메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 518-537

Treatment of leprosy/Hansen's disease in the early 21st century

Author keywords

Borderline; Erythema nodosum leprosum; Hansen's disease; Lepromatous; Leprosy; Lucio phenomenon; Multibacillary; Multiple drug therapy; Paucibacillary; Reversal reactions; Tuberculoid

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BCG VACCINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CETIRIZINE; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLOFAZIMINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; DAPSONE; ESTROGEN; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; INFLIXIMAB; LEVOFLOXACIN; MACROLIDE; METHADONE; METHOTREXATE; MINOCYCLINE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; OFLOXACIN; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PREDNISONE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RIFAMPICIN; THALIDOMIDE;

EID: 70449389204     PISSN: 13960296     EISSN: 15298019     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01274.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (31)

References (81)
  • 2
    • 0015195981 scopus 로고
    • The first decade in experimental leprosy
    • Shepard CC. The first decade in experimental leprosy. Bull W H O 1971 : 44 : 821 827.
    • (1971) Bull W H O , vol.44 , pp. 821-827
    • Shepard, C.C.1
  • 3
    • 33646467687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mouse foot-pad technique for cultivation of Mycobacterium leprae
    • Levy L, Ji B. The mouse foot-pad technique for cultivation of Mycobacterium leprae. Lepr Rev 2006 : 77 : 5 24.
    • (2006) Lepr Rev , vol.77 , pp. 5-24
    • Levy, L.1    Ji, B.2
  • 4
    • 0029597455 scopus 로고
    • Extended studies on the viability of Mycobacterium Leprae outside the human body
    • Desikan KV, Sreevatsa. Extended studies on the viability of Mycobacterium Leprae outside the human body. Lepr Rev 1995 : 66 (4 287 295.
    • (1995) Lepr Rev , vol.66 , Issue.4 , pp. 287-295
    • Desikan, K.V.1    Sreevatsa2
  • 8
    • 20844450995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the origin of leprosy
    • Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, et al. On the origin of leprosy. Science 2005 : 308 : 1040 1042.
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 1040-1042
    • Monot, M.1    Honoré, N.2    Garnier, T.3
  • 9
    • 27744441486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leprosy in wild armadillos
    • Truman, R. Leprosy in wild armadillos. Lepr Rev 2005 : 76 : 198 208.
    • (2005) Lepr Rev , vol.76 , pp. 198-208
    • Truman, R.1
  • 11
    • 0035931926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Massive gene decay in the leprosy bacillus
    • Cole ST, Eiglmeier K, Parkhill J, et al. Massive gene decay in the leprosy bacillus. Nature 2001 : 409 : 1007 1011.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.409 , pp. 1007-1011
    • Cole, S.T.1    Eiglmeier, K.2    Parkhill, J.3
  • 12
    • 70449352184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ch 159 Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
    • In. Fauci, A.S. Braunwald, E. Kasper, D.L. Hauser, S.L. Longo, D.L. Jameson, L. Loscalzo, J. eds. ed. New York. McGraw-Hill
    • Gelber RH. Ch 159 Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) In : Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson L, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine, 17th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill, 2008 : 1021 1027.
    • (2008) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th , pp. 1021-1027
    • Gelber, R.H.1
  • 14
    • 70449342091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ch 29 Leprosy
    • In. Burns, D.A. Breathnach, S.M. Cox, N. Griffiths, C.E. eds. Vol 2, 7th. eds. Oxford. Blackwell Publishing
    • Lockwood DNJ. Ch 29 Leprosy. In : Burns DA, Breathnach SM, Cox N, Griffiths CE, eds. Rook's textbook of dermatology Vol 2, 7th eds. Oxford : Blackwell Publishing, 2004 : 21.1 21.21.
    • (2004) Rook's Textbook of Dermatology , pp. 211-2121
    • Lockwood, D.N.J.1
  • 15
    • 70449355291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ch 186 Leprosy
    • In. Wolff, K. Goldsmith, L.A. Katz, S.I. Gilchrest, B.A. Paller, A.S. Leffell, D.J. eds. ed. New York. McGraw-Hill Professional
    • Rea TH, Modlin RL. Ch 186 Leprosy. In : Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, eds. Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine, 7th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill Professional, 2008 : 1786 1796.
    • (2008) Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 7th , pp. 1786-1796
    • Rea, T.H.1    Modlin, R.L.2
  • 16
    • 58049217551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new mycobacterium species causing diffuse lepromatous leprosy
    • Han XY, Seo Y-H, Sizer KC, et al. A new mycobacterium species causing diffuse lepromatous leprosy. Am J Clin Pathol 2008 : 130 : 856 864.
    • (2008) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.130 , pp. 856-864
    • Han, X.Y.1    Seo, Y.-H.2    Sizer, K.C.3
  • 17
    • 0038792654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatal Lucio's phenomenon in 2 patients with previously undiagnosed leprosy
    • Ang P, Tay Y-K, Ng S-K, et al. Fatal Lucio's phenomenon in 2 patients with previously undiagnosed leprosy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003 : 48 : 958 961.
    • (2003) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.48 , pp. 958-961
    • Ang, P.1    Tay, Y.-K.2    Ng, S.-K.3
  • 18
    • 0020567564 scopus 로고
    • A clinical and immunological study of four babies of mothers with lepromatous leprosy, two of whom developed leprosy in infancy
    • Duncan ME, Melsom R, Pearson JMH, et al. A clinical and immunological study of four babies of mothers with lepromatous leprosy, two of whom developed leprosy in infancy. Int J Lepr 1983 51 : 7 17.
    • (1983) Int J Lepr , vol.51 , pp. 7-17
    • Duncan, M.E.1    Melsom, R.2    Pearson, J.M.H.3
  • 19
    • 0000818737 scopus 로고
    • Two simultaneous cases of leprosy developing in tattoos
    • Porrit RJ, Olsen RS. Two simultaneous cases of leprosy developing in tattoos. Am J Pathol 1947 23 : 805 817.
    • (1947) Am J Pathol , vol.23 , pp. 805-817
    • Porrit, R.J.1    Olsen, R.S.2
  • 20
    • 7344260775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leprosy transmission and mucosal immunity: Towards eradication?
    • Cree IA, Smith WC. Leprosy transmission and mucosal immunity: towards eradication? Lepr Rev 1998 69 : 112 121.
    • (1998) Lepr Rev , vol.69 , pp. 112-121
    • Cree, I.A.1    Smith, W.C.2
  • 21
    • 33749628868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioural risk factors for leprosy in North-east Brazil: Results of a case-control study
    • Kerr-Pontes LRS, Barreto ML, Evangelista CMN, et al. Socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioural risk factors for leprosy in North-east Brazil: results of a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 2006 : 35 : 994 1000.
    • (2006) Int J Epidemiol , vol.35 , pp. 994-1000
    • Kerr-Pontes, L.R.S.1    Barreto, M.L.2    Evangelista, C.M.N.3
  • 22
    • 70449362336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization. . Accessed June 16
    • World Health Organization. WHO factsheet. http://www.who.int/lep/ strategy/wha/en/. Accessed June 16, 2009.
    • (2009) WHO Factsheet
  • 23
    • 49649111474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization.
    • World Health Organization. WHO weekly epidemiological record. 2008 : 83 (33 293 300.
    • (2008) WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record. , vol.83 , Issue.33 , pp. 293-300
  • 24
    • 0037157555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leprosy elimination- a virtual phenomenon or a reality?
    • Lockwood DNJ. Leprosy elimination- a virtual phenomenon or a reality? BMJ 2002 : 324 : 1516 1518
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.324 , pp. 1516-1518
    • Lockwood, D.N.J.1
  • 25
    • 70449340140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed June 2
    • http://www.who.int/lep/situation/en/. Accessed June 2, 2009.
    • (2009)
  • 26
    • 70449349111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leprosy
    • In. Rakel, R.E.*Bope E.T. eds. Philadelphia. Elsevier Health Sciences
    • Kumar B, Dogra SL. Leprosy. In : Rakel RE, Bope ET, eds. Conn's current therapy 2009. Philadelphia : Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008 : 97 103.
    • (2008) Conn's Current Therapy , pp. 97-103
    • Kumar, B.1    Dogra, S.L.2
  • 27
    • 4444319180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An update on the diagnosis and treatment of leprosy
    • Moschella SL. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of leprosy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004 : 51 : 417 426.
    • (2004) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.51 , pp. 417-426
    • Moschella, S.L.1
  • 29
    • 40749098461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leprosy strategy is about control, not eradication
    • Smith C Richardus JH. Leprosy strategy is about control, not eradication. Lancet 2008 : 371 : 969 970.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , pp. 969-970
    • Smith, C.1    Richardus, J.H.2
  • 30
    • 0036782611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disappearance of leprosy from Norway: An exploration of critical factors using an epidemiological modelling approach
    • Meima A, Irgens LM, van Oortmarssen GJ, et al. Disappearance of leprosy from Norway: an exploration of critical factors using an epidemiological modelling approach. Int J Epidemiol 2002 : 31 : 991 1000.
    • (2002) Int J Epidemiol , vol.31 , pp. 991-1000
    • Meima, A.1    Irgens, L.M.2    Van Oortmarssen, G.J.3
  • 31
    • 70449352183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration National Hansen's Disease Program. . Accessed June 2, 2009.
    • A summary of Hansen's disease in the United States-2006. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration National Hansen's Disease Program. http://www.hrsa.gov/hansens/data2006/. Accessed June 2, 2009.
    • A Summary of Hansen's Disease in the United States-2006
  • 32
    • 58149196833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization.
    • World Health Organization. WHO weekly epidemiological record. 2008 : 83 (50 449 460.
    • (2008) WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record. , vol.83 , Issue.50 , pp. 449-460
  • 33
    • 0002636044 scopus 로고
    • A twin study on leprosy
    • In. Becker, P.E. ed. Vol 1. Stuttgart. Georg Thieme
    • Chakravartti MR, Vogel FA. A twin study on leprosy. In : Becker PE, ed. Topics in human genetics Vol 1. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme, 1973 : 1 123.
    • (1973) Topics in Human Genetics , pp. 1-123
    • Chakravartti, M.R.1    Vogel, F.A.2
  • 35
    • 0031975989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility to leprosy is linked to the human NRAMP1 Gene
    • Abel L, Sanchez FO, Oberti J, et al. Susceptibility to leprosy is linked to the human NRAMP1 Gene. J Infect Dis 1998 : 177 : 133 145.
    • (1998) J Infect Dis , vol.177 , pp. 133-145
    • Abel, L.1    Sanchez, F.O.2    Oberti, J.3
  • 36
    • 10744220764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility to leprosy is associated with PARK2 and PACRG
    • Mira MT, Alcais A, Nguyen VT, et al. Susceptibility to leprosy is associated with PARK2 and PACRG. Nature 2004 : 427 : 636 640.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.427 , pp. 636-640
    • Mira, M.T.1    Alcais, A.2    Nguyen, V.T.3
  • 37
    • 3442882156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkage of leprosy susceptibility to Parkinson's disease genes
    • Buschman E, Skameme E. Linkage of leprosy susceptibility to Parkinson's disease genes. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Infect 2004 : 72 : 169 170.
    • (2004) Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Infect , vol.72 , pp. 169-170
    • Buschman, E.1    Skameme, E.2
  • 38
    • 70349658386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are associated with protection against leprosy
    • Bochud P-Y, Sinsimer D, Aderem A, et al. Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are associated with protection against leprosy. Eur J Clin Microbiol and Infect Dis 2009 : 28 : 1055 1065.
    • (2009) Eur J Clin Microbiol and Infect Dis , vol.28 , pp. 1055-1065
    • Bochud, P.-Y.1    Sinsimer, D.2    Aderem, A.3
  • 39
    • 0024689482 scopus 로고
    • Leprosy in infants-report of two cases
    • Girdhar A, Mishra B, Lavania RK, et al. Leprosy in infants-report of two cases. Int J Lepr 1989 : 57 (2 472 475.
    • (1989) Int J Lepr , vol.57 , Issue.2 , pp. 472-475
    • Girdhar, A.1    Mishra, B.2    Lavania, R.K.3
  • 40
    • 33947222462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indeterminate leprosy in an infant
    • Krishna Moorthy KV, Desikan KV. Indeterminate leprosy in an infant. Lepr Rev 2006 : 77 : 377 380.
    • (2006) Lepr Rev , vol.77 , pp. 377-380
    • Krishna Moorthy, K.V.1    Desikan, K.V.2
  • 41
    • 70449401877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed May 30
    • http://www.who.int/lep/situation/americas/en/index.html. Accessed May 30, 2009.
    • (2009)
  • 42
    • 0013931934 scopus 로고
    • Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system
    • Ridley DS, Jopling WH. Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1966 : 34 : 255 273.
    • (1966) Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis , vol.34 , pp. 255-273
    • Ridley, D.S.1    Jopling, W.H.2
  • 44
    • 33846254946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical and immunological features of leprosy
    • Walker SL, Lockwood DNJ. The clinical and immunological features of leprosy. Br Med Bull 2006 : 1 19.
    • (2006) Br Med Bull , pp. 1-19
    • Walker, S.L.1    Lockwood, D.N.J.2
  • 45
    • 0002884831 scopus 로고
    • Clinical leprosy
    • In. Hastings, R.C. ed. ed. Edinburgh. Churchill Livingstone
    • Pfaltzgraff RE, Bryceson A. Clinical leprosy. In : Hastings RC, ed. Leprosy, 1st ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 1985 : 134 176.
    • (1985) Leprosy, 1st , pp. 134-176
    • Pfaltzgraff, R.E.1    Bryceson, A.2
  • 46
    • 0004093539 scopus 로고
    • Skin biopsy in leprosy
    • Documenta Geigy. Basel, Switzerland. Ciba-Geigy Limited
    • Ridley D. Skin biopsy in leprosy. Histologic interpretation and clinical application. Documenta Geigy. Basel, Switzerland : Ciba-Geigy Limited, 1977 : 13.
    • (1977) Histologic Interpretation and Clinical Application. , pp. 13
    • Ridley, D.1
  • 47
    • 70449401876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • InAndrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology, 10th. ed. Saunders W B Co.
    • James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM. Chapter 17 Hansen's disease. In Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology, 10th ed. Saunders W B Co., 2005 : 343 352.
    • (2005) Chapter 17 Hansen's Disease , pp. 352
    • James, W.D.1    Berger, T.G.2    Elston, D.M.3
  • 48
    • 84976972756 scopus 로고
    • Ear, nose and throat involvement in leprosy
    • In. Hastings, R.C. ed. Edinburgh. Churchill Livingstone
    • Barton RPE. Ear, nose and throat involvement in leprosy. In : Hastings RC, ed. Leprosy. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 1985 : 243 252.
    • (1985) Leprosy. , pp. 252
    • Barton, R.P.E.1
  • 49
    • 0018181388 scopus 로고
    • Greater auricular nerve in diagnosis of leprosy
    • Lynch P. Greater auricular nerve in diagnosis of leprosy. Br Med J 1978 : iv : 1340.
    • (1978) Br Med J , vol.4 , pp. 1340
    • Lynch, P.1
  • 50
    • 70449418333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed June 14
    • http://www.who.int/lep/mdt/regimens/en/index.html. Accessed June 14, 2009.
    • (2009)
  • 51
    • 0031778978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-dose rifampicin, oflaxicin and minocycline (ROM) therapy for single leprosy lesions
    • Ramu G. Single-dose rifampicin, oflaxicin and minocycline (ROM) therapy for single leprosy lesions. Lepr Rev 1998 69 (1 78 82.
    • (1998) Lepr Rev , vol.69 , Issue.1 , pp. 78-82
    • Ramu, G.1
  • 52
    • 0031781763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there a microbiological rationale for single-dose treatment of leprosy?
    • Katoch VM. Is there a microbiological rationale for single-dose treatment of leprosy? Lepr Rev 1998 : 69 : 2 5.
    • (1998) Lepr Rev , vol.69 , pp. 2-5
    • Katoch, V.M.1
  • 55
    • 70449334769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed June 12
    • http://www.hrsa.gov/hansens/clinical/regimens.htm. Accessed June 12, 2009.
    • (2009)
  • 57
    • 0026664987 scopus 로고
    • Intravascular hemolysis and acute renal failure following intermittent rifampin therapy
    • Gupta A, Sakhuja V, Gupta KL, et al. Intravascular hemolysis and acute renal failure following intermittent rifampin therapy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1992 : 60 : 185 188.
    • (1992) Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis , vol.60 , pp. 185-188
    • Gupta, A.1    Sakhuja, V.2    Gupta, K.L.3
  • 58
    • 0032408723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fixed drug eruption due to rifampin
    • John SS. Fixed drug eruption due to rifampin. Lepr Rev 1998 : 69 : 397 399.
    • (1998) Lepr Rev , vol.69 , pp. 397-399
    • John, S.S.1
  • 59
    • 70449362335 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of leprosy
    • In. Hastings, R.C. ed. ed. Edinburgh. Churchill Livingstone
    • Jacobsen, RR. Treatment of leprosy. In : Hastings RC, ed. Leprosy, 2nd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 1994 : 317 349.
    • (1994) Leprosy, 2nd , pp. 349
    • Jacobsen, R.R.1
  • 60
    • 0031758301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The management of leprosy reversal reactions
    • Britton W. The management of leprosy reversal reactions. Lepr Rev 1998 : 69 : 225 234.
    • (1998) Lepr Rev , vol.69 , pp. 225-234
    • Britton, W.1
  • 61
    • 33646261610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of leprosy reactions
    • Burdick AE, Ramirez CC. The role of mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of leprosy reactions. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 2005 : 73 : 127 128.
    • (2005) Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis , vol.73 , pp. 127-128
    • Burdick, A.E.1    Ramirez, C.C.2
  • 62
    • 34447568186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methotrexate treatment for type 1 (reversal) leprosy reactions
    • Biosca G, Casallo S, Lopez-Velez R. Methotrexate treatment for type 1 (reversal) leprosy reactions. Clin Infect Dis 2007 : 45 : e7 e9.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45
    • Biosca, G.1    Casallo, S.2    Lopez-Velez, R.3
  • 63
    • 4043103520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with HIV and leprosy
    • Couppie P, Abel S, Voinchet H, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with HIV and leprosy. Arch Dermatol 2004 : 140 : 997 1000.
    • (2004) Arch Dermatol , vol.140 , pp. 997-1000
    • Couppie, P.1    Abel, S.2    Voinchet, H.3
  • 64
    • 65949083320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borderline tuberculoid leprosy with upgrading Type 1 reaction in a HIV seropositive patient, after antiretroviral therapy: An Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
    • Kar HK, Sharma P, Bhardwaj M. Borderline tuberculoid leprosy with upgrading Type 1 reaction in a HIV seropositive patient, after antiretroviral therapy: an Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome. Lepr Rev 2009 : 80 : 85 88.
    • (2009) Lepr Rev , vol.80 , pp. 85-88
    • Kar, H.K.1    Sharma, P.2    Bhardwaj, M.3
  • 65
    • 4544240113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of recurring cutaneous drug reactions in patients with human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection: A series of 3 cases
    • Dolev J, Reyter I, Maurer T. Treatment of recurring cutaneous drug reactions in patients with human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection: a series of 3 cases. Arch Dermatol 2004 : 140 : 1051 1053.
    • (2004) Arch Dermatol , vol.140 , pp. 1051-1053
    • Dolev, J.1    Reyter, I.2    Maurer, T.3
  • 66
    • 0036900839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Painful skin nodules and epididymo-orchitis
    • Ling TC, Prescott RJ, Daly M. Painful skin nodules and epididymo-orchitis. Arch Dermatol 2002 : 138 : 1607 1612.
    • (2002) Arch Dermatol , vol.138 , pp. 1607-1612
    • Ling, T.C.1    Prescott, R.J.2    Daly, M.3
  • 67
    • 33747347862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum with infliximab
    • Faber WR, Jensema AJ, Goldschmidt WFM. Treatment of recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum with infliximab. N Engl J Med 2006 : 355 (7 739.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , Issue.7 , pp. 739
    • Faber, W.R.1    Jensema, A.J.2    Goldschmidt, W.F.M.3
  • 69
    • 79952390856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
    • In. Rakel, R.E. Bope, E.T. eds. ed. St. Louis. Saunders Elsevier
    • Scollard DM, Joyce MP. Leprosy (Hansen's Disease). In : Rakel RE, Bope ET, eds. Conn's current therapy, 55th ed. St. Louis : Saunders Elsevier, 2003 : 101 105.
    • (2003) Conn's Current Therapy, 55th , pp. 105
    • Scollard, D.M.1    Joyce, M.P.2
  • 70
    • 70449357712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ch. 18 Leprosy
    • In. Gill, G. Beeching, N. eds. ed. Oxford. Blackwell Publishing
    • Lockwood D. Ch. 18 Leprosy. In Gill G, Beeching N, eds. Lecture notes: tropical medicine, 6th ed. Oxford : Blackwell Publishing, 2009 : 171 182.
    • (2009) Lecture Notes: Tropical Medicine, 6th , pp. 182
    • Lockwood, D.1
  • 71
    • 70449357711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization. 2008. . Accessed June 20
    • World Health Organization. WHO model prescribing information: drugs used in Leprosy. 2008. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2988e/10.html. Accessed June 20, 2009.
    • (2009) WHO Model Prescribing Information: Drugs Used in Leprosy
  • 72
    • 0019409626 scopus 로고
    • The association of pregnancy and leprosy.1. New cases, relapse of cured patients and deterioration of patients on treatment during pregnancy and lactation-results of a prospective study of 154 pregnacies in 147 Ethiopian women
    • Duncan ME, Melson R, Pearson JMH, Ridley DS. The association of pregnancy and leprosy.1. New cases, relapse of cured patients and deterioration of patients on treatment during pregnancy and lactation-results of a prospective study of 154 pregnacies in 147 Ethiopian women. Lepr Rev 1981 : 52 : 245 262.
    • (1981) Lepr Rev , vol.52 , pp. 245-262
    • Duncan, M.E.1    Melson, R.2    Pearson, J.M.H.3    Ridley, D.S.4
  • 74
    • 50949085421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth and development of children of mothers with leprosy and healthy controls
    • Suppl.
    • Duncan ME, Miko T, Howe R, et al. Growth and development of children of mothers with leprosy and healthy controls. Ethiop Med J 2007 : 45 (Suppl. 1 9 23.
    • (2007) Ethiop Med J , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-23
    • Duncan, M.E.1    Miko, T.2    Howe, R.3
  • 75
    • 4043050870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case of post-partum borderline tuberculoid leprosy complicated by a median nerve abscess, peptic ulceration and rifampicin-induced haemolytic renal failure
    • Dawe S, Lockwood DNJ, Creamer D. A case of post-partum borderline tuberculoid leprosy complicated by a median nerve abscess, peptic ulceration and rifampicin-induced haemolytic renal failure. Lepr Rev 2004 : 75 : 181 187.
    • (2004) Lepr Rev , vol.75 , pp. 181-187
    • Dawe, S.1    Lockwood, D.N.J.2    Creamer, D.3
  • 77
    • 33746705745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of leprosy and Type 1 leprosy reactions after treatment with infliximab: A report of two cases
    • Scollard DM, Joyce MP, Gillis TP. Development of leprosy and Type 1 leprosy reactions after treatment with infliximab: a report of two cases. Clin Infect Dis 2006 : 43 : e19 e22.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43
    • Scollard, D.M.1    Joyce, M.P.2    Gillis, T.P.3
  • 78
    • 62649128929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 1 leprosy reaction manifesting after discontinuation of adalimumab therapy
    • Camacho ID, Valencia I, Rivas MP, et al. Type 1 leprosy reaction manifesting after discontinuation of adalimumab therapy. Arch Dermatol 2009 : 145 (3 349 351.
    • (2009) Arch Dermatol , vol.145 , Issue.3 , pp. 349-351
    • Camacho, I.D.1    Valencia, I.2    Rivas, M.P.3
  • 79
    • 70449403899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of Public Health, Louisiana Dept. of Health & Hospitals; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section. Hansen's Disease (Leprosy), Oct. 8, 2004.
    • Office of Public Health, Louisiana Dept. of Health & Hospitals; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section. Hansen's Disease (Leprosy), Oct. 8, 2004.
  • 80
    • 70449355290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed June 9
    • http://www.hrsa.gov/hansens/history.htm. Accessed June 9, 2009.
    • (2009)
  • 81
    • 70449387512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed April 29
    • http://www.fortyandeight.org/star.htm. Accessed April 29, 2009.
    • (2009)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.