Asthma-related comorbidities

Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 377-393

  Boulet, Louis Philippe ^a   Boulay, Marie Ève ^a  

^a LAVAL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

asthma; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; comorbidities; gastroesophageal reflux disease; obesity; obstructive sleep apnea; rhinitis; sinusitis; vocal cord dysfunction

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; ANTIASTHMATIC AGENT; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; ITRACONAZOLE; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; MONTELUKAST; OMALIZUMAB; PLACEBO; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; STOMACH SECRETION INHIBITOR;

ALLERGIC ASTHMA; ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTHRITIS; ASTHMA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BREATHING DISORDER; BRONCHIECTASIS; BRONCHOSPASM; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS; CHRONIC SINUSITIS; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIET RESTRICTION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; EXERCISE; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GROUPS BY AGE; HAY FEVER; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HOUSE DUST ALLERGY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERVENTILATION SYNDROME; IMMUNOTHERAPY; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL STRESS; METABOLIC DISORDER; MORBID OBESITY; NEUROSIS; OBESITY; PANIC; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PHYSIOTHERAPY; POLLEN ALLERGY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFLAMMATION; REVIEW; RHINITIS; RHINOSINUSITIS; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION PROGRAM; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VIRAL RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VOCAL CORD DISORDER; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 79959730338     PISSN: 17476348     EISSN: 17476356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/ers.11.34     Document Type: Review

References (203)

1. Proceedings of the ATS workshop on refractory asthma: current understanding, recommendations, and unanswered questions. American Thoracic Society. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 162, 2341-2351 (2000
2. Chanez P, Wenzel SE, Anderson GP et al. Severe asthma in adults: what are the important questions? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119, 1337-1348 (2007 (Pubitemid 46863369)
3. Humbert M, Holgate S, Boulet LP, Bousquet J. Asthma control or severity: that is the question. Allergy 62, 95-101 (2007 (Pubitemid 46090289)
4. Bateman ED, Boushey HA, Bousquet J et al. Can guideline-defined asthma control be achieved? The Gaining Optimal Asthma Control study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 170, 836-844 (2004 (Pubitemid 39346477)
5. Prosser R, Carleton B, Smith A. The comorbidity burden of the treated asthma patient population in British Columbia. Chronic Dis. Can. 30, 46-55 (2010
6. Soriano JB, Visick GT, Muellerova H, Payvandi N, Hansell AL. Patterns of comorbidities in newly diagnosed COPD and asthma in primary care. Chest 128, 2099-2107 (2005 (Pubitemid 41507547)
7. Gershon AS, Wang C, Guan J, To T. Burden of comorbidity in individuals with asthma. Thorax 65, 612-618 (2010
8. Adams RJ, Wilson DH, Taylor AW et al. Coexistent chronic conditions and asthma quality of life: a population-based study. Chest 129, 285-291 (2006 (Pubitemid 43289846)
9. van Manen JG, Bindels PJ, Ijzermans CJ et al. Prevalence of comorbidity in patients with a chronic airway obstruction and controls over the age of 40. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 54, 287-293 (2001 (Pubitemid 32153871)
10. Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Bettoncelli G et al. Asthma and comorbid medical illness. Eur. Respir. J. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00140310 (2010) (Epub ahead of print
11. Settipane RJ, Hagy GW, Settipane GA. Long-term risk factors for developing asthma and allergic rhinitis: a 23-year follow-up study of college students. Allergy Proc. 15, 21-25 (1994
12. Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Martinez FD, Barbee RA. Rhinitis as an independent risk factor for adult-onset asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 109, 419-425 (2002 (Pubitemid 34234190)
13. Shaaban R, Zureik M, Soussan D et al. Rhinitis and onset of asthma: a longitudinal population-based study. Lancet 372, 1049-1057 (2008
14. Bousquet J, van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108, S147-S334 (2001
15. Demoly P, Bousquet J. The relation between asthma and allergic rhinitis. Lancet 368, 711-713 (2006 (Pubitemid 44279038)
16. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2) LEN and AllerGenAllergy 63(Suppl. 86), 8-160 (2008 (Pubitemid 351357811)
17. Peters S. The impact of comorbid atopic disease on asthma: clinical expression and treatment. J. Asthma 44, 149-161 (2007 (Pubitemid 46598147)
18. Kanani AS, Broder I, Greene JM, Tarlo SM. Correlation between nasal symptoms and asthma severity in patients with atopic and nonatopic asthma. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 94, 341-347 (2005 (Pubitemid 40396579)
19. Leynaert B, Bousquet J, Neukirch C, Liard R, Neukirch F. Perennial rhinitis: an independent risk factor for asthma in nonatopic subjects: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104, 301-304 (1999 (Pubitemid 29420424)
20. Leynaert B, Neukirch C, Kony S et al. Association between asthma and rhinitis according to atopic sensitization in a population-based study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 113, 86-93 (2004 (Pubitemid 38096166)
21. Chawes BL, Bonnelykke K, Kreiner-Moller E, Bisgaard H. Children with allergic and nonallergic rhinitis have a similar risk of asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 126, 567-573 (2010
22. Cirillo I, Pistorio A, Tosca M, Ciprandi G. Impact of allergic rhinitis on asthma: effects on bronchial hyperreactivity. Allergy 64, 439-444 (2009).
23. Meltzer EO. The relationships of rhinitis and asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc. 26, 336-340 (2005 (Pubitemid 41565072)
24. Vandenplas O, Dramaix M, Joos G et al. The impact of concomitant rhinitis on asthma-related quality of life and asthma control. Allergy 65, 1290-1297 (2010
25. Thomas M, Kocevar VS, Zhang Q, Yin DD, Price D. Asthma-related health care resource use among asthmatic children with and without concomitant allergic rhinitis. Pediatrics 115, 129-134 (2005 (Pubitemid 43046291)
26. Valovirta E, Pawankar R. Survey on the impact of comorbid allergic rhinitis in patients with asthma. BMC Pulm. Med. 6(Suppl. 1), S3 (2006
27. Bresciani M, Paradis L, Des RA et al. Rhinosinusitis in severe asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107, 73-80 (2001 (Pubitemid 32105247)
28. ten Brinke A, Grootendorst DC, Schmidt JT et al. Chronic sinusitis in severe asthma is related to sputum eosinophilia. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 109, 621-626 (2002 (Pubitemid 34327187)
29. Seybt MW, McMains KC, Kountakis SE. The prevalence and effect of asthma on adults with chronic rhinosinusitis. Ear Nose Throat J. 86, 409-411 (2007 (Pubitemid 351954490)
30. Rolla G, Guida G, Heffler E et al. Diagnostic classification of persistent rhinitis and its relationship to exhaled nitric oxide and asthma: a clinical study of a consecutive series of patients. Chest 131, 1345-1352 (2007 (Pubitemid 46762338)
31. Kim HY, So YK, Dhong HJ et al. Prevalence of lower airway diseases in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl. 558, 110-114 (2007 (Pubitemid 47463749)
32. Senior BA, Kennedy DW, Tanabodee J et al. Long-term impact of functional endoscopic sinus surgery on asthma. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 121, 66-68 (1999 (Pubitemid 29325962)
33. Manfreda J, Becklake MR, Sears MR et al. Prevalence of asthma symptoms among adults aged 20-44 years in Canada. CMAJ 164, 995-1001 (2001 (Pubitemid 34412227)
34. Grigoreas C, Vourdas D, Petalas K et al. Nasal polyps in patients with rhinitis and asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc. 23, 169-174 (2002
35. Matsuno O, Ono E, Takenaka R et al. Asthma and sinusitis: association and implication. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 147, 52-58 (2008
36. Guida G, Rolla G, Badiu I et al. Determinants of exhaled nitric oxide in chronic rhinosinusitis. Chest 137, 658-664 (2010
37. Foresi A, Leone C, Pelucchi A et al. Eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils in induced sputum from patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial asthma: relationship to methacholine responsiveness. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 100, 58-64 (1997 (Pubitemid 27328532)
38. Chakir J, Laviolette M, Boutet M et al. Lower airways remodeling in nonasthmatic subjects with allergic rhinitis. Lab. Invest. 75, 735-744 (1996 (Pubitemid 26392803)
39. Alvarez MJ, Olaguibel JM, Garcia BE et al. Airway inflammation in asthma and perennial allergic rhinitis. Relationship with nonspecific bronchial responsiveness and maximal airway narrowing. Allergy 55, 355-362 (2000 (Pubitemid 30183054)
40. Togias A. Rhinitis and asthma: evidence for respiratory system integration. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111, 1171-1183 (2003
41. Rowe-Jones JM. The link between the nose and lung, perennial rhinitis and asthma - is it the same disease? Allergy 52(Suppl. 36), 20-28 (1997 (Pubitemid 27288310)
42. Braunstahl GJ, Overbeek SE, Kleinjan A et al. Nasal allergen provocation induces adhesion molecule expression and tissue eosinophilia in upper and lower airways. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 107, 469-476 (2001 (Pubitemid 32210027)
43. Braunstahl GJ, Kleinjan A, Overbeek SE et al. Segmental bronchial provocation induces nasal inflammation in allergic rhinitis patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161, 2051-2057 (2000 (Pubitemid 30418150)
44. Braunstahl GJ, Fokkens WJ, Overbeek SE et al. Mucosal and systemic inflammatory changes in allergic rhinitis and asthma: a comparison between upper and lower airways. Clin. Exp. Allergy 33, 579-587 (2003 (Pubitemid 36629681)
45. Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Kephart GM et al. Features of airway remodeling and eosinophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis: is the histopathology similar to asthma? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 112, 877-882 (2003 (Pubitemid 37412054)
46. Togias A. Mechanisms of nose-lung interaction. Allergy 54(Suppl. 57), 94-105 (1999 (Pubitemid 29493660)
47. Saito H, Matsumoto K, Denburg AE et al. Pathogenesis of murine experimental allergic rhinitis: a study of local and systemic consequences of IL-5 deficiency. J. Immunol. 168, 3017-3023 (2002 (Pubitemid 34211683)
48. Li J, Saito H, Crawford L et al. Haemopoietic mechanisms in murine allergic upper and lower airway inflammation. Immunology 114, 386-396 (2005 (Pubitemid 40314811)
49. Fireman P. Rhinitis and asthma connection: management of coexisting upper airway allergic diseases and asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc. 21, 45-54 (2000
50. Greenberger PA. Interactions between rhinitis and asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc. 25, 89-93 (2004 (Pubitemid 38639020)
51. Casale TB, Dykewicz MS. Clinical implications of the allergic rhinitis-asthma link. Am. J. Med. Sci. 327, 127-138 (2004 (Pubitemid 38316413)
52. Fuhlbrigge AL, Adams RJ. The effect of treatment of allergic rhinitis on asthma morbidity, including emergency department visits. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 3, 29-32 (2003 (Pubitemid 36159345)
53. Foresi A, Pelucchi A, Gherson G et al. Once daily intranasal fluticasone propionate (200 micrograms) reduces nasal symptoms and inflammation but also attenuates the increase in bronchial responsiveness during the pollen season in allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 98, 274-282 (1996
54. Henriksen JM, Wenzel A. Effect of an intranasally administered corticosteroid (budesonide) on nasal obstruction, mouth breathing and asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 130, 1014-1018 (1984 (Pubitemid 15186156)
55. Thio BJ, Slingerland GL, Fredriks AM et al. Influence of intranasal steroids during the grass pollen season on bronchial responsiveness in children and young adults with asthma and hay fever. Thorax 55, 826-832 (2000
56. Price DB, Swern A, Tozzi CA, Philip G, Polos P. Effect of montelukast on lung function in asthma patients with allergic rhinitis: analysis from the COMPACT trial. Allergy 61, 737-742 (2006 (Pubitemid 43801409)
57. Virchow JC, Bachert C. Efficacy and safety of montelukast in adults with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Respir. Med. 100, 1952-1959 (2006 (Pubitemid 44490289)
58. Wilson AM, Orr LC, Sims EJ, Lipworth BJ. Effects of monotherapy with intra-nasal corticosteroid or combined oral histamine and leukotriene receptor antagonists in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy 31, 61-68 (2001 (Pubitemid 32158762)
59. Philip G, Nayak AS, Berger WE et al. The effect of montelukast on rhinitis symptoms in patients with asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 20, 1549-1558 (2004). (Pubitemid 39457543)
60. Morjaria JB, Gnanakumaran G, Babu KS. Anti-IgE in allergic asthma and rhinitis: an update. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 7, 1739-1747 (2007 (Pubitemid 350157499)
61. Karpel J, Massanari M, Geba GP et al. Effectiveness of omalizumab in reducing corticosteroid burden in patients with moderate to severe persistent allergic asthma. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 105, 465-470 (2010
62. Adelroth E, Rak S, Haahtela T et al. Recombinant humanized mAb-E25, an anti-IgE mAb, in birch pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 106, 253-259 (2000 (Pubitemid 30644998)
63. Casale TB, Condemi J, LaForce C et al. Effect of omalizumab on symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 286, 2956-2967 (2001 (Pubitemid 33140359)
64. Chervinsky P, Casale T, Townley R et al. Omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in the treatment of adults and adolescents with perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 91, 160-167 (2003 (Pubitemid 36999475)
65. Vignola AM, Humbert M, Bousquet J et al. Efficacy and tolerability of anti-immunoglobulin E therapy with omalizumab in patients with concomitant allergic asthma and persistent allergic rhinitis: SOLAR. Allergy 59, 709-717 (2004 (Pubitemid 38850345)
66. Humbert M, Boulet LP, Niven RM et al. Omalizumab therapy: patients who achieve greatest benefit for their asthma experience greatest benefit for rhinitis. Allergy 64, 81-84 (2009
67. Fiocchi A, Fox AT. Preventing progression of allergic rhinitis: the role of specific immunotherapy. Arch. Dis. Child Educ. Pract. Ed. 96(3), 91-100 (2011
68. Jacobsen L, Nuchel PB, Wihl JA, Lowenstein H, Ipsen H. Immunotherapy with partially purified and standardized tree pollen extracts. IV. Results from long-term (6-year) follow-up. Allergy 52, 914-920 (1997 (Pubitemid 27375009)
69. Jacobsen L, Niggemann B, Dreborg S et al. Specific immunotherapy has long-term preventive effect of seasonal and perennial asthma: 10-year follow-up on the PAT study. Allergy 62, 943-948 (2007 (Pubitemid 47037870)
70. Pipet A, Botturi K, Pinot D, Vervloet D, Magnan A. Allergen-specific immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis and asthma. Mechanisms and proof of efficacy. Respir. Med. 103, 800-812 (2009
71. Kuehr J, Brauburger J, Zielen S et al. Efficacy of combination treatment with anti-IgE plus specific immunotherapy in polysensitized children and adolescents with seasonal allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 109, 274-280 (2002 (Pubitemid 34158294)
72. Kopp MV, Hamelmann E, Zielen S et al. Combination of omalizumab and specific immunotherapy is superior to immunotherapy in patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and co-morbid seasonal allergic asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy 39, 271-279 (2009
73. Kamin W, Kopp MV, Erdnuess F et al. Safety of anti-IgE treatment with omalizumab in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis undergoing specific immunotherapy simultaneously. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 21, e160-e165 (2010
74. Casale TB, Stokes JR. Future forms of immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127, 8-15 (2011
75. Larche M. Update on the current status of peptide immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119, 906-909 (2007 (Pubitemid 46527841)
76. Worm M, Lee HH, Kleine-Tebbe J et al. Development and preliminary clinical evaluation of a peptide immunotherapy vaccine for cat allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 127, 89-97 (2011
77. Ragab SM, Lund VJ, Scadding G, Saleh HA, Khalifa MA. Impact of chronic rhinosinusitis therapy on quality of life: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Rhinology 48, 305-311 (2010
78. Sontag SJ, O'Connell S, Khandelwal S et al. Asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux: long term results of a randomized trial of medical and surgical antireflux therapies. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98, 987-999 (2003 (Pubitemid 36733757)
79. Tsai MC, Lin HL, Lin CC et al. Increased risk of concurrent asthma among patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a nationwide population-based study. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, 1169-1173 (2010
80. Havemann BD, Henderson CA, El-Serag HB. The association between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and asthma: a systematic review. Gut 56, 1654-1664 (2007 (Pubitemid 350206289)
81. Thakkar K, Boatright RO, Gilger MA, El-Serag HB. Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma in children: a systematic review. Pediatrics 125, e925-e930 (2010
82. Sontag SJ, O'Connell S, Khandelwal S et al. Most asthmatics have gastroesophageal reflux with or without bronchodilator therapy. Gastroenterology 99, 613-620 (1990 (Pubitemid 20243348)
83. Harding SM, Guzzo MR, Richter JE. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in asthma patients without reflux symptoms. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 162, 34-39 (2000 (Pubitemid 30469794)
84. McCallister JW, Parsons J, Mastronarde JG. The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and asthma: an update. Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis. 5(2), 143-150 (2010
85. Parsons JP, Mastronarde JG. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 16, 60-63 (2010
86. Gibson PG, Henry RL, Coughlan JL. Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane. Database. Syst. Rev. 2, CD001496 (2003
87. No authors listed. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech. Rep. Ser. 894, 1-253 (2000
88. Shore SA, Johnston RA. Obesity and asthma. Pharmacol. Ther. 110, 83-102 (2006 (Pubitemid 43248727)
89. Shore SA. Obesity and asthma: implications for treatment. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 13, 56-62 (2007 (Pubitemid 44900714)
90. Shore SA. Obesity and asthma: possible mechanisms. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 121, 1087-1093 (2008
91. Aaron SD, Fergusson D, Dent R et al. Effect of weight reduction on respiratory function and airway reactivity in obese women. Chest 125, 2046-2052 (2004 (Pubitemid 38788168)
92. Maniscalco M, Zedda A, Faraone S et al. Weight loss and asthma control in severely obese asthmatic females. Respir. Med. 102, 102-108 (2008 (Pubitemid 350151825)
93. Eneli IU, Skybo T, Camargo CA Jr. Weight loss and asthma: a systematic review. Thorax 63, 671-676 (2008
94. Lessard A, Turcotte H, Boulet LP. Obesity and asthma: a specific phenotype? Chest 134, 317-323 (2008
95. Saint-Pierre P, Bourdin A, Chanez P, Daures JP, Godard P. Are overweight asthmatics more difficult to control? Allergy 61, 79-84 (2006). (Pubitemid 43381195)
96. Boulet LP, Franssen E. Influence of obesity on response to fluticasone with or without salmeterol in moderate asthma. Respir. Med. 101, 2240-2247 (2007 (Pubitemid 47471412)
97. Peters-Golden M, Swern A, Bird SS et al. Influence of body mass index on the response to asthma controller agents. Eur. Respir. J. 27, 495-503 (2006 (Pubitemid 43372522)
98. Sutherland ER, Goleva E, Strand M, Beuther DA, Leung DY. Body mass and glucocorticoid response in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178, 682-687 (2008
99. Mosen DM, Schatz M, Magid DJ, Camargo CA Jr. The relationship between obesity and asthma severity and control in adults. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 122, 507-511 (2008
100. Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Boulet LP et al. Overdiagnosis of asthma in obese and nonobese adults. CMAJ 179, 1121-1131 (2008
101. Pakhale S, Doucette S, Vandemheen K et al. A comparison of obese and nonobese people with asthma: exploring an asthma-obesity interaction. Chest 137, 1316-1323 (2010
102. Stenius-Aarniala B, Poussa T, Kvarnstrom J et al. Immediate and long term effects of weight reduction in obese people with asthma: randomised controlled study. BMJ 320, 827-832 (2000 (Pubitemid 30175861)
103. Yigla M, Tov N, Solomonov A, Rubin AH, Harlev D. Difficult-to-control asthma and obstructive sleep apnea. J. Asthma 40, 865-871 (2003 (Pubitemid 38057666)
104. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J et al. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 1230-1235 (1993 (Pubitemid 23115702)
105. Lin CC, Lin CY. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and bronchial hyperreactivity. Lung 173, 117-126 (1995
106. Kimoff RJ, Hamid Q, Divangahi M et al. Increased upper airway cytokines and oxidative stress in severe obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur. Respir. J. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00048610 (2010) (Epub ahead of print
107. Boulet LP, Hamid Q, Bacon SL et al. Symposium on Obesity and Asthma - November 2, 2006. Can. Respir. J. 14, 201-208 (2007
108. Devouassoux G, Levy P, Rossini E et al. Sleep apnea is associated with bronchial inflammation and continuous positive airway pressure-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119, 597-603 (2007
109. Mehra R, Redline S. Sleep apnea: a proinflammatory disorder that coaggregates with obesity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 121, 1096-1102 (2008 (Pubitemid 351626934)
110. Mehra R, Storfer-Isser A, Kirchner HL et al. Soluble interleukin 6 receptor: a novel marker of moderate to severe sleep-related breathing disorder. Arch. Intern. Med. 166, 1725-1731 (2006 (Pubitemid 44414460)
111. Punjabi NM, Beamer BA. C-reactive protein is associated with sleep disordered breathing independent of adiposity. Sleep 30, 29-34 (2007 (Pubitemid 46095380)
112. Ciftci TU, Kokturk O, Bukan N, Bilgihan A. The relationship between serum cytokine levels with obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Cytokine 28, 87-91 (2004 (Pubitemid 39302489)
113. Zanation AM, Senior BA. The relationship between extraesophageal reflux (EER) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSASleep Med. Rev. 9, 453-458 (2005 (Pubitemid 41627822)
114. Ballard RD. Sleep, respiratory physiology, and nocturnal asthma. Chronobiol. Int. 16, 565-580 (1999 (Pubitemid 29463829)
115. Bijaoui EL, Champagne V, Baconnier PF, Kimoff RJ, Bates JH. Mechanical properties of the lung and upper airways in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165, 1055-1061 (2002 (Pubitemid 34415810)
116. Lafond C, Series F, Lemiere C. Impact of CPAP on asthmatic patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur. Respir. J. 29, 307-311 (2007 (Pubitemid 46231908)
117. Teodorescu M, Polomis DA, Hall SV et al. Association of obstructive sleep apnea risk with asthma control in adults. Chest 138, 543-550 (2010
118. Wright RJ, Rodriguez M, Cohen S. Review of psychosocial stress and asthma: an integrated biopsychosocial approach. Thorax 53, 1066-1074 (1998 (Pubitemid 28567010)
119. Steptoe A. Psychological aspects of bronchial asthma. In: Contributions to Medical Psychiology (Volume 3Rachman F (Ed.Pergamon Press; Oxford, UK, 7-30 (1984
120. Nouwen A, Freeston MH, Labbe R, Boulet LP. Psychological factors associated with emergency room visits among asthmatic patients. Behav. Modif. 23, 217-233 (1999 (Pubitemid 29153030)
121. Lehrer P, Feldman J, Giardino N, Song HS, Schmaling K. Psychological aspects of asthma. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 70, 691-711 (2002 (Pubitemid 34649379)
122. Miles JF, Garden GM, Tunnicliffe WS, Cayton RM, Ayres JG. Psychological morbidity and coping skills in patients with brittle and non-brittle asthma: a case-control study. Clin. Exp. Allergy 27, 1151-1159 (1997 (Pubitemid 27448951)
123. ten Brinke A, Ouwerkerk ME, Bel EH, Spinhoven P. Similar psychological characteristics in mild and severe asthma. J. Psychosom. Res. 50, 7-10 (2001 (Pubitemid 32279928)
124. Lavoie KL, Bacon SL, Barone S et al. What is worse for asthma control and quality of life: depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, or both? Chest 130, 1039-1047 (2006 (Pubitemid 44583733)
125. Feldman JM, Siddique MI, Morales E et al. Psychiatric disorders and asthma outcomes among high-risk inner-city patients. Psychosom. Med. 67, 989-996 (2005 (Pubitemid 43740114)
126. Wainwright NW, Surtees PG, Wareham NJ, Harrison BD. Psychosocial factors and asthma in a community sample of older adults. J. Psychosom. Res. 62, 357-361 (2007 (Pubitemid 46282751)
127. Forbes L, Harvey S, Newson R et al. Risk factors for accident and emergency (A&E) attendance for asthma in inner city children. Thorax 62, 855-860 (2007 (Pubitemid 47598349)
128. Nowobilski R, Furgal M, Czyz P et al. Psychopathology and personality factors modify the perception of dyspnea in asthmatics. J. Asthma 44, 203-207 (2007 (Pubitemid 46598152)
129. Katon W, Lozano P, Russo J et al. The prevalence of DSM-IV anxiety and depressive disorders in youth with asthma compared with controls. J. Adolesc. Health 41, 455-463 (2007 (Pubitemid 47562796)
130. Hasler G, Gergen PJ, Kleinbaum DG et al. Asthma and panic in young adults: a 20-year prospective community study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171, 1224-1230 (2005 (Pubitemid 40740728)
131. Haczku A, Panettieri RA Jr. Social stress and asthma: the role of corticosteroid insensitivity. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 125, 550-558 (2010
132. Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone SV, Guite J, Warburton R. Associations between childhood asthma and ADHD: issues of psychiatric comorbidity and familiality. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 33, 842-848 (1994 (Pubitemid 24196908)
133. Hammerness P, Monuteaux MC, Faraone SV et al. Reexamining the familial association between asthma and ADHD in girls. J. Atten. Disord. 8, 136-143 (2005). (Pubitemid 40805797)
134. Blackman JA, Gurka MJ. Developmental and behavioral comorbidities of asthma in children. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 28, 92-99 (2007 (Pubitemid 46624833)
135. Secnik K, Swensen A, Lage MJ. Comorbidities and costs of adult patients diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacoeconomics 23, 93-102 (2005 (Pubitemid 40194012)
136. Fasmer OB, Riise T, Eagan TM et al. Comorbidity of asthma with ADHD. J. Atten. Disord. DOI: 10.1177/1087054710372493 (2010) (Epub ahead of print
137. Goodwin RD, Pagura J, Cox B, Sareen J. Asthma and mental disorders in Canada: impact on functional impairment and mental health service use. J. Psychosom. Res. 68, 165-173 (2010
138. Lehrer PM, Karavidas MK, Lu SE et al. Psychological treatment of comorbid asthma and panic disorder: a pilot study. J. Anxiety Disord. 22, 671-683 (2008 (Pubitemid 351467127)
139. Yorke J, Fleming SL, Shuldham C. A systematic review of psychological interventions for children with asthma. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 42, 114-124 (2007 (Pubitemid 46214566)
140. Rimington LD, Davies DH, Lowe D, Pearson MG. Relationship between anxiety, depression, and morbidity in adult asthma patients. Thorax 56, 266-271 (2001 (Pubitemid 32269805)
141. Dahlem NW, Kinsman RA, Horton DJ. Panic-fear in asthma: requests for as-needed medications in relation to pulmonary function measurements. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 60, 295-300 (1977 (Pubitemid 8225957)
142. Yorke J, Fleming SL, Shuldham C. Psychological interventions for adults with asthma: a systematic review. Respir. Med. 101, 1-14 (2007 (Pubitemid 44835235)
143. Fitzgerald JM, Gibson PG. Asthma exacerbations. 4: Prevention. Thorax 61, 992-999 (2006
144. Johnston NW, Johnston SL, Norman GR, Dai J, Sears MR. The September epidemic of asthma hospitalization: school children as disease vectors. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117, 557-562 (2006 (Pubitemid 43340218)
145. To T, Wang C, Dell S et al. Risk factors for repeat adverse asthma events in children after visiting an emergency department. Ambul. Pediatr. 8, 281-287 (2008
146. Papadopoulos NG, Christodoulou I, Rohde G et al. Viruses and bacteria in acute asthma exacerbations - A GA(2) LEN-DARE. * systematic review. DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02505 Allergy (2010) (Epub ahead of print
147. Mallia P, Johnston SL. How viral infections cause exacerbation of airway diseases. Chest 130, 1203-1210 (2006 (Pubitemid 44583754)
148. Chen Y, Hamati E, Lee PK et al. Rhinovirus induces airway epithelial gene expression through double-stranded RNA and IFN-dependent pathways. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 34, 192-203 (2006 (Pubitemid 43202466)
149. Johnston SL, Blasi F, Black PN et al. The effect of telithromycin in acute exacerbations of asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 1589-1600 (2006
150. Agarwal A, Chander Y. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and bronchial asthma: is there a link? Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 26, 338-341 (2008
151. Sutherland ER, Martin RJ. Asthma and atypical bacterial infection. Chest 132, 1962-1966 (2007
152. Tonnel AB, Tillie-Leblond I. [Refractory asthma: diagnosing allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]. Presse Med. 37, 161-166 (2008 (Pubitemid 350309491)
153. Denning DW, O'Driscoll BR, Hogaboam CM, Bowyer P, Niven RM. The link between fungi and severe asthma: a summary of the evidence. Eur. Respir. J. 27, 615-626 (2006 (Pubitemid 43372538)
154. Denning DW, O'Driscoll BR, Powell G et al. Randomized controlled trial of oral antifungal treatment for severe asthma with fungal sensitization: the Fungal Asthma Sensitization Trial (FAST) study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 179, 11-18 (2009
155. Hammo AH, Weinberger MM. Exercise-induced hyperventilation: a pseudoasthma syndrome. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 82, 574-578 (1999 (Pubitemid 29288087)
156. Newman KB, Mason UG 3rd, Schmaling KB. Clinical features of vocal cord dysfunction. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152, 1382-1386 (1995
157. Ibrahim WH, Gheriani HA, Almohamed AA, Raza T. Paradoxical vocal cord motion disorder: past, present and future. Postgrad. Med. J. 83, 164-172 (2007 (Pubitemid 46465519)
158. Husein OF, Husein TN, Gardner R et al. Formal psychological testing in patients with paradoxical vocal fold dysfunction. Laryngoscope 118, 740-747 (2008 (Pubitemid 351496752)
159. Thomas M, McKinley RK, Freeman E, Foy C, Price D. The prevalence of dysfunctional breathing in adults in the community with and without asthma. Prim. Care Respir. J. 14, 78-82 (2005 (Pubitemid 40410055)
160. Gardner WN. The pathophysiology of hyperventilation disorders. Chest 109, 516-534 (1996 (Pubitemid 26058614)
161. Han JN, Stegen K, Schepers R, Van den BO, van de Woestijne KP. Subjective symptoms and breathing pattern at rest and following hyperventilation in anxiety and somatoform disorders. J. Psychosom. Res. 45, 519-532 (1998 (Pubitemid 29421874)
162. Thomas M, McKinley RK, Freeman E et al. Breathing retraining for dysfunctional breathing in asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 58, 110-115 (2003 (Pubitemid 36182997)
163. Postma DS. Gender differences in asthma development and progression. Gend. Med. 4(Suppl. B), S133-S146 (2007
164. Sears MR. Epidemiology of asthma exacerbations. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 122, 662-668 (2008
165. Macsali F, Real FG, Plana E et al. Early Age of Menarche, Lung Function and Adult Asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 183, 8-14 (2011
166. Brenner BE, Holmes TM, Mazal B, Camargo CA Jr. Relation between phase of the menstrual cycle and asthma presentations in the emergency department. Thorax 60, 806-809 (2005 (Pubitemid 41475203)
167. Tan KS, McFarlane LC, Lipworth BJ. Modulation of airway reactivity and peak flow variability in asthmatics receiving the oral contraceptive pill. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 155, 1273-1277 (1997 (Pubitemid 27172770)
168. Gluck JC, Gluck P. The effects of pregnancy on asthma: a prospective study. Ann. Allergy 37, 164-168 (1976
169. Schatz M, Harden K, Forsythe A et al. The course of asthma during pregnancy, post partum, and with successive pregnancies: a prospective analysis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 81, 509-517 (1988 (Pubitemid 18089929)
170. Rey E, Boulet LP. Asthma in pregnancy. BMJ 334, 582-585 (2007
171. Schatz M. Interrelationships between asthma and pregnancy: a literature review. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 103, S330-S336 (1999 (Pubitemid 29095809)
172. Murphy VE, Gibson P, Talbot PI, Clifton VL. Severe asthma exacerbations during pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 106, 1046-1054 (2005 (Pubitemid 41532912)
173. Schatz M, Dombrowski MP, Wise R et al. Asthma morbidity during pregnancy can be predicted by severity classification. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 112, 283-288 (2003 (Pubitemid 36981367)
174. van den Berge M, Heijink HI, van Oosterhout AJ, Postma DS. The role of female sex hormones in the development and severity of allergic and non-allergic asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy 39, 1477-1481 (2009).
175. Boulet LP, Des Cormiers A. The link between obesity and asthma: a Canadian perspective. Can. Respir. J. 14, 217-220 (2007
176. Hashemzadeh M, Movahed MR. The occurrence of asthma in hospitalized patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Intern. Med. J. 39, 699-701 (2009
177. Del-Rio-Navarro BE, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Garibay NN et al. Higher metabolic syndrome in obese asthmatic compared to obese nonasthmatic adolescent males. J. Asthma 47, 501-506 (2010
178. Luong KV, Nguyen LT. Hyperthyroidism and asthma. J. Asthma 37, 125-130 (2000 (Pubitemid 30241695)
179. Zacharisen MC, Fink JN. Hyperthyroidism complicating asthma treatment. Allergy Asthma Proc. 21, 71-74 (2000
180. Nakazawa T, Kobayashi S. Influence of antithyroidal therapy on asthma symptoms in the patients with both bronchial asthma and hyperthyroidism. J. Asthma 28, 109-116 (1991
181. Settipane GA. Hyperthyroidism exacerbating asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc. 21, 75-77 (2000
182. Boulet LP, Lemiere C, Archambault F et al. Smoking and asthma: clinical and radiologic features, lung function, and airway inflammation. Chest 129, 661-668 (2006
183. Abramson M, Matheson M, Wharton C, Sim M, Walters EH. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma among middle aged and older adults. Respirology 7, 325-331 (2002
184. Soriano JB, Davis KJ, Coleman B et al. The proportional Venn diagram of obstructive lung disease: two approximations from the United States and the United Kingdom. Chest 124, 474-481 (2003 (Pubitemid 37000122)
185. Guerra S. Overlap of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 11, 7-13 (2005 (Pubitemid 40189245)
186. Livingston E, Thomson NC, Chalmers GW. Impact of smoking on asthma therapy: a critical review of clinical evidence. Drugs 65, 1521-1536 (2005 (Pubitemid 41124306)
187. St-Laurent J, Bergeron C, Page N et al. Influence of smoking on airway inflammation and remodelling in asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy 38, 1582-1589 (2008
188. Lange P, Parner J, Vestbo J, Schnohr P, Jensen G. A 15-year follow-up study of ventilatory function in adults with asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1194-1200 (1998
189. Galli E, Gianni S, Auricchio G et al. Atopic dermatitis and asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc. 28, 540-543 (2007
190. Moore WC, Bleecker ER, Curran-Everett D et al. Characterization of the severe asthma phenotype by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Severe Asthma Research Program. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119, 405-413 (2007 (Pubitemid 46210080)
191. Wenzel SE, Busse WW. Severe asthma: lessons from the Severe Asthma Research Program. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119, 14-21 (2007 (Pubitemid 46043380)
192. ten Brinke A, Sterk PJ, Masclee AA et al. Risk factors of frequent exacerbations in difficult-to-treat asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 26, 812-818 (2005 (Pubitemid 41632037)
193. Holgate ST, Holloway J, Wilson S et al. Understanding the pathophysiology of severe asthma to generate new therapeutic opportunities. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117, 496-506 (2006
194. de Groot EP, Duiverman EJ, Brand PL. Comorbidities of asthma during childhood: possibly important, yet poorly studied. Eur. Respir. J. 36, 671-678 (2010
195. Gibson PG, McDonald VM, Marks GB. Asthma in older adults. Lancet 376, 803-813 (2010
196. Braman SS. Growing old with asthma: what are the changes and challenges? Expert. Rev. Respir. Med. 4, 239-248 (2010
197. Chapman KR, Boulet LP, Rea RM, Franssen E. Suboptimal asthma control: prevalence, detection and consequences in general practice. Eur. Respir. J. 31, 320-325 (2008
198. Holgate ST, Polosa R. The mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of severe asthma in adults. Lancet 368, 780-793 (2006 (Pubitemid 44279056)
199. Boulet LP. Influence of comorbid conditions on asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 33, 897-906 (2009
200. Sutherland TJ, Cowan JO, Young S et al. The association between obesity and asthma: interactions between systemic and airway inflammation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178, 469-475 (2008
201. Haldar P, Pavord ID, Shaw DE et al. Cluster analysis and clinical asthma phenotypes. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178, 218-224 (2008
202. Gibson PG. Inflammatory phenotypes in adult asthma: clinical applications. Clin. Respir. J. 3, 198-206 (2009
203. van Dixhoorn J, Duivenvoorden HJ. Efficacy of Nijmegen Questionnaire in recognition of the hyperventilation syndrome. J. Psychosom. Res. 29, 199-206 (1985). (Pubitemid 15053665)