Time to give up the dogmas of attribution. An alternative theory of behavior explanation

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 44, Issue , 2011, Pages 297-352

  Malle, Bertram F ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Actor observer; Attribution; Behavior explanation; Causality; Folk psychology; Intention; Person situation; Social cognition; Social perception; Social psychology; Theory of mind

Indexed keywords

EID: 79958019389     PISSN: 00652601     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00006-8     Document Type: Book

References (195)

1. Abelson R.P., Lalljee M. Knowledge structures and causal explanation. Contemporary science and natural explanation: Commonsense conceptions of causality 1988, 175-203. New York University Press, New York, NY. D.J. Hilton (Ed.).
2. Ahn W.K., Kalish C.W., Medin D.L., Gelman S.A. The role of covariation versus mechanism information in causal attribution. Cognition 1995, 54:299-352.
3. Alicke M.D. Culpable causation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1992, 63:368-378.
4. Ames D.R., Knowles E.D., Morris M.W., Kalish C.W., Rosati A.D., Gopnik A. The social folk theorist: Insights from social and cultural psychology on the contents and contexts of folk theorizing. Intentions and intentionality: Foundations of social cognition 2001, 307-330. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. B.F. Malle, L.J. Moses, D.A. Baldwin (Eds.).
5. Anderson C.A. The causal structure of situations: The generation of plausible causal attributions as a function of type of event situation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1983, 19:185-203.
6. Antaki C. Explaining and arguing: The social organization of accounts 1994, Sage, London.
7. Aronson E. The social animal 2002, Wiley, New York, NY. 8th ed.
8. Aronson E., Wilson T.D., Akert R.M. Social psychology 2010, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 7th ed.
9. Astington J.W. The paradox of intention: Assessing children's metarepresentational understanding. Intentions and intentionality: Foundations of social cognition 2001, 85-103. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. B.F. Malle, L.J. Moses, D.A. Baldwin (Eds.).
10. Atkinson J.M., Heritage J. Structures of social action: Studies in conversation analysis 1984, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
11. Baird J.A., Baldwin D.A. Making sense of human behavior: Action parsing and intentional inference. Intentions and intentionality: Foundations of social cognition 2001, 193-206. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. B.F. Malle, L.J. Moses, D.A. Baldwin (Eds.).
12. Baldwin D.A., Baird J.A., Saylor M.M., Clark M.A. Infants parse dynamic action. Child Development 2001, 72:708-717.
13. Baron-Cohen S. The girl who liked to shout in church. Mental lives: Case studies in cognition 1992, 11-23. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. R. Campbell (Ed.).
14. Understanding other minds: Perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience 2000, Oxford University Press, New York. 2nd ed. S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg, D.J. Cohen (Eds.).
15. Bartsch K., Wellman H.M. Children talk about the mind 1995, Oxford University Press, New York.
16. Bazarova N.N., Hancock J.T. From dispositional attributions to behavior motives: The folk-conceptual theory and implications for communication. Communication Yearbook 2010, 34:63-91.
17. Begeer S., Banerjee R., Lunenburg P., Meerum Terwogt M., Stegge H., Rieffe C. Brief report: Self-presentation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2008, 38:1187-1191.
18. Bertenthal B.I. Infants' perception of biomechanical motions: Intrinsic image and knowledge-based constraints. Visual perception and cognition in infancy 1993, 175-214. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. C. Granrud (Ed.).
19. Block J., Funder D.C. Social roles and social perception: Individual differences in attribution and error. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 51:1200-1207.
20. Bloom P., Veres C. The perceived intentionality of groups. Cognition 1999, 71:B1-B9.
21. Bradbury T.N., Fincham F.D. Attributions in marriage: Review and critique. Psychological Bulletin 1990, 107:3-33.
22. Breazeal C.L. Designing sociable robots 2004, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
23. Bruner J. Acts of meaning 1990, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
24. Burke K. A grammar of motives 1945, Prentice-Hall, New York.
25. Buss A.R. Causes and reasons in attribution theory: A conceptual critique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1978, 36:1311-1321.
26. Bybee J.L., Perkins R.D., Pagliuca W. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world 1994, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
27. Call J., Tomasello M. Distinguishing intentional from accidental actions in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and human children (Homo sapiens). Journal of Comparative Psychology 1998, 112:192-206.
28. Theories of theories of mind 1996, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. P. Carruthers, P.K. Smith (Eds.).
29. Chen H., Yates B.T., McGinnies E. Effects of involvement on observers' estimates of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1988, 14:468-478.
30. Choi I., Nisbett R.E. Situational salience and cultural differences in the correspondence bias and actor-observer bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1998, 24:949-960.
31. Choi I., Nisbett R.E., Norenzayan A. Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality. Psychological Bulletin 1999, 125:47-63.
32. Clark A. Beliefs and desires incorporated. The Journal of Philosophy 1994, 91:404-425.
33. Cushman F. Crime and punishment: Distinguishing the roles of causal and intentional analyses in moral judgment. Cognition 2008, 108:353-380.
34. D'Andrade R.G. A folk model of the mind. Cultural models in language and thought 1987, 112-148. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. D. Holland, N. Quinn (Eds.).
35. Davidson D. Actions, reasons and causes. Journal of Philosophy 1963, 60:685-700.
36. Davidson D. Rational animals. Dialectica 1982, 36:317-327.
37. Davis K.E. An overlooked classic? Review of 'How the mind explains behavior: Folk explanations, meaning, and social interaction'. The Journal of Social Psychology 2009, 149:131-134.
38. Deaux K., Wrightsman L.S. Social psychology 1988, Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA. 5th ed.
39. The social neuroscience of empathy 2009, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. J. Decety, W.J. Ickes (Eds.).
40. Dittrich W.H., Lea S.E.G. Visual perception of intentional motion. Perception 1994, 23:253-268.
41. Dretske F. Explaining behavior: Reasons in a world of causes 1988, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
42. Duval S., Tweedie R. A nonparametric "trim and fill" method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association 2000, 95:89-98.
43. Epley N., Waytz A. Mind perception. Handbook of Social Psychology 2010, 498-541. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ. S.T. Fiske, D.T. Gilbert, G. Lindzey (Eds.).
44. Erickson D.J., Krull D.S. Distinguishing judgments about what from judgments about why: Effects of behavior extremity on correspondent inferences and causal attributions. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 1999, 21:1-11.
45. Fein S. Effects of suspicion on attributional thinking and the correspondence bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 70:1164-1184.
46. Fiedler K. Causal schemata: Review and criticism of research on a popular construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1982, 42:1001-1013.
47. Fincham F.D., Bradbury T.N. Assessing attributions in marriage: The Relationship Attribution Measure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1992, 62:457-468.
48. Fincham F.D., Bradbury T.N. Marital satisfaction, depression, and attributions: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 64:442-452.
49. Fiske S.T. Social cognition: From brains to culture 2008, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Boston. 1st ed.
50. Försterling F. The Kelley model as an analysis of variance analogy: How far can it be taken?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1992, 28:475-490.
51. Garland H., Hardy A., Stephenson L. Information search as affected by attribution type and response category. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1975, 1:612-615.
52. Gilbert D.T. Ordinary personology. The handbook of social psychology 1998, Vols. 1-2, Vol. 1:89-150. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 4th ed. D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, G. Lindzey (Eds.).
53. Gilbert D.T., Malone P.S. The correspondence bias. Psychological Bulletin 1995, 117:21-38.
54. Gilbert D.T., Pelham B.W., Krull D.S. On cognitive busyness: When person perceivers meet persons perceived. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988, 54:733-740.
55. Gould R., Sigall H. The effects of empathy and outcome on attribution: An examination of the divergent-perspective hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1977, 13:480-491.
56. Graesser A.C., Robertson S.P., Lovelace E.R., Swinehart D.M. Answers to why-questions expose the organization of story plot and predict recall of actions. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1980, 19:110-119.
57. Graesser A.C., Singer M., Trabasso T. Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review 1994, 101:371-395.
58. The future of folk psychology: Intentionality and cognitive science 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J.D. Greenwood (Ed.).
59. Guglielmo S., Malle B.F. Enough skill to kill: Intentionality judgments and the moral valence of action. Cognition 2010, 117:139-150.
60. Guglielmo S., Malle B.F. Can unintended side effects be intentional? Resolving a controversy over intentionality and morality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2010, 36:1635-1647.
61. Guglielmo S., Monroe A.E., Malle B.F. At the heart of morality lies folk psychology. Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 2009, 52:449-466.
62. Haidt J. The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review 2001, 108:814-834.
63. Hamilton D.L., Sherman S.J. Perceiving persons and groups. Psychological Review 1996, 103:336-355.
64. Harman G. Willing and intending. Philosophical grounds of rationality: Intentions, categories, ends 1986, 363-380. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England. R.E. Grandy, R. Warner (Eds.).
65. Harvey J.H., Ickes W.J., Kidd R.F. A conversation with Fritz Heider. New directions in attribution research 1976, Vol. 1:3-21. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. J.H. Harvey, W.J. Ickes, R.F. Kidd (Eds.).
66. Harvey J.H., Tucker J.A. On problems with the cause-reason distinction in attribution theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1979, 37:1441-1446.
67. Hassin R.R., Aarts H., Ferguson M.J. Automatic goal inferences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2005, 41:129-140.
68. Heider F. Social perception and phenomenal causality. Psychological Review 1944, 51:358-374.
69. Heider F. The psychology of interpersonal relations 1958, Wiley, New York.
70. Heider F., Simmel M. An experimental study of apparent behavior. The American Journal of Psychology 1944, 57:243-259.
71. Herrman D.J. The validity of retrospective reports as a function of the directness of retrieval processes. Autobiographical memory and the validity of retrospective reports 1994, 21-37. Springer, New York, NY. N. Schwarz, S. Sudman (Eds.).
72. Higgins E.T., Pittman T.S. Motives of the human animal: Comprehending, managing, and sharing inner states. Annual Review of Psychology 2008, 59:361-385.
73. Hilton D.J. Conversational processes and causal explanation. Psychological Bulletin 1990, 107:65-81.
74. Hilton D.J., Smith R.H., Kim S.H. Processes of causal explanation and dispositional attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1995, 68:377-387.
75. Hirschberg N. A correct treatment of traits. Personality: A new look at metatheories 1978, 45-68. Wiley, New York, NY. H. London (Ed.).
76. Hockenbury D.H., Hockenbury S.E. Psychology 2006, Worth, New York. 4th ed.
77. Hutchby I., Wooffitt R. Conversation analysis 2008, Polity, Cambridge, England.
78. Iwata S. The distinctive character of psych-verbs as causatives. Linguistic Analysis 1995, 25:95-120.
79. Jackendoff R., Culicover P.W. The semantic basis of control in English. Language 2003, 79:517-556.
80. Johnson S.C. The recognition of mentalistic agents in infancy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2000, 4:22-28.
81. Johnson J.T., Jemmott J.B., Pettigrew T.F. Causal attribution and dispositional inference: Evidence of inconsistent judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1984, 20:567-585.
82. Jones E.E., Davis K.E. From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 1965, 2:219-266.
83. Jones E.E., McGillis D. Correspondent inference and the attribution cube: A comparative reappraisal. New directions in attribution research 1976, Vol. 1:389-420. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. J.H. Harvey, W.J. Ickes, R.F. Kidds (Eds.).
84. Jones E.E., Nisbett R.E. The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior 1972, 79-94. General Learning Press, New York. E.E. Jones, D. Kanouse, H.H. Kelley, R.E. Nisbett, S. Valins, B. Weiner (Eds.).
85. Karney B.R., Bradbury T.N., Fincham F.D., Sullivan K.T. The role of negative affectivity in the association between attributions and marital satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994, 66:413-424.
86. Kashima Y., McKintyre A., Clifford P. The category of the mind: Folk psychology of belief, desire, and intention. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 1998, 1:289-313.
87. Kassin S.M., Fein S., Markus H. Social psychology 2008, Houghton Mifflin, Boston. 7th ed.
88. Kelley H.H. The analysis of common sense. PsycCRITIQUES 1960, 5:1-3.
89. Kelley H.H. Attribution theory in social psychology. Nebraska symposium on motivation 1967, Vol. 15:192-240. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. D. Levine (Ed.).
90. Kelley H.H. Attribution in social interaction. Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior 1972, 1-26. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Hillsdale, NJ/England. E.E. Jones, D.E. Kanouse, H.H. Kelley, R.E. Nisbett, S. Valins, B. Weiner (Eds.).
91. Kelley H.H., Thibaut J.W. Interpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence 1978, Wiley, New York.
92. Kiesler S., Lee S., Kramer A.D.I. Relationship effects in psychological explanations of nonhuman behavior. Anthrozoös 2006, 19:335-352.
93. Knight L.V., Rees C.E. "Enough is enough, I don't want any audience": Exploring medical students' explanations of consent-related behaviours. Advances in Health Sciences Education 2008, 13:407-426.
94. Knobe J. Person as scientist, person as moralist. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2010, 33:315-329.
95. Knobe J., Malle B.F. Self and other in the explanation of behavior: 30years later. Psychologica Belgica 2002, 42:113-130.
96. Knobe J., Prinz J. Intuitions about consciousness: Experimental studies. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 2008, 7:67-83.
97. Kruglanski A.H. The endogenous-exogenous partition in attribution theory. Psychological Review 1975, 82:387-406.
98. Kruglanski A.W. The place of naive contents in a theory of attribution: Reflections on Calder's and Zuckerman's critiques of the endogenous-exogenous partition. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1977, 3:592-605.
99. Kruglanski A.W. Causal explanation, teleological explanation: On radical particularism in attribution theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1979, 37:1447-1457.
100. Kuhn T.S. The structure of scientific revolutions 1962, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
101. Lalljee M., Abelson R.P. The organization of explanations. Attribution theory: Social and functional extensions 1983, 65-80. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, England. M. Hewstone (Ed.).
102. Lalljee M., Lamb R., Furnham A.F., Jaspars J. Explanations and information search: Inductive and hypothesis-testing approaches to arriving at an explanation. The British Journal of Social Psychology 1984, 23:201-212.
103. Leddo J., Abelson R.P., Gross P.H. Conjunctive explanations: When two reasons are better than one. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1984, 47:933-943.
104. Levi M., Haslam N. Lay explanations of mental disorder: A test of the folk psychiatry model. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2005, 27:117-125.
105. Lewin K. Principles of topological psychology 1936, McGraw-Hill, New York.
106. Lewis P.T. A naturalistic test of two fundamental propositions: Correspondence bias and the actor-observer hypothesis. Journal of Personality 1995, 63:87-111.
107. Locke K.D. Are descriptions of the self more complex than descriptions of others?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2002, 28:1094-1105.
108. Locke D., Pennington D. Reasons and other causes: Their role in attribution processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1982, 42:212-223.
109. Malle B.F. F.Ex: Coding scheme for people's folk explanations of behavior 1998, Latest version 4.5.3 (2010), Retrieved January 2011 from. http://research.clps.brown.edu/SocCogSci/CodingSchemes.html.
110. Malle B.F. How people explain behavior: A new theoretical framework. Personality and Social Psychology Review 1999, 3:23-48.
111. Malle B.F. The relation between language and theory of mind in development and evolution. The evolution of language out of pre-language 2002, 265-284. Benjamins, Amsterdam, NL.
112. Malle B.F. Verbs of interpersonal causality and the folk theory of mind and behavior. The grammar of causation and interpersonal manipulation 2002, 57-83. Benjamins, Amsterdam, NL. M. Shibatani (Ed.).
113. Malle B.F. How the mind explains behavior: Folk explanations, meaning, and social interaction 2004, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
114. Malle B.F. Folk theory of mind: Conceptual foundations of human social cognition. The new unconscious. Oxford series in social cognition and social neuroscience 2005, 225-255. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. R.R. Hassin, J.S. Uleman, J.A. Bargh (Eds.).
115. Malle B.F. Three puzzles of mindreading. Other minds: How humans bridge the divide between self and others 2005, 26-43. Guilford Press, New York, NY. B.F. Malle, S.D. Hodges (Eds.).
116. Malle B.F. Intentionality, morality, and their relationship in human judgment. Journal of Cognition and Culture 2006, 6:87-112.
117. Malle B.F. Of windmills and strawmen: Folk assumptions of mind and action. Does consciousness cause behavior? An investigation of the nature of volition 2006, 207-231. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. S. Pockett, W.P. Banks, S. Gallagher (Eds.).
118. Malle B.F. The actor-observer asymmetry in attribution: A (surprising) meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 2006, 132:895-919.
119. Malle B.F. The social and moral cognition of group agents. Journal of Law and Policy 2010, 20:95-136.
120. Other minds: How humans bridge the divide between self and others 2005, Guilford Press, New York, NY. B.F. Malle, S.D. Hodges (Eds.).
121. Malle B.F., Holbrook J. Is there a hierarchy of social inference? Evidence from a new experimental paradigm 2011, Manuscript in preparation.
122. Malle B.F., Ickes W.J. Fritz Heider: Philosopher and psychologist. Portraits of pioneers in psychology 2000, Vol. 4:193-214. American Psychological Association, Mahwah, NJ. G.A. Kimble, M. Wertheimer (Eds.).
123. Malle B.F., Knobe J. The folk concept of intentionality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1997, 33:101-121.
124. Malle B.F., Knobe J. Which behaviors do people explain? A basic actor-observer asymmetry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1997, 72:288-304.
125. Malle B.F., Knobe J. The distinction between desire and intention: A folk-conceptual analysis. Intentions and intentionality: Foundations of social cognition 2001, 45-67. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. B.F. Malle, L.J. Moses, D.A. Baldwin (Eds.).
126. Malle B.F., Knobe J.M., Nelson S.E. Actor-observer asymmetries in explanations of behavior: New answers to an old question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 93:491-514.
127. Malle B.F., Knobe J., O'Laughlin M.J., Pearce G.E., Nelson S.E. Conceptual structure and social functions of behavior explanations: Beyond person-situation attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 79:309-326.
128. Malle B.F., Moses L.J., Baldwin D.A. Intentions and intentionality: Foundations of social cognition 2001, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
129. Malle B.F., Nelson S.E. Judging mens rea: The tension between folk concepts and legal concepts of intentionality. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 2003, 21:563-580.
130. Malle B.F., Pearce G.E. Attention to behavioral events during interaction: Two actor-observer gaps and three attempts to close them. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81:278-294.
131. McArthur L.A. The how and what of why: Some determinants and consequences of causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1972, 22:171-193.
132. McClure J. Discounting causes of behavior: Are two reasons better than one?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:7-20.
133. McClure J., Densley L., Liu J.H., Allen M. Constraints on equifinality: Goals are good explanations only for controllable outcomes. The British Journal of Social Psychology 2001, 40:99-115.
134. McClure J., Hilton D.J. For you can't always get what you want: When preconditions are better explanations than goals. The British Journal of Social Psychology 1997, 36:223-240.
135. Mele A.R. Springs of action: Understanding intentional behavior 1992, Oxford University Press, New York.
136. Monson T.C., Snyder M. Actors, observers, and the attribution process: Toward a reconceptualization. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1977, 13:89-111.
137. Moore G.E. Moore's paradox. G. E. Moore: Selected writings 1993, 207-212. Routledge, London. T. Baldwin (Ed.).
138. Morris C.G., Maisto A.A. Understanding psychology 2006, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 7th ed.
139. Mull M.S., Evans E.M. Did she mean to do it? Acquiring a folk theory of intentionality. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2010, 107:207-228.
140. Myers D.G. Social Psychology 2010, McGraw-Hill, New York. 10th ed.
141. Nadig A., Vivanti G., Ozonoff S. Adaptation of object descriptions to a partner under increasing communicative demands: A comparison of children with and without autism. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research 2009, 2:334-347.
142. Norenzayan A., Nisbett R.E. Culture and causal cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2000, 9:132-135.
143. Ohtsubo Y. Perceived intentionality intensifies blameworthiness of negative behaviors: Blame-praise asymmetry in intensification effect. Japanese Psychological Research 2007, 49:100-110.
144. O'Laughlin M.J., Malle B.F. How people explain actions performed by groups and individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 82:33-48.
145. Phillips A.T., Wellman H.M., Spelke E.S. Infants' ability to connect gaze and emotional expression to intentional action. Cognition 2002, 85:53.
146. Premack D. The infant's theory of self-propelled objects. Cognition 1990, 36:1-16.
147. Quattrone G.A. Overattribution and unit formation: When behavior engulfs the person. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1982, 42:593-607.
148. Quattrone G.A. On the congruity between internal states and action. Psychological Bulletin 1985, 98:3-40.
149. Read S.J. Constructing causal scenarios: A knowledge structure approach to causal reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1987, 52:288-302.
150. Regan D.T., Totten J. Empathy and attribution: Turning observers into actors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1975, 32:850-856.
151. Robins R.W., Spranca M.D., Mendelsohn G.A. The actor-observer effect revisited: Effects of individual differences and repeated social interactions on actor and observer attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 71:375-389.
152. Rogers T.B., Kuiper N.A., Kirker W.S. Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1977, 35:677-688.
153. Rosenthal D.M. Consciousness and mind 2005, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
154. Ross L. The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. Advances in experimental social psychology 1977, Vol. 10:173-220. Academic Press, New York. L. Berkowitz (Ed.).
155. Ross L., Nisbett R.E. The person and the situation 1991, McGraw-Hill, New York.
156. Rudolph U., Försterling F. The psychological causality implicit in verbs: A review. Psychological Bulletin 1997, 121:192-218.
157. Sande G.N., Goethals G.R., Radloff C.E. Perceiving one's own traits and others': The multifaceted self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988, 54:13-20.
158. New essays on the explanation of action 2009, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY. C. Sandis (Ed.).
159. Schank R.C., Abelson R.P. Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures 1977, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
160. Schmidt C.F., Sridharan N.S., Goodson J.L. The plan recognition problem: An intersection of psychology and artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence 1978, 11:45-83.
161. Schneider D.J., Hastorf A.H., Ellsworth P. Person perception 1979, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 2nd ed.
162. Schütz A. The phenomenology of the social world 1967, Northwestern University Press, Evanston.
163. Schueler G.F. Action explanations: Causes and purposes. Intentions and intentionality: Foundations of social cognition 2001, 251-264. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. B.F. Malle, L.J. Moses, D.A. Baldwin (Eds.).
164. Searle J.R. Intentionality: An essay in the philosophy of mind 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
165. Shaver K.G. The attribution of blame: Causality, responsibility, and blameworthiness 1985, Springer Verlag, New York.
166. Shaver K.G. Too much of a good thing?. Psychological Inquiry 1996, 7:244-247.
167. Sheldon K.M., Johnson J.T. Forms of social awareness: Their frequency and correlates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1993, 19:320-330.
168. Sherrod D.R., Goodman C.L. Effects of sex-of-observer on female actors' causal attributions for success and failure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1978, 4:277-280.
169. Singer T. Understanding others: Brain mechanisms of theory of mind and empathy. Neuroeconomics 2009, 251-268. Academic Press, London. P.W. Glimcher, C.F. Camerer, E. Fehr, R.A. Poldrack (Eds.).
170. Slugoski B.R., Lalljee M., Lamb R., Ginsburg G.P. Attribution in conversational context: Effect of mutual knowledge on explanation-giving. European Journal of Social Psychology 1993, 23:219-238.
171. Smith E.R., Miller F.D. Mediation among attributional inferences and comprehension processes: Initial findings and a general method. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1983, 44:492-505.
172. Mental simulation: Evaluations and applications 1995, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, Readings in mind and language. T. Stone, M. Davies (Eds.).
173. Swann W.B., Read S.J. Acquiring self-knowledge: The search for feedback that fits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1981, 41:1119-1128.
174. Ting-Toomey S., Gao G., Trubisky P., Yang Z., Kim H.S., Lin S., et al. Culture, face maintenance, and styles of handling interpersonal conflict: A study in five cultures. International Journal of Conflict Management 1991, 2:275-296.
175. Tomasello M. The key is social cognition. Language in mind: Advances in the study of language and thought 2003, 47-57. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. D. Gentner, S. Goldin-Meadow (Eds.).
176. Trope Y. Identification and inferential processes in dispositional attribution. Psychological Review 1986, 93:239-257.
177. Turnbull W., Slugoski B.R. Conversational and linguistic processes in causal attribution. Contemporary science and natural explanation 1988, 66-93. Harvester Press, Brighton, Sussex. D.J. Hilton (Ed.).
178. Uleman J.S., Saribay S.A., Gonzalez C.M. Spontaneous inferences, implicit impressions, and implicit theories. Annual Review of Psychology 2008, 59:329-360.
179. Wang E., Lignos C., Vatsal A., Scassellati B. Effects of head movement on perceptions of humanoid robot behavior. Proceedings of the ACM conference on human-robot interaction 2006, 180-193. Salt Lake City, UT.
180. Watson D. The actor and the observer: How are their perceptions of causality divergent?. Psychological Bulletin 1982, 92:682-700.
181. Weiner B. Attribution theory, achievement motivation, and the educational process. Review of Educational Research 1972, 42:203-215.
182. Weiner B. An attributional theory of motivation and emotion 1986, Springer Verlag, New York.
183. Weiner B. Judgments of responsibility: A foundation for a theory of social conduct 1995, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
184. Weiner B. Responsibility for social transgressions: An attributional analysis. Intentions and intentionality: Foundations of social cognition 2001, 331-344. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. B.F. Malle, L.J. Moses, D.A. Baldwin (Eds.).
185. Wellman H.M., Bartsch K. Before belief: Children's early psychological theory. Children's early understanding of mind: Origins and development 1994, 331-354. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Hillsdale, NJ/England. C. Lewis, P. Mitchell (Eds.).
186. Wellman H.M., Phillips A.T. Developing intentional understandings. Intentions and intentionality: Foundations of social cognition 2001, 125-148. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. B.F. Malle, L.J. Moses, D.A. Baldwin (Eds.).
187. Wellman H.M., Woolley J.D. From simple desires to ordinary beliefs: The early development of everyday psychology. Cognition 1990, 35:245-275.
188. White P.A. Ambiguity in the internal/external distinction in causal attribution. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1991, 27:259-270.
189. Wimmer H., Perner J. Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition 1983, 13:103-128.
190. Winter L., Uleman J.S. When are social judgments made? Evidence for the spontaneousness of trait inferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1984, 47:237-252.
191. Woodward A.L. Infants selectively encode the goal object of an actor's reach. Cognition 1998, 69:1-34.
192. Woodward A.L. Infants' grasp of others' intentions. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2009, 18:53-57.
193. Yzerbyt V., Judd C.M., Corneille O. The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism 2004, Psychology Press, New York.
194. Developing theories of intention: Social understanding and self-control 1999, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah, NJ. P.D. Zelazo, J.W. Astington, D.R. Olson (Eds.).
195. Zuckerman M. Actions and occurrences in Kelley's cube. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1978, 36:647-656.