Effects of trace metals on salmonid fish: The role of social hierarchies

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

Volumn 104, Issue 3-4, 2007, Pages 326-345

  Sloman, Katherine A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Dominant; Social; Subordinate; Toxicology; Trout

Indexed keywords

DOMINANCE; ECOTOXICOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; POLLUTION EFFECT; SALMONID; SPECIES CONSERVATION; TOXIC SUBSTANCE; TRACE METAL;

SALMONIDAE;

EID: 34047101246     PISSN: 01681591     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.09.003     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Abbott J.C., and Dill L.M. Patterns of aggressive attack in juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 (1985) 1702-1706
2. Abbott J.C., and Dill L.M. The relative growth of dominant and subordinate juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed equal rations. Behaviour 108 (1989) 104-113
3. Abbott J.C., Dunbrack R.L., and Orr C.D. The interaction of size and experience in dominance relationships of juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Behaviour 92 (1985) 241-253
4. Abrahams M.V. The physiology of antipredator behaviour: what you do with what you've got. In: Sloman K.A., Wilson R.W., and Balshine S. (Eds). Behaviour and Physiology of Fish (Fish Physiology) vol. 24 (2006), Elsevier, San Diego 79-109
5. Abrahams M.V., and Sutterlin A. The foraging and antipredator behaviour of growth-enhanced transgenic Atlantic salmon. Anim. Behav. 58 (1999) 933-942
6. Adams C.E., and Huntingford F.A. What is a successful fish? Determinants of competitive success in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in different social contexts. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53 (1996) 2446-2450
7. Alanärä A., and Brännäs E. Dominance in demand-feeding behaviour in Arctic charr and rainbow trout: the effect of stocking density. J. Fish Biol. 48 (1996) 242-254
8. Alkahem H.F. The toxicity of nickel and the effects of sublethal levels on haematological parameters and behaviour of the fish Oreochromis niloticus. J. Univ. Kuwait (Sci.) 21 (1994) 243-251
9. Allin C.J., and Wilson R.W. Behavioural and metabolic effects of chronic exposure to sublethal aluminum in acidic soft water in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56 (1999) 670-678
10. Allin C.J., and Wilson R.W. Effects of pre-acclimation to aluminium on the physiology and swimming behaviour of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during a pulsed exposure. Aquat. Toxicol. 51 (2000) 213-224
11. Almeida J.A., Novelli E.L.B., Dal Pai Silva M., and Alves Júnior R. Environmental cadmium exposure and metabolic responses of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Environ. Pollut. 114 (2001) 169-175
12. Alsop D.H., and Wood C.M. Influence of waterborne cations on zinc uptake and toxicity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56 (1999) 2112-2119
13. Alsop D.H., McGeer J.C., McDonald D.G., and Wood C.M. Costs of chronic waterborne zinc exposure and the consequences of zinc acclimation on the gill/zinc interactions of rainbow trout in hard and soft water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18 (1999) 1014-1025
14. Atchison G.J., Henry M.G., and Sandheinrich M.B. Effects of metals on fish behavior: a review. Environ. Biol. Fish. 18 (1987) 11-25
15. Baatrup E., Døving K.B., and Winberg S. Differential effects of mercurial compounds on the electroolfactogram (EOG) of salmon (Salmo salar L). Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 20 (1990) 269-276
16. Bachman R.A. Foraging behavior of free-ranging wild and hatchery brown trout in a stream. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113 (1984) 1-32
17. Baker C.F., and Montgomery J.C. Sensory deficits induced by cadmium in banded kokopu, Galaxias fasciatus, juveniles. Environ. Biol. Fish. 62 (2001) 455-464
18. Beaugrand J.P., Payette D., and Goulet C. Conflict outcome in male green swordtail fish dyads (Xiphophorus helleri): interaction of body size, prior dominance/subordination experience, and prior residency. Behaviour 133 (1996) 303-319
19. Beitinger T.L. Behavioral reactions for the assessment of stress in fishes. J. Great Lakes Res. 16 (1990) 495-528
20. Berntssen M.H.G., Aatland A., and Handy R.D. Chronic dietary mercury exposure causes oxidative stress, brain lesions, and altered behaviour in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr. Aquat. Toxicol. 65 (2003) 55-72
21. Bodammer J.E. Corneal damage in larvae of striped bass Morone saxatilis exposed to copper. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 114 (1985) 577-583
22. 2+ in the olfactory system in pike. Toxicol. Lett. 84 (1996) 107-112
23. Bradley R.W., and Sprague J.B. The influence of pH, water hardness, and alkalinity on the acute lethality of zinc to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 (1985) 731-736
24. Brodeur J.C., Sherwood G., Rasmussen J.B., and Hontela A. Impaired cortisol secretion in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from lakes contaminated by heavy metals: in vivo and in vitro assessment. Can. J. Aquat. Sci. 54 (1997) 2752-2758
25. Brown G.E., and Brown J.A. Social dynamics in salmonid fishes: do kin make better neighbours?. Anim. Behav. 45 (1993) 863-871
26. Bury N.R., Grosell M., Grover A.K., and Wood C.M. ATP-dependent silver transport across the basolateral membrane of rainbow trout gills. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 159 (1999) 1-8
27. Calamari D., Marchetti R., and Vailati G. Influence of water hardness on cadmium toxicity to Salmo gairdneri Rich. Water Res. 14 (1980) 1421-1426
28. Campbell H.A., Handy R.D., and Sims D.W. Increased metabolic cost of swimming and consequent alterations to circadian activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to dietary copper. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59 (2002) 768-777
29. Campbell H.A., Handy R.D., and Sims D.W. Shifts in a fish's resource holding power during a contact paired interaction: The influence of a copper contaminated diet in rainbow trout. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 78 (2005) 706-714
30. CCREM-CCME. Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. Canadian Council of Ministers in the Environment (1987-1999), Winnipeg, Man., Canada
31. Carpenter K.E. Further researches on the action of metallic salts on fishes. J. Exp. Zool. 56 (1930) 407-422
32. Carter C.G., and Davies S.J. Changes to feeding and dominance ranks following the introduction of novel feeds to African catfish. J. Fish Biol. 65 (2004) 1096-1107
33. Chapman G.A. Toxicities of cadmium, copper, and zinc to four juvenile stages of Chinook salmon and steelhead. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107 (1978) 841-847
34. Chapman P.M., Wang F., Janssen C.R., Goulet R.R., and Kamunde C.N. Conducting ecological risk assessments of inorganic metals and metalloids: current status. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 9 (2003) 641-697
35. Chase I.D., Tovey C., and Murch P. Two's company, three's a crowd: differences in dominance relationships in isolated versus socially embedded pairs of fish. Behaviour 140 (2003) 1193-1217
36. Clarkson T.W. Metal toxicity in the central nervous system. Environ. Health Perspect. 75 (1987) 59-64
37. Cutts C.J., Metcalfe N.B., and Taylor A.C. Competitive asymmetries in territorial juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Oikos 86 (1999) 479-486
38. Davies P.H., Goettl Jr. J.P., Sinley J.R., and Smith N.F. Acute and chronic toxicity of lead to rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, in hard and soft water. Water Res. 10 (1976) 199-206
39. De Boeck G., Nilsson G.E., Elofsson U., Vlaeminck A., and Blust R. Brain monoamine levels and energy status in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) after exposure to sublethal levels of copper. Aquat. Toxicol. 33 (1995) 265-277
40. De Boeck G., De Smet H., and Blust R. The effect of sublethal levels of copper on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Aquat. Toxicol. 32 (1995) 127-141
41. De Smet H., and Blust R. Stress responses and changes in protein metabolism in carp Cyprinus carpio during cadmium exposure. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 48 (2001) 255-262
42. Devlin R.H., Johnsson J.I., Smailus D.E., Biagi C.A., Jönsson E., and Björnsson B.Th. Increased ability to compete for food by growth hormone-transgenic coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum). Aquacult. Res. 30 (1999) 479-482
43. Douglas R.H., and Djamgoz M.B.A. The Visual System of Fish (1990), Chapman and Hall, Cambridge
44. Drews C. The concept and definition of dominance in animal behaviour. Behaviour 125 (1993) 283-313
45. Ellis T., North B., Scott A.P., Bromage N.R., Porter M., and Gadd D. The relationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout. J. Fish. Biol. 61 (2002) 493-531
46. Fausch K.D. Profitable stream positions for salmonids: relating specific growth rate to net energy gain. Can. J. Zool. 62 (1984) 441-451
47. 2+ affect glucose release and cAMP-dependent transduction pathway in isolated eel hepatocytes. Aquat. Toxicol. 62 (2003) 55-65
48. Foskett J.K., Bern H.A., Machen T.E., and Conner M. Chloride cells and the hormonal control of teleost fish osmoregulation. J. Exp. Biol. 106 (1983) 255-281
49. Fox H.E., White S.A., Kao M.H.F., and Fernald R.D. Stress and dominance in a social fish. J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 6463-6469
50. Fraser N.H.C., and Metcalfe N.B. The costs of becoming nocturnal: feeding efficiency in relation to light intensity in juvenile Atlantic salmon. Funct. Ecol. 11 (1997) 385-391
51. Freeman G.B., Nielsen P., and Gibson G.E. Monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism and locomotor activity during chemical hypoxia. J. Neurochem. 46 (1986) 733-738
52. Giaquinto P.C., and Volpato G.L. Chemical communication, aggression, and conspecific recognition in the fish Nile Tilapia. Physiol. Behav. 62 (1997) 1333-1338
53. Gilmour K.M., DiBattista J.D., and Thomas J.B. Physiological causes and consequences of social status in salmonid fish. Integr. Comp. Biol. 45 (2005) 263-273
54. Goss G.G., and Wood C.M. The effects of acid/aluminum exposure on circulating plasma cortisol levels and other blood parameters in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Fish. Biol. 32 (1998) 63-76
55. Gottofrey J., and Tjälve H. Axonal transport of cadmium in the olfactory nerve of the pike. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 69 (1991) 242-252
56. Griffiths S.W., and Armstrong J.D. Differential responses of kin and nonkin salmon to patterns of water flow: does recirculation influence aggression?. Anim. Behav. 59 (2000) 1019-1023
57. Grosell M., and Wood C.M. Copper uptake across rainbow trout gills: mechanisms of apical entry. J. Exp. Biol. 205 (2002) 1179-1188
58. Gundersen D.T., Bustaman S., Seim W.K., and Curtis L.R. pH, hardness, and humic acid influence aluminium toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in weakly alkaline waters. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51 (1994) 1345-1355
59. Gurney W.S.C., and Nisbet R.M. Ecological stability and social hierarchy. Th. Pop. Biol. 16 (1979) 48-80
60. Handy R.D. Chronic effects of copper exposure versus endocrine toxicitiy: two sides of the same toxicological process?. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 135 (2003) 25-38
61. Hansen J.A., Rose J.D., Jenkins R.A., Gerow K.G., and Bergman H.L. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to copper: neurophysiological and histological effects on the olfactory system. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18 (1999) 1979-1991
62. Hara T.J., Law Y.M.C., and Macdonald S. Effects of mercury and copper on the olfactory response in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33 (1976) 1568-1573
63. Harwood A.J., Armstrong J.D., Metcalfe N.B., and Griffiths S.W. Does dominance status correlate with growth in wild stream-dwelling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)?. Behav. Ecol. 14 (2003) 902-908
64. Henry M.G., and Atchison G.J. Behavioral changes in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) as indicators of sublethal effects of metals. Environ. Biol. Fish. 4 (1979) 37-42
65. Henry M.G., and Atchison G.J. Influence of social rank on the behaviour of bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium and zinc. J. Fish. Biol. 15 (1979) 309-315
66. Henry M.G., and Atchison G.J. Behavioral changes in social groups of bluegills exposed to copper. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 115 (1986) 590-595
67. Höglund E., Balm P.H.M., and Winberg S. Skin darkening, a potential social signal in subordinate Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): The regulatory role of brain monoamines and pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides. J. Exp. Biol. 203 (2000) 1711-1721
68. Höjesjö J., Johnsson J.I., and Bohlin T. Can laboratory studies on dominance predict fitness of young brown trout in the wild?. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 52 (2002) 102-108
69. Hollis L., McGeer J.C., McDonald D.G., and Wood C.M. Protective effects of calcium against chronic waterborne cadmium exposure to juvenile rainbow trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19 (2000) 2725-2734
70. Hontela A., Daniel C., and Ricard A.C. Effects of acute and subacute exposures to cadmium on the interrenal and thyroid function in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquat. Toxicol. 35 (1996) 171-182
71. Howarth R.S., and Sprague J.B. Copper lethality to rainbow trout in waters of various hardness and pH. Water Res. 12 (1978) 455-462
72. Hughes N.F. Ranking of feeding positions by drift-feeding Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in dominance hierarchies. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49 (1992) 1994-1998
73. Huntingford F.A., and Turner A.K. Animal Conflict (1987), Chapman and Hall, London
74. Huntingford F.A., and Garcia de Leaniz C. Social dominance, prior residence and the acquisition of profitable feeding sites in juvenile Atlantic salmon. J. Fish. Biol. 51 (1997) 1009-1014
75. Huntingford F.A., Metcalfe N.B., Thorpe J.E., Graham W.D., and Adams C.E. Social dominance and body size in Atlantic salmon parr Salmo salar L. J. Fish. Biol. 36 (1990) 877-881
76. Jenkins T.M. Social structure, position choice and microdistribution of two trout species (Salmo trutta and Salmo gairdneri) resident in mountain streams. Anim. Behav. Monogr. 2 (1969) 57-123
77. Jobling M., and Baardvik B.M. The influence of environmental manipulations on inter- and intra-individual variation in food acquisition and growth performance of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. J. Fish. Biol. 44 (1994) 1069-1087
78. Johnsson J.I., and Åkerman A. Watch and learn: preview of the fighting ability of opponents alters contest behaviour in rainbow trout. Anim. Behav. 56 (1998) 771-776
79. Johnsson J.I., and Björnsson B.Th. Growth hormone increases growth rate, appetite and dominance in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Anim. Behav. 48 (1994) 177-186
80. Johnsson J.I., Nöbbelin F., and Bohlin T. Territorial competition among wild brown trout fry: effects of ownership and body size. J. Fish. Biol. 54 (1999) 469-472
81. Johnsson J.I., Winberg S., and Sloman K.A. Social interactions. In: Sloman K.A., Wilson R.W., and Balshine S. (Eds). Behaviour and Physiology of Fish (Fish Physiology) vol. 24 (2006), Elsevier, San Diego 151-196
82. Kadri S., Huntingford F.A., Metcalfe N.B., and Thorpe J.E. Social interactions and the distribution of food among one-sea-winter Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a sea-cage. Aquaculture 139 (1996) 1-10
83. Karlsen H.E., and Sand O. Selective and reversible blocking of the lateral line in freshwater fish. J. Exp. Biol. 133 (1988) 249-262
84. Kasumyan A.O. Effects of chemical pollutants on foraging behavior and sensitivity of fish to food stimuli. J. Ichthyol. 41 (2001) 76-87
85. Keenleyside M.H.A., and Yamamoto F.T. Territorial behaviour of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). Behaviour 19 (1962) 138-169
86. Krebs J.R., and Davies N.B. The Evolution of Behavioural Ecology. In: Krebs J.R., and Davies N.B. (Eds). Behavioural Ecology An Evolutionary Approach (1997), Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford 3-12
87. Laberge F., and Hara T.J. Neurobiology of fish olfaction: a review. Brain Res. Rev. 36 (2001) 46-59
88. Laflamme J.-S., Couillard Y., Campbell P.G.C., and Hontela A. Interrenal metallothionein and cortisol secretion in relation to Cd, Cu, and Zn exposure in yellow perch, Perca flavescens, from Abitibi lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57 (2000) 1692-1700
89. Lahti K., Huuskonen H., Laurila A., and Piironen J. Metabolic rate and aggressiveness between brown trout populations. Funct. Ecol. 16 (2002) 167-174
90. Laidley C.W., and Leatherland J.F. Cohort sampling, anaesthesia and stocking-density effects on plasma cortisol, thyroid hormone, metabolite and ion levels in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish. Biol. 33 (1988) 73-88
91. Le François N.R., Lamarre S.G., and Blier P.U. Is white muscle anaerobic glycolysis capacity indicative of competitive ability in Arctic charr?. J. Fish. Biol. 66 (2005) 1167-1176
92. Levesque H.M., Moon T.W., Campbell P.G.C., and Hontela A. Seasonal variation in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) chronically exposed to metals in the field. Aquat. Toxicol. 60 (2002) 257-267
93. Li H.W., and Brocksen R.W. Approaches to the analysis of energetic costs of intraspecific competition for space by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Biol. 11 (1977) 329-341
94. MacLean A., and Metcalfe N.B. Social status, access to food, and compensatory growth in juvenile Atlantic salmon. J. Fish. Biol. 58 (2001) 1331-1346
95. MacLean A., Metcalfe N.B., and Mitchell D. Alternative competitive strategies in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): evidence from fin damage. Aquaculture 184 (2000) 291-302
96. MacLeod J.C., and Pessah E. Temperature effects on mercury accumulation, toxicity, and metabolic rate in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 30 (1973) 485-492
97. Mallatt J. Fish gill structural changes induced by toxicants and other irritants: a statistical review. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 (1985) 630-648
98. Martin-Smith K.M., and Armstrong J.D. Growth rates of wild stream-dwelling Atlantic salmon correlate with activity and sex but not dominance. J. Anim. Ecol. 71 (2002) 413-423
99. McCarthy I.D. Competitive ability is related to metabolic asymmetry in juvenile rainbow trout. J. Fish. Biol. 59 (2001) 1002-1014
100. +-ATPase and chloride cell function. In: Wood C.M., and Shuttleworth T.J. (Eds). Cellular and Molecular Approaches to Fish Ionoregulation (Fish Physiology, XIV) (1995), Academic Press, San Diego 285-315
101. Metcalfe N.B., Huntingford F.A., Graham W.D., and Thorpe J.E. Early social status and the development of life-history strategies in Atlantic salmon. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 236 (1989) 7-19
102. Munkittrick K.R., Martin R.J., and Dixon D.G. Seasonal changes in whole brain amine levels of white sucker exposed to elevated levels of copper and zinc. Can. J. Zool. 68 (1990) 869-873
103. Nakano S. Individual differences in resource use, growth and emigration under the influence of a dominance hierarchy in fluvial red-spotted masu salmon in a natural habitat. J. Anim. Ecol. 64 (1995) 75-84
104. Newman M.A. Social behavior and interspecific competition in two trout species. Physiol. Zool. 29 (1956) 64-81
105. Noakes D.L.G., and Leatherland J.F. Social dominance and interrenal cell activity in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Pisces, Salmonidae). Environ. Biol. Fish. 2 (1977) 131-136
106. O'Connor K.I., Metcalfe N.B., and Taylor A.C. Does darkening signal submission in territorial contests between juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar?. Anim. Behav. 58 (1999) 1269-1276
107. Øverli Ø., Harris C.A., and Winberg S. Short-term effects of fights for social dominance and the establishment of dominant-subordinate relationships on brain monoamines and cortisol in rainbow trout. Brain Behav. Evol. 54 (1999) 263-275
108. Pane E.F., Richards J.G., and Wood C.M. Acute waterborne nickel toxicity in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) occurs by a respiratory rather than ionoregulatory mechanism. Aquat. Toxicol. 63 (2003) 65-82
109. Pane E.F., Haque A., Goss G.G., and Wood C.M. The physiological consequences of exposure to chronic, sublethal waterborne nickel in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): exercise vs. resting physiology. J. Exp. Biol. 207 (2004) 1249-1261
110. Perry S.F., Goss G.G., and Laurent P. The interrelationships between gill chloride cell morphology and ionic uptake in four freshwater teleosts. Can. J. Zool. 70 (1992) 1775-1786
111. Peters G., Delventhal H., and Klinger H. Physiological and morphological effects of social stress in the eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Arch. Fischereiwissen. 30 (1980) 157-180
112. Pillai A., Priya L., and Gupta S. Effects of combined exposure to lead and cadmium on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis function in proestrous rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41 (2003) 379-384
113. Pottinger T.G., and Pickering A.D. The influence of social interaction on the acclimation of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) to chronic stress. J. Fish. Biol. 41 (1992) 435-447
114. Puckett K.J., and Dill L.M. The energetics of feeding territoriality in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Behaviour 92 (1985) 97-111
115. Rogers J.T., Richards J.G., and Wood C.M. Ionoregulatory disruption as the acute toxic mechanism for lead in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol. 64 (2003) 215-234
116. Rosenthal H., and Sterling K.R. Effects of cadmium on development and survival of herring eggs. In: Blaxter J.H.S. (Ed). The Early Life History of Fish (1974), Springer, Berlin 383-396
117. Scott G.R., and Sloman K.A. The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquat. Toxicol. 68 (2004) 369-392
118. Scott G.R., Sloman K.A., Rouleau C., and Wood C.M. Cadmium disrupts behavioural and physiological responses to alarm substance in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Exp. Biol. 206 (2003) 1779-1790
119. Shannon N.J., Gunnet J.W., and Moore K.E. A comparison of biochemical indices of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neuronal activity following electrical stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus. J. Neurochem. 47 (1986) 958-965
120. Sloman K.A., and Armstrong J.D. Physiological effects of dominance hierarchies: laboratory artefacts or natural phenomena?. J. Fish. Biol. 61 (2002) 1-23
121. Sloman K.A., and Wilson R.W. Anthropogenic impacts on behavioural physiology. In: Sloman K.A., Wilson R.W., and Balshine S. (Eds). Behaviour and Physiology of Fish (Fish Physiology) vol. 24 (2006), Elsevier, San Diego 413-468
122. Sloman K.A., Gilmour K.M., Taylor A.C., and Metcalfe N.B. Physiological effects of dominance hierarchies within groups of brown trout, Salmo trutta, held under simulated natural conditions. Fish. Physiol. Biochem. 22 (2000) 11-20
123. Sloman K.A., Motherwell G., O'Connor K.I., and Taylor A.C. The effect of social stress on the standard metabolic rate (SMR) of brown trout, Salmo trutta. Fish. Physiol. Biochem. 23 (2000) 49-53
124. Sloman K.A., Metcalfe N.B., Taylor A.C., and Gilmour K.M. Plasma cortisol concentrations before and after social stress in rainbow trout and brown trout. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 74 (2001) 383-389
125. Sloman K.A., Baker D.W., Wood C.M., and McDonald G. Social interactions affect physiological consequences of sublethal copper exposure in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21 (2002) 1255-1263
126. Sloman K.A., Montpetit C.J., and Gilmour K.M. Modulation of catecholamine release and cortisol secretion by social interactions in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 127 (2002) 136-146
127. Sloman K.A., Baker D.W., Ho C.G., McDonald D.G., and Wood C.M. The effects of trace metal exposure on agonistic encounters in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquat. Toxicol. 63 (2003) 187-196
128. Sloman K.A., Scott G.R., Diao Z., Rouleau C., Wood C.M., and McDonald D.G. Cadmium affects the social behaviour of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquat. Toxicol. 65 (2003) 171-185
129. Sloman K.A., Morgan T.P., McDonald D.G., and Wood C.M. Socially-induced changes in sodium regulation affect the uptake of water-borne copper and silver in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 135 (2003) 393-403
130. Sloman K.A., Scott G.R., McDonald D.G., and Wood C.M. Diminished social status affects ionoregulation at the gills and kidney in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61 (2004) 618-626
131. Sloman K.A., Lepage O., Rogers J.T., Wood C.M., and Winberg S. Socially-mediated differences in brain monoamines in rainbow trout: effects of trace metal contaminants. Aquat. Toxicol. 71 (2005) 237-247
132. Soengas J.L., Agra-Lago M.J., Carballo B., Andrés M.D., and Veira J.A.R. Effect of an acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of cadmium on liver carbohydrate metabolism of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57 (1996) 625-631
133. Sorensen E.M.B. Metal Poisoning in Fish (1991), CRC Press, Boston
134. Sorensen P.W., and Caprio J. Chemoreception. In: Evans D.H. (Ed). The Physiology of Fishes (1997), CRC Press, Boca Raton 375-405
135. Sparks R.E., Waller W.T., and Cairns J. Effect of shelters on the resistance of dominant and submissive bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) to a lethal concentration of zinc. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 29 (1972) 1356-1358
136. Stacey N., and Sorensen P. Reproductive hormones. In: Sloman K.A., Wilson R.W., and Balshine S. (Eds). Behaviour and Physiology of Fish (Fish Physiology) vol. 24 (2006), Elsevier, San Diego 359-412
137. Szebedinsky C., McGeer J.C., McDonald D.G., and Wood C.M. Effects of chronic Cd exposure via the diet or water on internal organ-specific distribution and subsequent gill Cd uptake kinetics in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20 (2001) 597-607
138. Tallkvist J., Henriksson J., d'Argy R., and Tjälve H. Transport and subcellular distribution of nickel in the olfactory system of pikes and rats. Toxicol. Sci. 43 (1998) 196-203
139. Tallkvist J., Persson E., Henriksson J., and Tjälve H. Cadmium-metallothionein interactions in the olfactory pathways of rats and pikes. Toxicol. Sci. 67 (2002) 108-113
140. Taylor L.N., McGeer J.C., Wood C.M., and McDonald D.G. Physiological effects of chronic copper exposure to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in hard and soft water: evaluation of chronic indicators. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19 (2000) 2298-2308
141. 2+ in the brown trout (Salmo trutta) studied by autoradiography and impulse counting. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 12 (1986) 31-45
142. Tjälve H., Henriksson J., Tallkvist J., Larsson B.S., and Lindquist G.N. Uptake of manganese and cadmium from the nasal mucosa into the central nervous system via olfactory pathways in rats. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 79 (1996) 347-356
143. Tort L., Kargacin B., Torres P., Giralt M., and Hidalgo J. The effect of cadmium exposure and stress on plasma cortisol, metallothionein levels and oxidative stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 114C (1996) 29-34
144. Tsai C.L., Jang T.H., and Wang L.H. Effects of mercury on serotonin concentration in the brain of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Neurosci. Lett. 184 (1995) 208-211
145. 2+ uptake in rainbow trout gills. Am. J. Physiol. 253 (1987) R216-R221
146. Wagner G.F., and McKeown B.A. Cyclical growth in juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Can. J. Zool. 63 (1985) 2473-2474
147. 45calcium uptake in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Can. J. Zool. 63 (1985) 2778-2779
148. Waiwood K.G., and Beamish F.W.H. Effects of copper, pH and hardness on the critical swimming performance of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Water Res. 12 (1978) 611-619
149. Waring C.P., Brown J.A., Collins J.E., and Prunet P. Plasma prolactin, cortisol, and thyroid responses of the brown trout (Salmo trutta) exposed to lethal and sublethal aluminium in acidic soft waters. Gen. Comp. Endo. 102 (1996) 377-385
150. Weber D.N., Russo A., Seale D.B., and Spieler R.E. Waterborne lead affects feeding abilities and neurotransmitter levels of juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Aquat. Toxicol. 21 (1991) 71-80
151. Whiteman E.A., and Côté I.M. Dominance hierarchies in group-living cleaning gobies: causes and foraging consequences. Anim. Behav. 67 (2004) 239-247
152. Wicklund Glynn A., Norrgren L., and Müssener A. Differences in uptake of inorganic mercury and cadmium in the gills of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Aquat. Toxicol. 30 (1994) 13-26
153. Winberg S., and Lepage O. Elevation of brain 5-HT activity, POMC expression, and plasma cortisol in socially subordinate rainbow trout. Am. J. Physiol. 274 (1998) R645-R654
154. L-dopa treatment in Arctic charr. Neuroreport 3 (1992) 243-246
155. Winberg S., Nilsson G.E., and Olsén K.H. Changes in brain serotonergic activity during hierarchic behaviour in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L) are socially induced. J. Comp. Physiol. A 170 (1992) 93-99
156. Winberg S., Bjerselius R., Baatrup E., and Døving K.B. The effect of Cu(II) on the electro-olfactogram (EOG) of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in artificial freshwater of varying inorganic carbon concentrations. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 24 (1992) 167-178
157. Winberg S., Myrberg A.A., and Nilsson G. Agonistic interactions affect brain serotonergic activity in an Acanthopterygiian fish: the bicolor damselfish (Pomacentrus paritus). Brain Behav. Evol. 48 (1996) 213-220
158. Wood C.M. Toxic responses of the gill. In: Schlenk D., and Benson W.H. (Eds). Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts (2001), Taylor and Francis, London 1-89
159. Yamamoto T., Ueda H., and Higashi S. Correlation among dominance status, metabolic rate and otolith size in masu salmon. J. Fish. Biol. 52 (1998) 281-290
160. Yan H.Y. Effects of cadmium exposure on electrophysiology of fathead minnow lateral lines and its associated behaviours. Am. Zool. 35 (1995) 21A
161. Yodyingyuad U., de la Riva C., Abbott D.H., Herbert J., and Keverne E.B. Relationship between dominance hierarchy, cerebrospinal fluid levels of amine transmitter metabolites (5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and homovanillic acid) and plasma cortisol in monkeys. Neuroscience 16 (1985) 851-858