Nutraceutical and specialty lipids

Nutraceutical and Specialty Lipids and their Co-Products

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-25

  Shahidi, Fereidoon ^a   Senanayake, S P J N ^a,b  

^a MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^b Martek Biosciences Corporation   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79958797387     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (96)

1. Lee, R.M.K.W., Fish oil, essential fatty acids, and hypertension, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 72, 945-953, 1994.
2. Nettleton, J.A., n-3 Fatty acids: comparison of plant and seafood sources in human nutrition, J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 91, 331-337, 1991.
3. Simopoulos, A.P., Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 54, 438-463, 1991.
4. Newton, I.S., Long chain fatty acids in health and nutrition. J. Food Lipids, 3, 233-249, 1996.
5. Lovern, J.A., The lipids of marine organisms, Ocenogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 2, 169-191, 1964.
6. Menzel, D.B. and Olcott, H.S., Positional distribution of fatty acids in fish and other animal lecithins, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 84, 133-137, 1964.
7. Young, F.V.K., The production and use of fish oils, in Nutritional Evaluation of Long-Chain Fatty Acids, Barlow, S.M. and Stansby, M.E., Academic Press, London, 1982, pp. 1-23.
8. Bligh, E.G. and Dyer, W.J., A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification, Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 37, 911-917, 1959.
9. Christie, W.W., Analysis of complex lipids, in Lipid Analysis, 2nd ed., Pergamon Press, New York, 1982, pp. 107-134.
10. Parrish, C.C., Separation of aquatic lipid classes by chromarod thin-layer chromatography with measurement by iatroscan flame ionization detection, Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci., 44, 722-731, 1987.
11. Stein, J., Chemically defined structured lipids: current status and future directions in gastrointestinal diseases, Int. J. Colorect. Dis., 14, 79-85, 1999.
12. Hashim, A. and Babayan, V.K., Studies in man of partially absorbed dietary fats, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 31, 5273-5276, 1978.
13. Ruppin, H., Bar-Meir, S., Soergel, K.H., Wood, C.M., and Schmitt, M.G., Absorption of short chain fatty acids by the colon, Gastroenterology, 78, 1500-1507, 1980.
14. Kripke, S.A., De Paula, J.A., Berman, J.M., Fox, A.D., Rombeau, J.L., and Settle, R.G., Experimental short-bowel syndrome: effect of an elemental diet supplemented with short-chain triglycerides, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 53, 954-962, 1991.
15. Harada, E. and Kato, S., Am J. Physiol., 244, G284-G290, 1983.
16. Roediger, W.E.W. and Rae, D.A., Brit. J. Surg., 69, 23-25, 1982.
17. Senanayake, S.P.J.N. and Shahidi, F., Structured lipids containing long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in Seafood in Health and Nutrition. Transformation in Fisheries and Aquaculture: Global Perspectives, Shahidi, F., Ed., ScienceTech, St. John’s, NF, Canada, 2000, pp. 29-44.
18. Bell, S.J., Mascioli, E.A., Bistrian, B.R., Babayan, V.K., and Blackburn, G.L., Alternative lipid sources for enteral and parenteral nutrition: long- and medium-chain triglycerides, structured triglycerides, and fish oils. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 91, 74-78, 1991.
19. Young, F.V.K., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 60, 374-379, 1983.
20. Megremis, C.L., Medium-chain triglycerides: a nonconventional fat, Food Technol., 45, 108-110, 1991.
21. Heird, W.C., Grundy, S.M., and Hubbard, V.S., Structured lipids and their use in clinical nutrition, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 43, 320-324, 1986.
22. Lee, T.W. and Hastilow, C.I., Quantitative determination of triacylglycerol profile of structured lipid by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography and high-temperature gas chromatogaphy, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 76, 1405-1413, 1999.
23. Ikeda, I., Tomari, Y., Sugano, M., Watanabe, S., and Nagata, J., Lymphatic absorption of structured glycerolipids containing medium-chain fatty acids and linoleic acid, and their effect on cholesterol absorption in rats, Lipids, 26, 369-373, 1991.
24. Mascioli, E.A., Bistrian, B.R., Babayan, V.K., and Blackburn, G.L., Medium-chain triglycerides and structured lipids as unique nonglucose energy sources in hyperalimentation, Lipids, 22, 421-423, 1987.
25. Bell, S.J., Bradley, D., Forse, R.A., and Bistrian, B.R., The new dietary fats in health and disease, J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 97, 280-286, 1997.
26. Johnson, R.C., Young, S.K., Cotter, R., Lin, L., and Rowe, W.B., Medium-chain-triglyceride lipid emulsion:metabolism and tissue distribution, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 52, 502-508, 1990.
27. Babayan, V.K., Medium-chain triglycerides and structured lipids, Lipids, 22, 417-420, 1987.
28. Heydinger, J.A. and Nakhasi, D.K., Medium chain triacylglycerols, J. Food Lipids, 3, 251-257, 1996.
29. Haumann, B.F., Structured lipids allow fat tailoring, INFORM, 8, 1004-1011, 1997.
30. Ulrich, H., Pastores, S.M., Katz, D.P., and Kvetan, V., Parenteral use of medium-chain triglycerides: a reappraisal, Nutrition, 12, 231-238, 1996.
31. Kennedy, J.P., Structured lipids: fats for the future, Food Technol., 11, 76-83, 1991.
32. Bach, A.C. and Babayan, V.K., Medium-chain triglycerides: an update, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 36, 950-962, 1982.
33. Horrobin, D.F., Gamma linolenic acid: an intermediate in essential fatty acid metabolism with potential as an ethical pharmaceutical and as a food, Rev. Contemp. Pharmacother., 1, 1-41, 1990.
34. Salem, N., Jr. and Ward, G.R., Are n-3 fatty acids essential nutrients for mammals?, World Rev. Nutr. Diet., 72, 128-147, 1993.
35. Kinsella, J.E., Lokesh, B., and Stone, R.A., Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 52, 1-28, 1990.
36. Weber, P.C. and Leaf, A., Cardiovascular effects of n-3 fatty acids, World Rev. Nutr. Diet., 66, 218-232, 1991.
37. Endres, S., De Caterina, R., Schmidt, E.B., and Kristensen, S.D., n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids: update 1995. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 25, 629-638, 1995.
38. Bang, H.O. and Dyerberg, J., Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Greenlandic West-coast Eskimos, Acta Med. Scand., 192, 85-94, 1972.
39. Bang, H.O. and Dyerberg, J., Lipid metabolism and ischemic heart disease in Greenland Eskimos, Adv. Nutr. Res., 3, 1-21, 1986.
40. Carlson, S., The role of PUFA in infant nutrition, INFORM 6, 940-946, 1995.
41. Branden, L.M. and Carroll, K.K., Dietary polyunsaturated fats in relation to mammary carcinogenesis in rats, Lipids, 21, 285-288, 1986.
42. Groom, H., Oil-rich fish, Nutr. Food Sci., Nov./Dec., 4-8, 1993.
43. Rice, R., Lipid Technol., 23, 112-116, 1991.
44. Bajpai, P. and Bajpai, P.K., Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production from microorganisms: a review, J. Biotech., 30, 161-183, 1993.
45. Shahidi, F., Seal blubber, in Seal Fishery and Product Development, ScienceTech, St. John’s, Canada, 1998, pp. 99-146.
46. Wanasundara U.N. and Shahidi, F., Positional distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols of seal blubber oil, J. Food Lipids, 4, 51-64, 1997.
47. Bimbo, A.P. The emerging marine oil industry, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 64, 706-715, 1987.
48. Carr, R.A., Refining and degumming systems for edible fats and oils, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 55, 765-771, 1978.
49. Wanasundara, U.N. and Shahidi, F., Stabilization of seal blubber and menhaden oils with green tea catechins, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 1183-1190, 1996.
50. Wanasundara, U.N. and Shahidi, F., Storage stability of microencapsulated seal blubber oil, J. Food Lipids, 2, 73-86, 1995.
51. Bimbo, A.P., Technology of production and industrial utilization of marine oils, in Marine Biogenic Lipids, Fats and Oils, Ackman, R.G., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989, pp. 401-433.
52. Newton, I.S., Food enrichment with long-chain n-3 PUFA, Food Technol., 7, 169-177, 1996.
53. Beaubaire, N.A. and Simon, J.E., Production potential of Borago officinalis L., Acta Horticulturae, 208, 101-103, 1987.
54. Senanayake, S.P.J.N. and Shahidi, F., Lipid components of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds and their changes during germination, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 77, 55-61, 2000.
55. Hudson, B.J.F., Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) oil and seed, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 61, 540-543, 1984.
56. Wolf, R.B., Kleiman, R., and England, R.E., New sources of γ-linolenic acid, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 60, 1858-1860, 1983.
57. Gibson, R.A., Lines, D.R., and Neumann, M.A., Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) content of encapsulated evening primrose oil products, Lipids, 27, 82-84, 1992.
58. Fieldsend, A., Evening primrose-from garden flower to oilseed crop, The Horticulturist, 5, 2-5, 1996.
59. Helme, J.P., Evening primrose, borage, and blackcurrant seeds, in Oils and Fats Manual. A Comprehensive Treatise. Properties, Productions and Applications, Karleskind, A., Ed., Intercept, Andover, UK, 1996, pp. 168-179.
60. Lawson, L.D. and Hughes, B.G., Triacylglycerol structure of plant and fungal oils containing γ-linolenic acid, Lipids, 23, 313-317, 1988.
61. Traitler, H., Winter, H., Richli, U., and Ingenbleek, Y., Characterization of γ-linolenic acid in Ribes seed, Lipids, 19, 923-928, 1984.
62. Walker, M., Medicinal oils, Health Foods Business, 37, 95-96, 1991.
63. Merck Index., An Encyclopedia of Chemical, Drugs and Biologicals, 10th ed., Merck and Co., Rahway, NJ, 1983.
64. Shahidi, F. and Wanasundara, U.N., Omega-3 fatty acid concentrates: nutritional aspects and production technologies, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 9, 230-240, 1998.
65. Hayes, D.G., Alstine, J.M.V., and Setterwall, F., Urea-based fractionation of seed oil samples containing fatty acids and acylglycerols of polyunsaturated and hydroxy fatty acids, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 77, 207-213, 2000.
66. Spurvey, S.A. and Shahidi, F., Concentration of gamma linolenic acid (GLA) from borage oil by urea complexation: optimization of reaction conditions, J. Food Lipids, 7, 163-174, 2000
67. Haagsma, N., Gent, C.M., Luten, J.B., Jong, R.W., and Doorn, E., Preparation of an ω3 fatty acid concentrate from cod liver oil, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 59, 117-118, 1982.
68. Gandhi, N.N., Applications of lipase, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 74, 621-634, 1997.
69. Villeneuve, P. and Foglia, T.A., Lipase specificities: potential application in lipid bioconversions, INFORM, 8, 640-650, 1997.
70. Macrae, A.R., Lipase-catalyzed interesterification of oils and fats, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 60, 291-294, 1983.
71. Macrae, A.R., Interesterification of fats and oils, in Biocatalysis in Organic Syntheses, Tramper, H.C., van der Plas, and Linko, P., Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985, pp. 195-208.
72. Quinlan, P. and Moore, S., Modification of triglycerides by lipases: process technology and its application to the production of nutritionally improved fats, INFORM, 4, 580-585, 1993.
73. Senanayake, S.P.J.N. and Shahidi, F., Enzyme-assisted acidolysis of borage (Borago officinalis L.) and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) oils: incorporation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 3105-3112, 1999.
74. Senanayake, S.P.J.N. and Shahidi, F., Enzymatic incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid into borage oil, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 76, 1009-1015, 1999.
75. Senanayake, S.P.J.N. and Shahidi, F., Modified oils containing highly unsaturated fatty acids and their stability, in Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Chemistry, Nutrition and Health Effects, Shahidi, F. and Finley, J.W., Eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2001, pp. 162-173.
76. Mohamed, H.M.A. and Larsson, K., Modification of fats by lipase interesterification: 2. Effect on crystallisation behaviour and functional properties, Fat Sci. Technol., 96, 56-59, 1994.
77. Posorske, L.H., LeFebvre, G.K., Miller, C.A., Hansen, T.T., and Glenvig, B.L., Process considerations of continuous fat modification with an immobilised lipase, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 65, 922-926, 1988.
78. Scott, F.W. and Lee, N.S., Recommendations for defining and dealing with functional foods, Report of the Bureau of Nutritional Science Committee on Functional Foods, Food Directorate, Health Protection Branch, Ottawa, 1996.
79. Akoh, C.C. and Moussata, C.O., Lipase-catalyzed modification of borage oil: incorporation of capric and eicosapentaenoic acids to form structured lipids, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75, 697-701, 1998.
80. Huang, K. and Akoh, C.C., Lipase-catalyzed incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into vegetable oils, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 71, 1277-1280, 1994.
81. Akoh, C.C. and Sista, R.V., Enzymatic modification of borage oil: incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid, J. Food Lipids, 2, 231-238, 1995.
82. Akoh, C.C., Jennings, B.H., and Lillard, D.A., Enzymatic modification of evening primrose oil: incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 1059-1062, 1996.
83. Sridhar, R. and Lakshminarayana, G., Incorporation of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids into groundnut oil by lipase-catalyzed ester interchange, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 69, 1041-1042, 1992.
84. Ju, Y., Huang, F., and Fang, C., The incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into acylglycerols of borage oil via lipase-catalyzed reactions, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75, 961-965, 1998.
85. Huang, K., Akoh, C.C., and Erickson, M.C., Enzymatic modification of melon seed oil: incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid, J. Agric. Food Chem., 42, 2646-2648, 1994.
86. Jennings, B.H. and Akoh, C.C., Enzymatic modification of triacylglycerols of high eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids content to produce structured lipids, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 76, 1133-1137, 1999.
87. Iwasaki, Y., Han, J.J., Narita, M., Rosu, R., and Yamane, T., Enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids from single cell oil of high docosahexaenoic acid content, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 76, 563-569, 1999.
88. Spurvey, S.A., Senanayake, S.P.J.N., and Shahidi, F., Enzyme-assisted acidolysis of menhaden and seal blubber oils with gamma-linolenic acid, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 78, 1105-1112, 2001.
89. Smith, R.E., Finley, J.W., and Leveille, G.A., Overview of SALATRIM, a family of low-calorie fats, J. Agric. Food. Chem., 42, 432-434, 1994.
90. Schaich, K.M., Rethinking low-fat formulations: matching fat functionality to molecular characteristics, The Manufacturing Confectioner, June, 109-122, 1997.
91. Artz, W.E. and Hansen, S.L., Current developments in fat replacers, in Food Lipids and Health, McDonald, R.E. and Min, D.B., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996, pp. 385-415.
92. Kosmark, R., Salatrim: properties and applications, Food Technol., 50, 98-101, 1996.
93. Babayan, V.K., Blackburn, G.L., and Bistrian, B.R., Structured Lipid Containing Dairy Fat, US Patent 4, 952, 606, 1990.
94. Sandrou, D.K. and Arvanitoyannis, I.S., Low-fat/calorie foods: current state and perspectives, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 40, 427-447, 2000.
95. Dziezak, J.D., Fats, oils and fat substitutes, Food Technol., July, 66-74, 1989.
96. McClements, D.J. and Demetriades, K., An integrated approach to the development of reduced-fat food emulsions, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 38, 511-536, 1998.