Cadmium

Fish Physiology

Volumn 31, Issue PART B, 2011, Pages 125-184

  McGeer, James C ^a   Niyogi, Som ^a   Scott Smith, D ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79960001080     PISSN: 15465098     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1546-5098(11)31025-4     Document Type: Book

References (272)

1. Adams W.J., Blust R., Borgmann U., Brix K.V., DeForest D.K., Green A.S., Meyer J., McGeer J.C., Paquin P., Rainbow P., Wood C. Utility of tissue residues for predicting effects of metals on aquatic organisms. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 2011, 7:75-98.
2. Alloway B.J. Cadmium. Heavy Metals in Soils 1995, 122-151. Chapman and Hall, London. B.J. Alloway (Ed.).
3. Almeida J.A., Barreto R.E., Novelli E.L.B., Castro F.J., Moron S.E. Oxidative stress biomarkers and aggressive behavior in fish exposed to aquatic cadmium contamination. Neotrop. Ichthyol. 2009, 7:103-108.
4. ANZECC (2000). Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council. http://www.mincos.gov.au/publications/australian_and_new_zealand_guidelines_for_fresh_and_marine_water_quality.
5. Atli G., Canli M. Enzymatic responses to metal exposures in a freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2007, 145:282-287.
6. ATSDR (2008). Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. Draft for Public Comment. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp5.html.
7. Baker C.F., Montgomery J.C. Sensory deficits induced by cadmium in banded kokopu, Galaxias fasciatus, juveniles. Environ. Biol. Fish. 2001, 62:455-464.
8. Baldisserotto B., Kamunde C., Matsuo A., Wood C.M. A protective effect of dietary calcium against acute waterborne cadmium uptake in rainbow trout. Aquat. Toxicol. 2004, 67:57-73.
9. Baldisserotto B., Kamunde C., Matsuo A., Wood C.M. Acute waterborne cadmium uptake in rainbow trout is reduced by dietary calcium carbonate. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2004, 137:363-372.
10. Baldisserotto B., Chowdhury M.J., Wood C.M. Effects of dietary calcium and cadmium on cadmium accumulation, calcium and cadmium uptake from the water, and their interactions in juvenile rainbow trout. Aquat. Toxicol. 2005, 72:99-117.
11. 2+ effects on isolated rat liver mitochondria. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 2001, 33:303-318.
12. Benaduce A.P.S., Kochhann D., Flores E.M.M., Dressler V.L., Baldisserotto B. Toxicity of cadmium for silver catfish Rhamdia quelen (Heptapteridae) embryos and larvae at different alkalinities. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2008, 54:274-282.
13. Bengtsson B.E., Carlin C.H., Larsson A., Svanberg O. Vertebral damage in minnows, Phoxinus phoxinus L., exposed to cadmium. Ambio 1975, 4:166-168.
14. Benoit D.A., Leonard E.N., Christensen G.M., Fiandt J.T. Toxic effects of cadmium on three generations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 1976, 105:550-560.
15. Bhavsar S.P., Gandhi N., Diamond M.L., Lock A.S., Spiers G., De la Torre M.C.A. Effects of estimates from different geochemical models on metal fate predicted by coupled speciation-fate models. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2008, 27:1020-1030.
16. Bilinski E., Jonas R.E.E. Effects of cadmium and copper on the oxidation of lactate by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) gills. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 1973, 30:1553-1558.
17. Birceanu O., Chowdhury M.J., Gillis P.L., McGeer J.C., Wood C.M., Wilkie M.P. Modes of metal toxicity and impaired branchial ionoregulation in rainbow trout exposed to mixtures of Pb and Cd in soft water. Aquat. Toxicol. 2008, 89:222-231.
18. Blechinger S.R., Kusch R.C., Haugo K., Matz C., Chivers D.P., Krone P.H. Brief embryonic cadmium exposure induces a stress response and cell death in the developing olfactory system followed by long-term olfactory deficits in juvenile zebrafish. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 2007, 224:72-80.
19. Bols N.C., Brubacher J.L., Ganassin R.C., Lee L.E.J. Ecotoxicology and innate immunity in fish. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 2001, 25:853-873.
20. Borrok D., Fein J.B., Kulpa C.F. Proton and Cd adsorption onto natural bacterial consortia: testing universal adsorption behavior. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68:3231-3238.
21. Bourdineaud J.P., Baudrimont M., Gonzalez P., Moreau J.L. Challenging the model for induction of metallothionein gene expression. Biochimie 2006, 88:1787-1792.
22. Brodeur J.C., Daniel C., Ricard A.C., Hontela A. In vitro response to ACTH of the interrenal tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to cadmium. Aquat. Toxicol. 1998, 42:103-113.
23. Brown S.B., Adams B.A., Cyr D.G., Eales J. Contaminant effects on the teleost fish thyroid. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2004, 23:1680-1701.
24. Brown V., Shurben D., Miller W., Crane M. Cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum and brown trout Salmo trutta L. over extended exposure periods. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 1994, 29:38-46.
25. Burke J., Handy R.D. Sodium-sensitive and -insensitive copper accumulation by isolated intestinal cells of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Exp. Biol. 2005, 208:391-407.
26. Bury N.R., Grosell M. Waterborne iron acquisition by a freshwater teleost fish, zebrafish Danio rerio. J. Exp. Biol. 2003, 206:3529-3535.
27. Calamari D., Marchetti R., Vailati G. Influence of water hardness on cadmium toxicity to Salmo gairdneri. Rich. Water Res. 1980, 14:1421-1426.
28. Campbell P.G.C. Interactions between trace metals and organisms: critique of the free-ion activity model. Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems 1995, 45-102. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. A. Tessier, D. Turner (Eds.).
29. Campbell P.G.C., Hare L. Metal detoxification in freshwater animals. Roles of metallothioneins. Metal Ions Life Sci. 2009, 5:239-277.
30. Cao L., Huang W., Liu J., Yin X., Dou S. Accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers in Japanese flounder larvae and juveniles under chronic cadmium exposure. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2010, 151:386-392.
31. Capasso C., Carginale V., Crescenzi O., Di Maro D., Parisi E., Spadaccini R., Temussi P.A. Solution structure of MT_nc, a novel metallothionein from the Antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps. Structure 2003, 11:435-443.
32. Carpenter K.E. The lethal action of soluble metallic salts on fishes. Br. J. Exp. Biol. 1927, 4:378-390.
33. CCME (1999). Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life: Appendix XXI. Canadian Water Quality Guidelines: Updates (May 1996) Cadmium. In: Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines 1999, pp. 1397-1411. Winnipeg: Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.
34. CCME (2007). Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines: Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life. Winnipeg: Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. http://www.ceqg-rcqe.ccme.ca/.
35. Chang M.H., Lin H.C., Hwang P.P. Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae. Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 1997, 16:459-470.
36. Chen C.Y., Stemberger R.S., Klaue B., Blum J.D., Pickhardt P.C., Folt C.L. Accumulation of heavy metals in food web components across a gradient of lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2000, 45:1525-1536.
37. Chen W.Y., John J.A.C., Lin C.H., Lin H.F., Wu S.C., Chang C.Y. Expression of metallothionein gene during embryonic and early larval development in zebrafish. Aquat. Toxicol. 2004, 69:215-227.
38. Cheung A.P.L., Lam T.H.J., Chan K.M. Regulation of metallothionein gene expression by heavy metal ions. Mar. Environ. Res. 2004, 58:389-394.
39. Cho Y.S., Lee S.Y., Kim K.Y., Bang I.C., Kim D.S., Nam Y.K. Gene structure and expression of metallothionein during metal exposures in Hemibarbus mylodon. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2008, 71:125-137.
40. Choi Y.K., Jo P.G., Choi C.Y. Cadmium affects the expression of heat shock protein 90 and metallothionein mRNA in the Pacific oyster. Crassostrea gigas. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2008, 147:286-292.
41. Chowdhury M.J., Wood C.M. Renal function in the freshwater rainbow trout after dietary cadmium acclimation and waterborne cadmium challenge. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2007, 145:321-332.
42. Chowdhury M.J., Grosell M., McDonald D.G., Wood C.M. Plasma clearance of cadmium and zinc in non-acclimated and metal-acclimated trout. Aquat. Toxicol. 2003, 64:259-275.
43. Chowdhury M.J., McDonald D.G., Wood C.M. Gastrointestinal uptake and fate of cadmium in rainbow trout acclimated to sublethal dietary cadmium. Aquat. Toxicol. 2004, 69:149-163.
44. Chowdhury M.J., Baldisserotto B., Wood C.M. Tissue-specific cadmium and metallothionein levels in rainbow trout chronically acclimated to waterborne or dietary cadmium. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2005, 48:381-390.
45. Cooper C.A., Handy R.D., Bury N.R. The effects of dietary iron concentration on gastrointestinal and branchial assimilation of both iron and cadmium in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquat. Toxicol. 2006, 79:167-175.
46. Cooper C.A., Shayeghi M., Techau M.E., Capdevila D.M., MacKenzie S., Durrant C., Bury N.R. Analysis of the rainbow trout solute carrier 11 family reveals iron import ≥ pH 7. 4 and a functional isoform lacking transmembrane domains 11 and 12. FEBS Lett. 2007, 581:2599-2604.
47. Croteau M.-N., Luoma S.N., Stewart A.R. Trophic transfer of metals along freshwater food webs: evidence of cadmium biomagnifications in nature. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2005, 50:1511-1519.
48. CSIR South African Water Quality Guidelines for Coastal Marine Waters, Vol. 1. Natural Environment 1995, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria.
49. CSIR South African Water Quality Guidelines, Vol. 7. Aquatic Ecosystems 1996, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria.
50. Cusimano R.F., Brakke D.F., Chapman G.A. Effects of pH on the toxicities of cadmium, copper, and zinc to steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1986, 42:1497-1503.
51. Davies P.H., Gorman W.C., Carlson C.A., Brinkman S.F. Effect of hardness on bioavailability and toxicology of cadmium to rainbow trout. Chem. Speciat. Bioavail. 1993, 5:67-77.
52. De Smet H., Blust R., Moens L. Cadmium-binding to transferrin in the plasma of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2001, 128:45-53.
53. Di Giulio R.T., Washburn P.C., Wenning R.J., Winston G.W., Jewell C.S. Biochemical responses in aquatic animals: a review of determinants of oxidative stress. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1989, 8:1103-1123.
54. Di Toro D.M., Mahony J.D., Hansen D.J., Scott K.J., Carlson A.R., Ankley G.T. Acid volatile sulfide predicts the acute toxicity of cadmium and nickel in sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26:96-101.
55. Di Toro D.M., Allen H., Bergman H., Meyer J., Paquin P., Santore R. A biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals: I. Technical basis. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2001, 20:2383-2396.
56. Dzombak D.A., Morel F.M.M. Surface Complexation Modeling: Hydrous Ferric Oxide 1990, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
57. Eissa B.L., Ossana N.A., Ferrari L., Salibian A. Quantitative behavioral parameters as toxicity biomarkers: fish responses to waterborne cadmium. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2010, 58:1032-1039.
58. Elisma F., Jumarie C. Evidence for cadmium uptake through Nramp2: metal speciation studies with Caco-2 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2001, 285:662-668.
59. Ellgaard E.G., Tusa J.E., Malizia A.A. Locomotor activity of the bluegill Lepomis macrochirus: hyperactivity induced by sublethal concentrations of cadmium, chromium and zinc. J. Fish Biol. 1978, 12:19-23.
60. Evans J., Hastings L. Accumulation of Cd(II) in the CNS depending on the route of administration: intraperitoneal, intratracheal, or intranasal. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1992, 19:275-278.
61. Fairbrother A., Wenstel R., Sappington K., Wood W. Framework for metals risk assessment. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2007, 68:145-227.
62. Felten V., Charmantier G., Mons R., Geffard A., Rousselle P., Coquery M., Garric J., Geffard O. Physiological and behavioural responses of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda) exposed to cadmium. Aquat. Toxicol. 2008, 86:413-425.
63. Ferard J.F., Jouany J.M., Truhaut R., Vasseur P. Accumulation of cadmium in a freshwater food chain experimental model. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 1983, 7:43-52.
64. Firat Ö., Kargin F. Individual and combined effects of heavy metals on serum biochemistry of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2010, 58:151-157.
65. F̌̌rat Ö., Cogun H.Y., Aslanyavrusu S., Karǧ̌n F. Antioxidant responses and metal accumulation in tissues of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus under Zn, Cd and Zn plus Cd exposures. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2009, 29:295-301.
66. Flik G. Hypocalcin physiology. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1990, 342:578-585.
67. Franklin N.M., Glover C.N., Nicol J.A., Wood C.M. Calcium/cadmium interactions at uptake surfaces in rainbow trout: waterborne versus dietary routes of exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2005, 24:2954-2964.
68. Frazier J.M. Bioaccumulation of cadmium in marine organisms. Environ. Health Perspect. 1979, 28:75-79.
69. Freedman J.H., Ciriolo M.R., Peisach J. The role of glutathione in copper metabolism and toxicity. J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264:5598-5605.
70. Fu H., Lock R.A.C., Wendelaar Bonga S.E. Effect of cadmium on prolactin cell activity and plasma electrolytes in the freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus. Aquat. Toxicol. 1989, 14:295-306.
71. Fu H., Steinebach O.M., van den Hamer C.J.A., Balm P.H.M., Lock R.A.C. Involvement of cortisol and metallothionein-like proteins in the physiological responses of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) to sublethal cadmium stress. Aquat. Toxicol. 1990, 16:257-269.
72. Galvez F., Wong D., Wood C.M. Cadmium and calcium uptake in isolated mitochondria-rich cell populations from the gills of the freshwater rainbow trout. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2006, 291:170-176.
73. Galvez F., Franklin N.M., Tuttle R.B., Wood C.M. Interactions of waterborne and dietary cadmium on the expression of calcium transporters in the gills of rainbow trout: influence of dietary calcium supplementation. Aquat. Toxicol. 2007, 84:208-214.
74. Garrett R.G., Porter A.R.D., Hunt P.A., Lalor G.C. The presence of anomalous trace element levels in present day Jamaican soils and the geochemistry of Late-Miocene or Pliocene phosphorites. Appl. Geochem. 2008, 23:822-834.
75. Ge Y., MacDonald D., Sauvé S., Hendershot W. Modeling of Cd and Pb speciation in soil solutions by WinHumicV and NICA-Donnan model. Environ. Model. Softw. 2005, 20:353-359.
76. Giguère A., Campbell P.G.C., Hare L., Couture P. Sub-cellular partitioning of cadmium and zinc in indigenous yellow perch (Perca flavescens) sampled along a polymetallic gradient. Aquat. Toxicol. 2006, 77:178-189.
77. Giles M.A. Electrolyte and water balance in plasma and urine of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during chronic exposure to cadmium. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1984, 41:1678-1685.
78. Girijashanker K., He L., Soleimani M., Reed J.M., Li H., Liu Z., Wang B., Dalton T.P., Nebert D.W. Slc39a14 gene encodes ZIP14, a metal/bicarbonate symporter: similarities to the ZIP8 transporter. Mol. Pharmacol. 2008, 73:1413-1423.
79. Goto D., Wallace W.G. Metal intracellular partitioning as a detoxification mechanism for mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) living in metal-polluted salt marshes. Mar. Environ. Res. 2010, 69:163-171.
80. Gottofrey J., Tjalve H. Axonal transport of cadmium in the olfactory nerve of the pike. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1991, 69:242-252.
81. Guthans S.L., Morgan W.T. The interaction of zinc, nickel and cadmium with serum albumin and histidine-rich glycoprotein assessed by equilibrium dialysis and immunoadsorbent chromatography. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1982, 218:320-328.
82. Handy R.D. Dietary exposure to toxic metals in fish. Toxicology of Aquatic Pollution: Physiological, Cellular and Molecular Approaches 1996, 29-60. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. E.W. Taylor (Ed.).
83. Hansen J.A., Welsh P.G., Lipton J., Suedkamp M.J. The effects of long-term cadmium exposure on the growth and survival of juvenile bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Aquat. Toxicol. 2002, 58:165-174.
84. Hogstrand C., Wilson R.W., Polgar D., Wood C.M. Effects of zinc on the kinetics of branchial calcium uptake in freshwater rainbow trout during adaptation to waterborne zinc. J. Exp. Biol. 1994, 186:55-73.
85. Hollis L., Burnison K., Playle R.C. Does the age of metal-dissolved organic carbon complexes influence binding of metals to fish gills?. Aquat. Toxicol. 1996, 35:253-264.
86. Hollis L., Muench L., Playle R.C. Influence of dissolved organic matter on copper binding, and calcium on cadmium binding, by gills of rainbow trout. J. Fish Biol. 1997, 50:703-720.
87. Hollis L., McGeer J.C., McDonald D.G., Wood C.M. Cadmium accumulation, gill Cd binding, acclimation, and physiological effects during long term sublethal Cd exposure in rainbow trout. Aquat. Toxicol. 1999, 46:101-119.
88. Hollis L., McGeer J.C., McDonald D.G., Wood C.M. Effects of long term sublethal Cd exposure in rainbow trout during soft water exposure: implications for biotic ligand modelling. Aquat. Toxicol. 2000, 51:93-105.
89. Hollis L., McGeer J.C., McDonald D.G., Wood C.M. Protective effects of calcium against chronic waterborne cadmium exposure to juvenile rainbow trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2000, 19:2725-2734.
90. Hollis L., Hogstrand C., Wood C.M. Tissue specific cadmium accumulation, metallothionein induction, and tissue zinc and copper levels during chronic sublethal cadmium exposure in juvenile rainbow trout. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2001, 41:468-474.
91. Honda R.T., Fernandes-de-Castilho M., Val A.L. Cadmium-induced disruption of environmental exploration and chemical communication in matrinxã. Brycon amazonicus. Aquat. Toxicol. 2008, 89:204-206.
92. Ide L.M., Urbinati E.C., Hoffmann A. The role of olfaction in the behavioural and physiological responses to conspecific skin extract in Brycon cephalus. J. Fish Biol. 2003, 63:332-343.
93. Iger Y., Lock R.A.C., ver der Meij J.C.A., Wendelaar Bonga S.E. Effects of water-borne cadmium on the skin of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1994, 26:342-350.
94. International Cadmium Association (2000). Cadmium Products, The Issues and Answers. http://www.cadmium.org/environmental.html.
95. Isidori M., Cangiano M., Palermo F.A., Parrella A. E-screen and vitellogenin assay for the detection of the estrogenic activity of alkylphenols and trace elements. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2010, 152:51-56.
96. Johnson, B. T. (1997). Cadmium Contamination of Food. UCD Extoxnet FAQ Team. http://www.extoxnet.orst.edu/faqs/foodcon/cadmium.htm.
97. ++ in serum of Tilapia nilotica (Linnaeus, 1758). Ekoloji 2006, 59:1-7.
98. Kamunde C. Early subcellular partitioning of cadmium in gill and liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following low-to-near-lethal waterborne cadmium exposure. Aquat. Toxicol. 2009, 91:291-301.
99. Kang Y.J., Enger M.D. Effect of cellular glutathione depletion on cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in human lung carcinoma cells. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 1987, 3:347-360.
100. Karaytug S., Erdem C., Cicik B. Accumulation of cadmium in the gill, liver, kidney, spleen, muscle and brain tissues of Cyprinus carpio. Ekoloji 2007, 63:16-22.
101. Karlsson T., Elgh-Dalgren K., Björn E., Skyllberg U. Complexation of cadmium to sulfur and oxygen functional groups in an organic soil. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71:604-614.
102. Karlsson-Norrgren L., Runn P., Haux C., Forlin L. Cadmium-induced changes in gill morphology of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan), and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish Biol. 1985, 27:81-95.
103. Keatley B.E., Douglas M.S.V., Blais J.M., Mallory M.L., Smol J.P. Impacts of seabird-derived nutrients on water quality and diatom assemblages from Cape Vera, Devon Island, Canadian high Arctic. Hydrobiology 2008, 621:191-205.
104. Kimura T., Itoh N. Function of metallothionein in gene expression and signal transduction: newly found protective role of metallothionein. J. Health Sci. 2008, 54:251-260.
105. Klaassen C.D., Liu J., Choudhuri S. Metallothionein: an intracellular protein to protect against cadmium toxicity. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1999, 39:267-294.
106. Klinck J.S., Wood C.M. In vitro characterization of cadmium transport along the gastro-intestinal tract of freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol. 2011, 102:58-72.
107. Klinck J.S., Green W.W., Mirza R.S., Nadella S.R., Chowdhury M.J., Wood C.M., Pyle G.G. Branchial cadmium and copper binding and intestinal cadmium uptake in wild yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from clean and metal-contaminated lakes. Aquat. Toxicol. 2007, 84:198-207.
108. Klinck J.S., Ng T.Y.T., Wood C.M. Cadmium accumulation and in vitro analysis of calcium and cadmium transport functions in the gastro-intestinal tract of trout following chronic dietary cadmium and calcium feeding. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2009, 150:349-360.
109. Kling P., Olsson P.E. Regulation of the rainbow trout metallothionein-A gene. Mar. Environ. Res. 1995, 39:117-120.
110. Knapen D., Redeker E.S., Inácio I., De Coen W., Verheyen E., Blust R. New metallothionein mRNAs in Gobio gobio reveal at least three gene duplication events in cyprinid metallothionein evolution. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2005, 140:347-355.
111. Koskinen H., Pehkonen P., Vehniäinen E., Krasnov A., Rexroad C., Afanasyev S., Mölsa H., Oikari A. Response of rainbow trout transcriptome to model chemical contaminants. Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun. 2004, 320:745-753.
112. Kraemer L.D., Campbell P.G.C., Hare L. Seasonal variations in hepatic Cd and Cu concentrations and in the sub-cellular distribution of these metals in juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Environ. Pollut. 2006, 142:313-325.
113. Kramer J.R., Bell R.A., Smith D.S. Determination of sulfide ligands and associations with natural organic matter. Appl. Geochem. 2007, 22:1606-1611.
114. Kusch R.C., Krone P.H., Chivers D.P. Chronic exposure to low concentrations of waterborne cadmium during embryonic and larval development results in the long-term hindrance of antipredator behavior in zebrafish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2008, 27:705-710.
115. Kwong R.W.M., Niyogi S. The interactions of iron with other divalent metals in the intestinal tract of a freshwater teleost, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2009, 150:442-449.
116. Kwong R.W.M., Andrés J.A., Niyogi S. Molecular evidence and physiological characterization of iron absorption in isolated enterocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): implications for dietary cadmium and lead absorption. Aquat. Toxicol. 2010, 99:343-350.
117. Kwong R.W.M., Andrés J.A., Niyogi S. Effects of dietary cadmium exposure on tissue-specific cadmium accumulation, iron status and expression of iron-handling and stress-inducible genes in rainbow trout: influence of elevated dietary iron. Aquat. Toxicol. 2011, 102:1-9.
118. Lacroix A., Hontela A. A comparative assessment of the adrenotoxic effects of cadmium in two teleost species, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and yellow perch, Perca flavescens. Aquat. Toxicol. 2004, 67:13-21.
119. Lalor G.C. Review of cadmium transfers from soil to humans and its health effects in the Jamaican environment. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 400:162-172.
120. Lane T.W., Morel F.M.M. A biological function for cadmium in marine diatoms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2001, 97:4627-4631.
121. Lane T.W., Saito M.A., George G.N., Pickering I.J., Prince R.C., Morel F.M.M. A cadmium enzyme from a marine diatom. Nature 2005, 345:42.
122. Lange A., Ausseil O., Segner H. Alterations of tissue glutathione levels and metallothionein mRNA in rainbow trout during single and combined exposure to cadmium and zinc. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2002, 131:231-243.
123. Larsson A., Bengtsson B.-E., Svanberg O. Some haematological and biochemical effects of cadmium on fish. Effects of Pollutants on Aquatic Organisms 1976, 35-45. Cambridge University Press, New York. A.M.P. Lockwood (Ed.).
124. Larsson A., Bengtsson B.-E., Haux C. Disturbed ion balance in flounder, Platichthys flesus L. exposed to sublethal level of cadmium. Aquat. Toxicol. 1981, 1:19-35.
125. 2+ channels by polarized enterocytes from Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. J. Membr. Biol. 1998, 164:229-237.
126. Lawrence S.G., Holoka M.H., Hunt R.V., Hesslein R.H. Multi-year experimental additions of cadmium to a lake epilimnion and resulting water column cadmium concentrations. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1996, 53:1876-1887.
127. Leblanc G.A. Trophic-level differences in the bioconcentration of chemicals: implications for assessing environmental biomagnifications. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995, 29:154-160.
128. Lee J., Peña M.M.O., Nose Y., Thiele D.J. Biochemical characterization of the human copper transporter Ctr1. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:4380-4387.
129. Ling X.P., Zhu J.Y., Huang L., Huang H.Q. Proteomic changes in response to acute cadmium toxicity in gill tissue of Paralichthys olivaceus. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2009, 27:212-218.
130. Livingstone D.R. Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2001, 42:656-666.
131. Lizardo-Daudt H.M., Kennedy C. Effects of cadmium chloride on the development of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss early life stages. J. Fish Biol. 2008, 73:702-718.
132. Lizardo-Daudt H.M., Bains O.S., Singh C.R., Kennedy C. Biosynthetic capacity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) interrenal tissue after cadmium exposure. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2007, 52:90-96.
133. Lofts S., Tipping E. An assemblage model for cation binding by natural particulate matter. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1998, 62:2609-2625.
134. Lofts S., Tipping E. Solid-solution metal partitioning in the Humber rivers: application of WHAM and SCAMP. Sci. Total Environ. 2000, 251:381-399.
135. Luoma S.N., Rainbow P.S. Why is metal bioaccumulation so variable? Biodynamics as a unifying concept. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:1921-1931.
136. Luoma S.N., Cain D.J., Rainbow P.S. Calibrating biomonitors to ecological disturbance: a new technique for explaining metal effects in natural waters. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 2010, 6:199-209.
137. Lürling M., Scheffer M. Info-disruption: pollution and the transfer of chemical information between organisms. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2007, 22:374-379.
138. Mackenzie N.C., Brito M., Reyes A.E., Allende M.L. Cloning, expression pattern and essentiality of the high-affinity copper transporter 1 (ctr1) gene in zebrafish. Gene 2004, 328:113-120.
139. Maret W. Metalloproteomics, metalloproteomes, and the annotation of metalloproteins. Metallomics 2010, 2:117-125.
140. Markich S.J., Jeffree R.A. Absorption of divalent trace metals as analogues of calcium by Australian freshwater bivalves: an explanation of how water hardness reduces metal toxicity. Aquat. Toxicol. 1994, 29:257-290.
141. Martell, A. E. and Smith, R. M. (2004). NIST standard reference database 46 version 8.0. Database software developed by R. J. Motekaitis, Gaithersburg, MD.
142. Martinez R.E., Ferris F.G., Pedersen K. Cadmium complexation by bacteriogenic iron oxides from a subterranean environment. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 275:82-89.
143. Martinez-Alvarez R.M., Morales A.E., Sanz A. Antioxidant defenses in fish: biotic and abiotic factors. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 2005, 15:75-88.
144. Mason A.Z., Jenkins K.D. Metal detoxification in aquatic organisms. Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems 1995, 479-608. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. A. Tessier, D. Turner (Eds.).
145. Mathews T., Fisher N.S. Trophic transfer of seven trace metals in a four-step marine food chain. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2008, 367:23-33.
146. Mathews T., Fisher N.S. Evaluating the trophic transfer of cadmium, polonium, and methylmercury in an estuarine food chain. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2008, 27:1093-1101.
147. Matsuo A.Y., Wood C.M., Val A.L. Effects of copper and cadmium on ion transport and gill metal binding in the Amazonian teleost tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) in extremely soft water. Aquat. Toxicol. 2005, 74:351-364.
148. Matz, C. J. (2008). The Effects of Cadmium on the Olfactory System of Larval Zebrafish. PhD Thesis, University of Saskatchewan.
149. Matz C.J., Krone P.H. Cell death, stress-responsive transgene activation, and deficits in the olfactory system of larval zebrafish following cadmium exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:5143-5148.
150. McCarty L.S., Mackay D. Enhancing ecotoxicological modeling and assessment. Body residues and modes of toxic action. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27:1718-1728.
151. McDonald D.G., Wood C.M. Branchial mechanisms of acclimation to metals in freshwater fish. Fish Ecophysiology 1993, 297-321. pp. 297-321, London: Chapman. J.C. Rankin, F.B. Jensen (Eds.).
152. McGeer J.C., Szebedinszky C., McDonald D.G., Wood C.M. Effects of chronic sublethal exposure to waterborne Cu, Cd or Zn in rainbow trout. 1: Iono-regulatory disturbance and metabolic costs. Aquat. Toxicol. 2000, 50:231-243.
153. McGeer J.C., Szebedinszky C., McDonald D.G., Wood C.M. Effects of chronic sublethal exposure to waterborne Cu, Cd or Zn in rainbow trout. 2: Tissue specific metal accumulation. Aquat. Toxicol. 2000, 50:245-256.
154. McGeer J.C., Brix K.V., Skeaff J.M., DeForest D.K., Brigham S.I., Adams W.J., Green A. Inverse relationship between bioconcentration factor and exposure concentration for metals: implications for hazard assessment of metals in the aquatic environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22:1017-1037.
155. McGeer J.C., Nadella S., Alsop D.H., Hollis L., Taylor L.N., McDonald D.G., Wood C.M. Influence of acclimation and cross-acclimation of metals on acute Cd toxicity and Cd uptake and distribution in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol. 2007, 84:190-197.
156. McNicol R.E., Scherer E. Behavioural responses of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) to cadmium during preference-avoidance testing. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1991, 10:225-234.
157. Metcalf V.J., Gemmell N.J. Fatty acid transport in cartilaginous fish: absence of albumin and possible utilization of lipoproteins. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 2005, 31:55-64.
158. Michelutti N., Keatley B.E., Brimble S., Blais J.M., Liu H., Douglas M.S.V., Mallory M.L., Macdonald R.W., Smol J.P. Seabird-driven shifts in Arctic pond ecosystems. Proc. R. Soc. B 2009, 276:591-596.
159. Milne C.J., Kinniburgh D.G., van Riemsdijk W.H., Tipping E. Generic NICA-Donnan model parameters for metal-ion binding by humic substances. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:958-971.
160. Moore J.N., Luoma S.N. Hazardous wastes from large-scale metal extraction. A case study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1990, 24:1278-1285.
161. Mortvedt J.J., Osborn G. Studies on the chemical form of cadmium contaminants in phosphate fertilizers. Soil Sci. 1982, 134:185-192.
162. Murada A., Houston A.H. Leucocytes and leucopoietic capacity in goldfish, Carassius auratus, exposed to sublethal levels of cadmium. Aquat. Toxicol. 1988, 13:141-154.
163. Muramoto S. Vertebral column damage and decrease of calcium concentrations in fish exposed experimentally to cadmium. Environ. Pollut. Ser. A 1981, 24:125-133.
164. Nadella S.R., Grosell M., Wood C.M. Physical characterization of high-affinity gastrointestinal Cu transport in vitro in freshwater rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Comp. Physiol. B 2006, 176:793-806.
165. Nadella S.R., Grosell M., Wood C.M. Mechanisms of dietary Cu uptake in freshwater rainbow trout: evidence for Na-assisted Cu transport and a specific metal carrier in the intestine. J. Comp. Physiol. B 2007, 177:433-446.
166. Nadella S.R., Hung C.C., Wood C.M. Mechanistic characterization of gastric copper transport in rainbow trout. J. Comp. Physiol. B 2011, 181:27-41.
167. Nesatyy V.J., Ammann A.A., Rutishauser B.V., Suter M.J.F. Effect of cadmium on the interaction of 17 beta-estradiol with the rainbow trout estrogen receptor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:1358-1363.
168. Ng T.Y.T., Wood C.M. Trophic transfer and dietary toxicity of Cd from the oligochaete to the rainbow trout. Aquat. Toxicol. 2008, 87:47-59.
169. Ng T.Y.T., Klinck J.S., Wood C.M. Does dietary Ca protect against toxicity of a low dietborne Cd exposure to the rainbow trout?. Aquat. Toxicol. 2009, 91:75-86.
170. Niyogi S., Wood C.M. Kinetic analyses of waterborne Ca and Cd transport and their interactions in the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens), two species differing greatly in acute waterborne Cd sensitivity. J. Comp. Physiol. B 2004, 174:243-253.
171. Niyogi S., Couture P., Pyle G., McDonald D.G., Wood C.M. Acute cadmium biotic ligand model characteristics of laboratory-reared and wild yellow perch (Perca flavescens) relative to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2004, 61:942-953.
172. Niyogi S., Kent R., Wood C.M. Effects of water chemistry variables on gill binding and acute toxicity of cadmium in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a biotic ligand model (BLM) approach. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2008, 148:305-314.
173. Ochi T., Otsuka F., Takahashi K., Ohsawa M. Glutathione and metallothioneins as cellular defense against cadmium toxicity in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1988, 65:1-14.
174. Ojo A.A., Wood C.M. In vitro analysis of the bioavailability of six metals via the gastro-intestinal tract of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol. 2007, 83:10-23.
175. Ojo A.A., Wood C.M. In vitro characterization of cadmium and zinc uptake via the gastro-intestinal tract of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): interactive effects and the influence of calcium. Aquat. Toxicol. 2008, 89:55-64.
176. 109Cd in water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1987, 6:867-874.
177. Olsson P.E., Kling P., Petterson C., Silversand C. Interaction of cadmium and oestradiol-17 beta on metallothionein and vitellogenin synthesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Biochem J 1995, 307:197-203.
178. Padmini E., Rani M.U. Evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers in hepatocytes of grey mullet inhabiting natural and polluted estuaries. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407:4533-4541.
179. Pagenkopf G.K. Gill surface interaction model for trace-metal toxicity to fishes: role of complexation, pH, and water chemistry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1983, 17:342-346.
180. Palmiter R.D. Regulation of metallothionein genes by heavy metals appears to be mediated by a zinc-sensitive inhibitor that interacts with a constitutively active transcription factor, MTF-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 1994, 91:1219-1223.
181. Pan J., Plant J.A., Voulvoulis N., Oates C.J., Ihlenfeld C. Cadmium levels in Europe: implications for human health. Environ. Geochem. Health 2010, 32:1-12.
182. 2+ uptake in developing zebrafish. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2005, 289:1202-1211.
183. Panagapko, D. (2007). Mineral and Metal Commodity Reviews: Cadmium. Natural Resources Canada. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/smm-mms/busi-indu/cmy-amc/content/2007/15.pdf.
184. Pearson R.G. Hard and Soft Acids and Bases 1973, Dowden Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA.
185. Pelgrom S.M.G.J., Lamers L.P.M., Garritsen J.A.M., Pels B.M., Lock R.A.C., Balm P.H.M., Wendelaar Bonga S.E. Interactions between copper and cadmium during single and combined exposure in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus: influence of feeding condition on whole body metal accumulation and the effect of the metals on tissue water and ion content. Aquat. Toxicol. 1994, 30:117-135.
186. Pickering Q.H., Gast M.H. Acute and chronic toxicity of cadmium to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 1972, 29:1099-1106.
187. Pierron F., Bourret V., St-Cyr J., Campbell P.G.C., Bernatchez L., Couture P. Transciptional responses to environmental metal exposure in wild yellow perch (Perca flavescens) collected in lakes with differing environmental metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Ni). Ecotoxicology 2009, 18:620-631.
188. Playle R.C. Using multiple metal-gill binding models and the toxic unit concept to help reconcile multiple-metal toxicity results. Aquat. Toxicol. 2004, 67:359-370.
189. Playle R.C., Dixon D.G., Burnison K. Copper and cadmium binding to fish gills: modification by dissolved organic carbon and synthetic ligands. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1993, 50:2667-2677.
190. Playle R.C., Dixon D.G., Burnison K. Copper and cadmium binding to fish gills: estimates of metal-gill stability constants and modelling of metal accumulation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1993, 50:2678-2687.
191. Porter E.L., Kent R.A., Andersen D.E., Keenleyside K.A., Milne D., Cureton P., Smith S.L., Drouillard K.G., MacDonald D.D. Development of proposed Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines for cadmium. J. Geochem. Explor. 1995, 52:205-219.
192. Pratap H.B., Fu H., Lock R.A.C., Wendelaar Bonga S.E. Effect of waterborne and dietary cadmium in relation to water calcium levels. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1989, 18:568-575.
193. Price N.M., Morel F.M.M. Cadmium and cobalt substitution for zinc in a marine diatom. Nature 1990, 344:658-660.
194. Qiu A., Hogstrand C. Functional characterisation and genomic analysis of an epithelial calcium channel (ECaC) from pufferfish, Fugu rubripes. Gene 2004, 342:113-123.
195. Qiu A., Shayeghi M., Hogstrand C. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a high-affinity zinc importer (DrZIP1) from zebrafish (Danio rerio). Biochem. J 2005, 388:745-754.
196. Rainbow P.S. Trace metal concentrations in aquatic invertebrates: why and so what?. Environ. Pollut. 2002, 120:497-507.
197. Reid S.D., McDonald D.G. Effects of cadmium, copper, and low pH on ion fluxes in the rainbow trout. Salmo gairdneri. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1988, 45:244-253.
198. Reynders H., Van Campenhout K., Bervoets L., De Coen W.M., Blust R. Dynamics of cadmium accumulation and effects in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during simultaneous exposure to water and food (Tubifex tubifex). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2006, 25:1558-1567.
199. Reynders H., van der Ven K., Moens L.N., van Remortel P., De Coen W.M., Blust R. Patterns of gene expression in carp liver after exposure to a mixture of waterborne and dietary cadmium using a custom-made microarray. Aquat. Toxicol. 2006, 80:180-193.
200. Ricard A.C., Daniel C., Anderson.P., Hontela A. Effects of subchronic exposure to cadmium chloride on endocrine and metabolic functions in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1998, 34:377-381.
201. Roch M., Maly E.J. Relationship of cadmium-induced hypocalcemia with mortality in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and the influence of temperature on toxicity. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 1979, 36:1297-1303.
202. Roesijadi G. Metallothioneins in metal regulation and toxicity in aquatic animals. Aquat. Toxicol. 1992, 22:81-114.
203. Roesijadi G. Metallothionein induction as a measure of response to metal exposure in aquatic animals. Environ. Health Perspect. 1994, 102:91-95.
204. Roesijadi G. Metallothionein and its role in toxic metal regulation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 1996, 113:117-123.
205. Rogers J.T., Wood C.M. Characterization of branchial lead-calcium interaction in the freshwater rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Exp. Biol. 2004, 207:813-825.
206. - balance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2005, 289:463-472.
207. Rombough P.J., Garside E.T. Disturbed ion balance in alevins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar chronically exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium. Can. J. Zool. 1984, 62:1443-1450.
208. Santore R.C., Mathew R., Paquin P.R., Di Toro D. Application of the biotic ligand model to predicting zinc toxicity to rainbow trout, fathead minnow, and Daphnia magna. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 2002, 133:271-285.
209. Scherer E., McNicol R.E., Evans R.E. Impairment of lake trout foraging by chronic exposure to cadmium: a black-box experiment. Aquat. Toxicol. 1997, 37:1-7.
210. Schoenmakers T.J.M., Klaren P.H.M., Flik G., Lock R.A.C., Pang P.K.T., Wendelaar Bonga S.E. Actions of cadmium on basolateral plasma membrane proteins involved in calcium uptake by fish intestine. J. Membr. Biol. 1992, 127:161-172.
211. Scott B.J., Bradwell A.R. Identification of the serum binding proteins for iron, zinc, cadmium, nickel, and calcium. Clin. Chem. 1983, 29:629-633.
212. Scott G.R., Sloman K.A., Rouleau C., Wood C.M. Cadmium disrupts behavioural and physiological responses to alarm substance in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Exp. Biol. 2003, 206:1779-1790.
213. Scudiero R., Temussi P.A., Parisi E. Fish and mammalian metallothioneins: a comparative study. Gene 2005, 345:21-26.
214. Sellin M.K., Eidem T.M., Kolok A.S. Cadmium exposure in fathead minnows: are there sex-specific differences in mortality, reproductive success, and Cd accumulation?. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2007, 52:535-540.
215. Shahsavarani A., McNeill B., Galvez F., Wood C.M., Goss G.G., Hwang P.P., Perry S.F. Characterization of a branchial epithelial calcium channel (ECaC) in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Exp. Biol. 2006, 209:1928-1943.
216. Sheader D.L., Williams T.D., Lyons B.P., Chipman J.K. Oxidative stress response of European flounder (Platichthys flesus) to cadmium determined by a custom cDNA microarray. Mar. Environ. Res. 2006, 62:33-44.
217. 2+ uptake from the gastrointestinal tract of a marine teleost, the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1983, 40:197-205.
218. Skeaff J.M., Dubreuil A.A., Brigham S.I. The concept of persistence as applied to metals for aquatic hazard identification. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2002, 21:2581-2590.
219. Sloman K.A. Effects of trace metals on salmonid fish: the role of social hierarchies. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2007, 104:326-345.
220. Sloman K.A., Montpetit C.J., Gilmour K.M. Modulation of catecholamine release and cortisol secretion by social interactions in the rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2002, 127:136-146.
221. Sloman K.A., Baker D.W., Ho C.G., McDonald D.G., Wood C.M. The effects of trace metal exposure on agonistic encounters in juvenile rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquat. Toxicol. 2003, 63:187-196.
222. Sloman K.A., Scott G.R., Diao Z., Rouleau C., Wood C.M., McDonald D.G. Cadmium affects the social behaviour of rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquat. Toxicol. 2003, 65:171-185.
223. Smith D.S., Bell R.A., Kramer J.R. Metal speciation in natural waters with emphasis on reduced sulfur groups as strong metal binding sites. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2002, 133:65-74.
224. Song Y., Swedlund P.J., Singal N., Swift S. Cadmium (II) speciation in complex aquatic systems: a study with ferrihydrite, bacteria and an organic ligand. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43:7430-7436.
225. Sorensen, E. M. B. (1991). Cadmium. In: Metal Poisoning in Fish, pp. 175-234. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
226. Spry D.J., Wiener J.G. Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low-alkalinity lakes: a critical review. Environ. Pollut. 1991, 71:243-304.
227. Stephenson M., Bendell Young L., Bird G.A., Brunskill G.J., Curtis P.J., Fairchild W.L., Holoka M.H., Hunt R.V., Lawrence S.G., Motycka M.F., Schwartz W.J., Turner M.A., Wilkinson P. Sedimentation of experimentally added cadmium and Cd-109 in Lake 382, Experimental Lakes Area, Canada. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1996, 53:1888-1902.
228. Stohs S.J., Bagchi D. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 1995, 18:321-336.
229. Stohs S.J., Bagchi D., Hassoun E., Bagchi M. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of chromium and cadmium ions. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 2000, 19:201-213.
230. Suedel B.C., Boraczek J.A., Peddicord R.K., Clifford P.A., Dillon T.M. Trophic transfer and biomagnification potential of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1994, 136:22-89.
231. Sullivan J.F., Atchison G.J., Kolar D.J., McIntosh A.W. Changes in the predator-prey behavior of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) caused by cadmium. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 1978, 35:446-451.
232. Szebedinszky C.S., McGeer J.C., McDonald D.G., Wood C.M. Effects of chronic Cd exposure via the diet or water on internal organ-specific distribution and subsequent gill Cd uptake kinetics in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2001, 20:597-607.
233. Tallkvist J., Persson E., Henriksson J., Tjälve H. Cadmium-metallothionein interactions in the olfactory pathways of rats and pikes. Toxicol. Sci. 2002, 67:108-113.
234. Tan Q.-G., Wang W.-X. The influence of ambient and body calcium on cadmium and zinc accumulation in Daphnia magna. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2009, 27:1605-1613.
235. Tanaka K., Min K.-S., Onosaka S., Fukuhara C., Ueda M. The origin of metallothionein in red blood cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985, 78:63-68.
236. Thomann R.V., Shkreli F., Harrison S. A pharmacokinetic model of cadmium in rainbow trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1997, 16:2268-2274.
237. Thomas P., Wofford H.W. Effects of cadmium and Aroclor 1254 on lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase activity, and selected antioxidants in Atlantic croaker tissues. Aquat. Toxicol. 1993, 27:159-177.
238. Thophon S., Kruatrachue M., Upatham E.S., Pokethitiyook P., Sapaphong S., Jaritkhuan S. Histopathological alterations of white seabass, Lates calcarifer, in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure. Environ. Pollut. 2003, 121:307-320.
239. Thornton I. Metals in the Global Environment: Facts and Misconceptions 1995, International Council on Metals and the Environment (ICME), Ottawa, http://www.icmm.com/library.
240. Tipping E. WHAM - a chemical-equilibrium model and computer code for waters, sediments, and soils incorporating a discrete site electrostatic model of ion-binding by humic acid. Comput. Geosci. 1994, 20:973-1023.
241. Tjalve H., Henriksson J. Uptake of metals in the brain via olfactory pathways. Neurotoxicology 1999, 20:181-196.
242. 2+ in the brown trout (Salmo trutta) studied by autoradiography and impulse counting. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 1986, 12:31-45.
243. Tort L., Kargacin B., Torres P., Giralt M., Hidalgo J. The effect of cadmium exposure and stress on plasma cortisol, metallothionein levels and oxidative status in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 1996, 114:29-34.
244. UNEP Draft Final Review of Scientific Information on Cadmium. Appendix: Overview of existing and future national actions, including legislation, relevant to cadmium. November 2008 Version 2008, United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva.
245. Unsworth E.R., Warnken K.W., Zhang H., Davison W., Black F., Buffle J., Cao H., Cleven R., Galceran J., Gunkel P., Kalis E., Kistler D., van Leeuwen H.P., Martin M., Noël S., Nur Y., Odzak N., Puy J., van Riemsdijk W., Sigg L., Temminghoff E., Tercier-Waeber M., Toepperwien S., Town R.M., Weng L., Xue H. Model predictions of metal speciation in freshwaters compared to measurements by in situ techniques. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:1942-1949.
246. USEPA Update of Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Cadmium 2001, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA-822-R-01-001.
247. Valavanidis A., Vlahogianni T., Dassenakis M., Scoullos M. Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms in relation to toxic environmental pollutants. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2006, 64:178-189.
248. 2+ uptake in rainbow trout gills. Am. J. Physiol. 1987, 253:216-221.
249. Verbost P.M., Flik G., Lock R.A.C., Wendelaar Bonga S.E. Cadmium inhibits plasma-membrane calcium-transport. J. Membr. Biol. 1988, 102:97-104.
250. Verbost P.M., Van Rooij J., Flik G., Lock R.A.C., Wendelaar Bonga S.E. The movement of cadmium through freshwater trout branchial epithelium and its interference with calcium transport. J. Exp. Biol. 1989, 145:185-197.
251. Vetillard A., Bailache T. Cadmium: an endocrine disrupter that affects gene expression in the liver and brain of juvenile rainbow trout. Biol. Reprod. 2005, 72:119-126.
252. Vijver M.G., Van Gestel C.A.M., Lanno R.P., Van Straalen N.M., Peijnenburg W.J.G.M. Internal metal sequestration and its ecotoxicological relevance: a review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:4705-4712.
253. Volpato G.L., Castro A.L.S., Gonçalves-de-Freitas E., Giaquinto P.C., Fernandes-de-Castilho M., Pereira-da-Silva E., Jordão L.C. Comunicação química em peixes. Tópicos Especiais em Biologia Aquática e Aqüicultura 2006, 15-52. Sociedade Brasileira de Aqüicultura e Biologia Aquática, Jaboticabal, São Paulo. J.E.P. Cyprino, E.C. Urbinati (Eds.).
254. Waldron K.J., Rutherford J.C., Ford D., Robinson N.J. Metalloproteins and metal sensing. Nature 2009, 460:823-830.
255. Walker P.A., Kille P., Hurley A., Bury N.R., Hogstrand C. An in vitro method to assess toxicity of waterborne metals to fish. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2008, 230:67-77.
256. Wang W.-X. Interactions of trace metals and different marine food chains. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2002, 243:295-309.
257. Wang W.X., Rainbow P.S. Subcellular partitioning and the prediction of cadmium toxicity to aquatic organisms. Environ. Chem. 2006, 3:395-399.
258. Wang W.-X., Rainbow P.S. Significance of metallothioneins in metal accumulation kinetics in marine animals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2010, 152:1-8.
259. Wang Y., Fang J., Leonard S.S., Rao K.M.K. Cadmium inhibits the electron transfer chain and induces reactive oxygen species. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 2004, 36:1434-1443.
260. Wangsongsak A., Utarnpongsa S., Kruatrachue M., Ponglikitmongkol M., Pokethitiyook P., Sumranwanich T. Alterations of organ histopathologies and metallothionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure. J. Environ. Sci. 2007, 19:1341-1348.
261. WHO Environmental Health Criteria 134 - Cadmium International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Monograph 1992, World Health Organization, Geneva.
262. Wicklund-Glynn A.W. The concentration dependency of branchial intracellular cadmium distribution and influx in the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Aquat. Toxicol. 1996, 35:47-58.
263. Wicklund Glynn A. The influence of zinc on apical uptake of cadmium in the gills and cadmium influx to the circulatory system in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2001, 128:165-172.
264. Wicklund Glynn A., Norrgren L., Mussener A. Differences in uptake of inorganic mercury and cadmium in the gills of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Aquat. Toxicol. 1994, 30:13-26.
265. Williams T.D., Diab A.M., George S.G., Godfrey R.E., Sabine V., Conesa A., Minchin S.D., Watts P.C., Chipman J.K. Development of the GENIPOL European flounder (Platichthys flesus) microarray and determination of temporal transcriptional responses to cadmium at low dose. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:6479-6488.
266. Wood C.M. Toxic responses of the gill. Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts, Vol. 1. Organs 2001, 1-89. Taylor and Francis, New York. D. Schlenk, W.H. Benson (Eds.).
267. Wood C.M., Franklin N.M., Niyogi S. The protective role of dietary calcium against cadmium uptake and toxicity in freshwater fish: an important role for the stomach. Environ. Chem. 2006, 3:389-394.
268. Xu Y., Feng L., Jeffrey P.D., Shi Y., Morel F.M.M. Structure and metal exchange in the cadmium carbonic anhydrase of marine diatoms. Nature 2008, 452:56-61.
269. Zalups R.K., Ahmad S. Molecular handling of cadmium in transporting epithelia. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2003, 186:163-188.
270. Zelikoff J.T., Bowser D., Squibb K.S., Frenkel K. Immunotoxicity of low level cadmium exposure in fish: an alternative animal model for immunotoxicological studies. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1995, 45:235-248.
271. Zhu J.Y., Huang H.Q., Bao X.D., Lin Q.M., Cai Z. Acute toxicity profile of cadmium revealed by proteomics in brain tissue of Paralichthys olivaceus: potential role of transferrin in cadmium toxicity. Aquat. Toxicol. 2006, 78:127-135.
272. Zohouri M.A., Pyle G.G., Wood C.M. Dietary Ca inhibits waterborne Cd uptake in Cd-exposed rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2001, 130:347-356.