expression profiling studies identifies consistently reported candidate biomarkers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prevent 2008, 17:543-552.
121. Liang J., Wang H., Xiao H., Li N., Cheng C., Zhao Y., et al. Relationship and prognostic significance of SPARC and VEGF protein expression in colon cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2010, 29:71-75.
122. Rempel S., Golembieski W., Fisher J., Maile M., Nakeff A. SPARC modulates cell growth, attachment and migration of U87 glioma cells on brain extracellular matrix proteins. J Neuro-Oncol 2001, 53:149-160.
123. Schultz C., Lemke N., Ge S., Golembieski W., Rempel S. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine promotes glioma invasion and delays tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Res 2002, 62:6270-6277.
124. Huang S., Robinson J., DeGuzman A., Bucana C., Fidler I. Blockade of nuclear factor-{kappa} B signaling inhibits angiogenesis and tumorigenicity of human ovarian cancer cells by suppressing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin 8. Cancer Res 2000, 60:5334-5339.