Leprosy and HIV coinfection: A critical approach

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 701-710

  Massone, Cesare ^a   Talhari, Carolina ^b   Ribeiro Rodrigues, Rodrigo ^c   Sindeaux, Renata Helena Monteiro ^d   Mira, Marcelo Tavora ^d   Talhari, Sinesio ^b   Naafs, Bernard ^e,f,g  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

^b Tropical Medicine Foundation of Amazonas   (Brazil)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF ESPÍRITO SANTO   (Brazil)

^d PONTIFICAL CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF PARANÁ   (Brazil)

^e Stichting Polderma Emmeloord   (Netherlands)

^f KILIMANJARO CHRISTIAN MEDICAL CENTRE   (Tanzania)

^g INSTITUTO LAURO DE SOUZA LIMA   (Brazil)

Author keywords

AIDS; elimination; epidemiology; HAART; Hansen disease; HIV; immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; leprosy; leprosy reaction; TB

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; PREDNISONE;

CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; INCIDENCE; LEPROSY; MIXED INFECTION; MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; SEROPREVALENCE;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; COMORBIDITY; HIV; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; INCIDENCE; LEPROSY; MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 79959720193     PISSN: 14787210     EISSN: 17448336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.44     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Britton WJ, Lockwood DN. Leprosy. Lancet 363(9416), 1209-1219 (2004 (Pubitemid 38481849)
2. Global leprosy situation, 2010. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec. 85(35), 337-348 (2010
3. Naafs B. Leprosy and HIV: an analysis. Hansen Int. 25(1), 63-66 (2000
4. Ustianowski AP, Lawn SD, Lockwood DN. Interactions between HIV infection and leprosy: a paradox. Lancet Infect. Dis. 6(6), 350-360 (2006 (Pubitemid 43737271)
5. Deps PD, Lockwood DN. Leprosy occurring as immune reconstitution syndrome. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 102(10), 966-968 (2008
6. Naafs B. Some observations from the past year. Hansen Int. 29, 51-56 (2004
7. Landay AL, Bettendorf D, Chan E et al. Evidence of immune reconstitution in anti-retroviral drug-experienced patients with advanced HIV disease. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 18(2), 95-102 (2002 (Pubitemid 34161228)
8. Lawn SD, Wood C, Lockwood DN. Borderline tuberculoid leprosy: an immune reconstitution phenomenon in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected person. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36(1), e5-e6 (2003
9. Pignataro P, Rocha Ada S, Nery JA et al. Leprosy and AIDS: two cases of increasing inflammatory reactions at the start of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 23(5), 408-411 (2004 (Pubitemid 38797726)
10. Visco-Comandini U, Longo B, Cuzzi T, Paglia MG, Antonucci G. Tuberculoid leprosy in a patient with AIDS: a manifestation of immune restoration syndrome. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 36(11-12), 881-883 (2004 (Pubitemid 40074027)
11. Trindade MA, Manini MI, Masetti JH, Leite MA, Takashashi MD, Naafs B. Leprosy and HIV co-infection in five patients. Lepr. Rev. 76(2), 162-166 (2005 (Pubitemid 41039746)
12. Kharkar V, Bhor UH, Mahajan S, Khopkar U. Type I lepra reaction presenting as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 73(4), 253-256 (2007 (Pubitemid 47219996)
13. Batista MD, Porro AM, Maeda SM et al. Leprosy reversal reaction as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients with AIDS. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46, e56-e60 (2008 (Pubitemid 351417216)
14. Menezes VM, Sales AM, Illarramendi X et al. Leprosy reaction as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a case series of a Brazilian cohort. AIDS 23(6), 641-643 (2009
15. Couppiè P, Abel S, Voinchet H et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with HIV and leprosy. Arch. Dermatol. 140(8), 997-1000 (2004 (Pubitemid 39062652)
16. Martiniuk F, Rao SD, Rea TH et al. Leprosy as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-positive persons. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13(9), 1438-1440 (2007 (Pubitemid 47510328)
17. Trindade MA, Valente NY, Manini MI et al. Two patients coinfected with Mycobacterium leprae and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and naive for antiretroviral therapy who exhibited type 1 leprosy reactions mimicking the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44(12), 4616-4618 (2006 (Pubitemid 44937112)
18. Talhari C, Mira MT, Massone C et al. Leprosy and HIV coinfection: a clinical, pathological, immunological, and therapeutic study of a cohort from a Brazilian referral center for infectious diseases. J. Infect. Dis. 202(3), 345-354 (2010
19. Couppiè P, Domergue V, Clyti E et al. Increased incidence of leprosy following HAART initiation: a manifestation of the immune reconstitution disease. AIDS 23(12), 1599-1600 (2009
20. Vinay K, Smita J, Nikhil G, Neeta G. Human immunodeficiency virus and leprosy coinfection in Pune, India. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47(9), 2998-2999 (2009
21. Ridley DS, Jopling WH. Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system. Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis. 34(3), 255-273 (1966
22. Nunzi E, Massone C. Leprosy: A Practical Guide in Global Health. Springer, Berlin, Germany (2011) (In Press
23. Walker SL, Lockwood DN. Leprosy type 1 (reversal) reactions and their management. Lepr. Rev. 79(4), 372-386 (2008
24. Van Veen NH, Lockwood DN, Van Brakel WH, Ramirez J Jr, Richardus JH. Interventions for erythema nodosum leprosum. A Cochrane review. Lepr. Rev. 80(4), 355-372 (2009
25. Lockwood DN, Sarno E, Smith WC. Classifying leprosy patients-searching for the perfect solution? Lepr. Rev. 78(4), 317-320 (2007 (Pubitemid 351171799)
26. Deps P, Lockwood DN. Leprosy presenting as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: proposed definitions and classification. Lepr. Rev. 81(1), 59-68 (2010
27. +cells. Br. J. Dermatol. (2011) (In Press
28. Streeck H, Nixon DF. T cell immunity in acute HIV-1 infection. J. Infect. Dis. 202(Suppl. 2), S302-S308 (2010
29. Massone C, Nunzi E, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R et al. T regulatory cells and plasmocytoid dendritic cells in Hansen disease: a new insight into pathogenesis? Am. J. Dermatopathol. 32(3), 251-256 (2010
30. Gulia A, Fried I, Massone C. New insights in the pathogenesis and genetics of leprosy. F1000 Med. Rep. 2, 30 (2010
31. Nery JA, Sampaio EP, Galhardo MC et al. M. leprae-HIV co-infection: pattern of immune response in vivo and in vitro. Indian J. Lepr. 72(2), 155-167 (2000
32. Sampaio EP, Caneshi JR, Nery JA et al. Cellular immune response to Mycobacterium leprae infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Infect. Immun. 63(5), 1848-1854 (1995
33. Naafs B, Chin-A-Lien RA, Tank B, van Joost T. Human immunodeficiency virus and leprosy. Trop. Geogr. Med. 46(2), 119-122 (1994
34. +regulatory T cells suppress early stages of granuloma formation but have little impact on sarcoidosis lesions. Am. J. Pathol. 174(2), 497-508 (2009
35. Iyer AM, Mohanty KK, van Egmond D et al. Leprosy-specific B-cells within cellular infiltrates in active leprosy lesions. Hum. Pathol. 38(7), 1065-1073 (2007 (Pubitemid 46899151)
36. Arora DR, Gautam V, Gill PS, Mishra N. Recent advances in antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 108(1), 29-34 (2010
37. Talhari C, Machado PR, Ferreira LC, Talhari S. Shifting of the clinical spectrum of leprosy in an HIV-positive patient: a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome? Lepr. Rev. 78(2), 151-154 (2007 (Pubitemid 47451140)
38. Talhari C, Ferreira LC, Araujo JR, Talhari AC, Talhari S. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome or upgrading type 1 reaction? Report of two AIDS patients presenting a shifting from borderline lepromatous leprosy to borderline tuberculoid leprosy. Lepr. Rev. 79(4), 429-435 (2008
39. Sarno EN, Illarramendi X, Nery JA et al. HIV-M. leprae interaction: can HAART modify the course of leprosy? Public Health Rep. 123(2), 206-212 (2008
40. Whalen C, Horsburgh CR, Hom D et al. Accelerated course of human immunodeficiency virus infection after tuberculosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151(1), 129-135 (1995
41. Whalen CC, Nsubuga P, Okwera A et al. Impact of pulmonary tuberculosis on survival of HIV-infected adults: a prospective epidemiologic study in Uganda. AIDS 14(9), 1219-1228 (2000 (Pubitemid 30420666)
42. Pereira GA, Stefani MM, Araujo Filho JA, Souza LC, Stefani GP, Martelli CM. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and Mycobacterium leprae co-infection: HIV-1 subtypes and clinical, immunologic, and histopathologic profiles in a Brazilian cohort. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 71(5), 679-684 (2004 (Pubitemid 39601171)
43. de Almeida AM, Roselino AM, Foss NT. Leprosy and HIV infection. Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis. 62(1), 133-135 (1994
44. Moran CA, Nelson AM, Tuur SM, Luengu M, Fonseca L, Meyers WM. Leprosy in five human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Mod. Pathol. 8(6), 662-664 (1995
45. Müller M, Wandel S, Colebunders R, Attia S, Furrer H, Egger M; IeDEA Southern and Central Africa. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 10(4), 251-261 (2010
46. Opromolla DVA, Tonello CJS, Fleury RN. Borderline leprosy and HIV infection. Hansen Int. 25, 54-59 (2000
47. Abels S, Helenon R, Ray V, Sobesky G, Cubie A. Tuberculoid leprosy neuritis following initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy. Presented at: 13th International AIDS Conference. Durban, South Africa, 9-14 July 2000.
48. Pignataro PE, Nery JAC, Miranda A et al. Leprosy and AIDS: report of two cases in the beginning of HAART and inflammatory reactions. Presented at: 16th International Congress of Leprosy. Salvador, Brazil, 4-9 August 2002.
49. Pavie J, De Castro N, Molina JM, Flageul B. Severe peripheral neuropathy following HAART initiation in an HIV-infected patient with leprosy. J. Int. Assoc. Physicians AIDS Care (Chic. Ill.) 9(4), 232-235 (2010
50. Naafs B. Treatment of leprosy: science or politics? Trop. Med. Int. Health 11(3), 268-278 (2006
51. Worobec SM. Treatment of leprosy/ Hansen's disease in the early 21st Century. Dermatol. Ther. 22(6), 518-537 (2009
52. Roy S, Frodsham A, Saha B, Hazra SK, Mascie-Taylor CG, Hill AV. Association of vitamin D receptor genotype with leprosy type. J. Infect. Dis. 179(1), 187-191 (1999 (Pubitemid 29028354)
53. Meisner SJ, Mucklow S, Warner G, Sow SO, Lienhardt C, Hill AV. Association of NRAMP1 polymorphism with leprosy type but not susceptibility to leprosy per se in West Africans. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65(6), 733-735 (2001 (Pubitemid 34049464)
54. Rajalingam R, Singal DP, Mehra NK. Transporter associated with antigen-processing (TAP) genes and susceptibility to tuberculoid leprosy and pulmonary tuberculosis. Tissue Antigens 49(2), 168-172 (1997 (Pubitemid 27084700)
55. Moraes MO, Pacheco AG, Schonkeren JJ et al. Interleukin-10 promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms as markers for disease susceptibility and disease severity in leprosy. Genes Immun. 5(7), 592-595 (2004 (Pubitemid 39529977)
56. Vanderborght PR, Pacheco AG, Moraes ME et al. HLA-DRB1. *04 and DRB1. *10 are associated with resistance and susceptibility, respectively, in Brazilian and Vietnamese leprosy patients. Genes Immun. 8(4), 320-324 (2007 (Pubitemid 46888039)
57. Mira MT, Alcaïs A, Nguyen VT et al. Susceptibility to leprosy is associated with PARK2 and PACRG. Nature 427(6975), 636-640 (2004 (Pubitemid 38248483)
58. Alcais A, Alter A, Antoni G et al. Stepwise replication identifies a low-producing lymphotoxin-a allele as a major risk factor for early-onset leprosy. Nat. Genet. 39(4), 517-522 (2007 (Pubitemid 46514779)
59. Moraes MO, Duppre NC, Suffys PN et al. Tumor necrosis factor-a promoter polymorphism TNF2 is associated with a stronger delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the skin of borderline tuberculoid leprosy patients. Immunogenetics. 53(1), 45-47 (2001 (Pubitemid 32209412)
60. Alter A, de Lèsèleuc L, Van Thuc N et al. Genetic and functional analysis of common MRC1 exon 7 polymorphisms in leprosy susceptibility. Hum. Genet. 127(3), 337-348 (2010
61. Alter A, Grant A, Abel L, Alcaïs A, Schurr E. Leprosy as a genetic disease. Mamm. Genome. 22(1-2), 19-31 (2010
62. Wong SH, Hill AV, Vannberg FO et al. Genomewide association study of leprosy. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(15), 1446-1447 (2010
63. An P, Winkler CA. Host genes associated with HIV/AIDS: advances in gene discovery. Trends Genet. 26(3), 119-131 (2010
64. Malhotra D, Darvishi K, Sood S et al. IL-10 promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms are significantly associated with resistance to leprosy. Hum. Genet. 118(2), 295-300 (2005 (Pubitemid 41672092)
65. Shin HD, Winkler C, Stephens JC et al. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 pathogenesis to AIDS by promoter alleles of IL10. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97(26), 14467-14472 (2000 (Pubitemid 32016599)
66. Cobat A, Gallant CJ, Simkin L et al. Two loci control tuberculin skin test reactivity in an area hyperendemic for tuberculosis. J. Exp. Med. 206(12), 2583-2591 (2009
67. Zhang, FR, Huang W, Chen SM et al. Genomewide association study of leprosy. N. Engl. J. Med. 361(27), 2609-2618 (2009
68. Sopoh GE, Dossou AD, Brun LV et al. Severe multifocal form of buruli ulcer after streptomycin and rifampin treatment: comments on possible dissemination mechanisms. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83(2), 307-313 (2010
69. Kibadi K, Colebunders R, Muyembe- Tamfum JJ, Meyers WM, Portaels F. Buruli ulcer lesions in HIV-positive patient. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16(4), 738-739 (2010
70. Johnson RC, Nackers F, Glynn JR et al. Association of HIV infection and Mycobacterium ulcerans disease in Benin. AIDS 22(7), 901-903 (2008 (Pubitemid 351563842)
71. Silva MT, Portaels F, Pedrosa J. Pathogenetic mechanisms of the intracellular parasite Mycobacterium ulcerans leading to Buruli ulcer. Lancet Infect. Dis. 9(11), 699-710 (2010