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For syntheses of various cyclic and acyclic vinylboronates through Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions involving the corresponding vinyl bromides and triflates, see:;;; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8001-8006 For a review regarding applications of vinyltrifluoroborates, which can be accessed via vinylboronates, in C-C bond forming reactions, see:; Acc. Chem. Res. 2007, 40, 275-286
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Tobisu, M.; Chatani, N. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 3565-3568 For syntheses of various cyclic and acyclic vinylboronates through Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions involving the corresponding vinyl bromides and triflates, see: Takagi, J.; Takahashi, K.; Ishiyama, T.; Miyaura, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8001-8006 For a review regarding applications of vinyltrifluoroborates, which can be accessed via vinylboronates, in C-C bond forming reactions, see: Molander, G. A.; Ellis, N. Acc. Chem. Res. 2007, 40, 275-286
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For examples of C-C bond-forming methods that utilize vinylboronates but are not considered cross-coupling reactions, see: Batey, R. A.; Quach, T. D.; Shen, M.; Thadani, A. N.; Smil, D. V.; Li, S.-W.; MacKay, D. B. Pure Appl. Chem. 2002, 74, 43-55 and references cited therein. Sasaki, K.; Hayashi, T. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 8145-8147
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38849175563
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For a Cu-catalyzed hydroboration of phenylacetylene that affords the terminal vinylboronate, see:;;,. This procedure is ineffective with alkyl-substituted alkynes
-
For a Cu-catalyzed hydroboration of phenylacetylene that affords the terminal vinylboronate, see: Lee, J. E.; Kwon, J.; Yun, J. Chem. Commun. 2008, 733-734. This procedure is ineffective with alkyl-substituted alkynes
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Alkyl-substituted α-vinylboronates can be accessed through hydroborations that require stoichiometric amounts of a Cu complex (1.1 equiv of CuCl, KOAc, and LiCl or a phosphine), and only in up to 91% selectivity (typically 9-71%). See
-
Alkyl-substituted α-vinylboronates can be accessed through hydroborations that require stoichiometric amounts of a Cu complex (1.1 equiv of CuCl, KOAc, and LiCl or a phosphine), and only in up to 91% selectivity (typically 9-71%). See: Takahashi, K.; Ishiyama, T.; Miyaura, N. J. Organomet. Chem. 2001, 625, 47-53
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79957674168
-
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1H NMR spectrum of the product mixture prior to purification attempts
-
1H NMR spectrum of the product mixture prior to purification attempts.
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
79957724976
-
-
It may be suggested that propargyl alcohol and amine are first converted to the corresponding boronate ester or amide, and it is such entities that undergo Cu-catalyzed net hydroboration. However, such a scenario would require the consumption of an equivalent of bis(pinacolato)diboron (1), likely through reaction of NHC-Cu-OMe with 1 to generate NHC-Cu-B(pin), which subsequently reacts with an alcohol or amine to deliver the aforementioned derivatives. Since only 1 equiv of 1 is used in all reactions and ≥83% conversion is observed, such a pathway can occur, at best, to only a minor extent
-
It may be suggested that propargyl alcohol and amine are first converted to the corresponding boronate ester or amide, and it is such entities that undergo Cu-catalyzed net hydroboration. However, such a scenario would require the consumption of an equivalent of bis(pinacolato)diboron (1), likely through reaction of NHC-Cu-OMe with 1 to generate NHC-Cu-B(pin), which subsequently reacts with an alcohol or amine to deliver the aforementioned derivatives. Since only 1 equiv of 1 is used in all reactions and ≥83% conversion is observed, such a pathway can occur, at best, to only a minor extent.
-
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For an example of vinyl halide conversion to a vinyllithium followed by (pinacolato)-isopropoxyboron utilized in the course of a natural product total synthesis, see
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79957719462
-
-
Reaction with p -methoxyphenylacetylene under identical conditions gives rise to 58% conversion and 62:38 α:β selectivity (pure α-vinylboronate is isolated in 33% yield after silica gel chromatography)
-
Reaction with p -methoxyphenylacetylene under identical conditions gives rise to 58% conversion and 62:38 α:β selectivity (pure α-vinylboronate is isolated in 33% yield after silica gel chromatography).
-
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18
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79957782460
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See the Supporting Information for details
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See the Supporting Information for details.
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See ref 28a. The NHC-Cu-catalyzed reactions of the corresponding trisubstituted allylic carbonates that bear an electron-rich aryl substituent, however, result in the formation of benzylic C-B bonds
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See ref 28a. The NHC-Cu-catalyzed reactions of the corresponding trisubstituted allylic carbonates that bear an electron-rich aryl substituent, however, result in the formation of benzylic C-B bonds; see
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2 (with MeOH present) with alkyl,aryl-substituted internal alkynes afford β -boryl products; high efficiency is observed with methyl-substituted substrates
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2 (with MeOH present) with alkyl,aryl-substituted internal alkynes afford β -boryl products; high efficiency is observed with methyl-substituted substrates. See: Kim, H. R.; Jung, I. G.; Yoo, K.; Jang, K.; Lee, E. S.; Yun, J.; Son, S. U. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 758-760
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79957731029
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It may be argued that Cu-B addition might be reversible but the NHC-Cu-boronate remains coordinated to the same alkyne substrate. Although evidence to address such a possibility is not yet available, the fact that the presence of a large excess of a second, and nearly identical, alkyne (e.g., 23 in Scheme 6) does not lead to significant cross-over, suggests otherwise
-
It may be argued that Cu-B addition might be reversible but the NHC-Cu-boronate remains coordinated to the same alkyne substrate. Although evidence to address such a possibility is not yet available, the fact that the presence of a large excess of a second, and nearly identical, alkyne (e.g., 23 in Scheme 6) does not lead to significant cross-over, suggests otherwise.
-
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59
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79957733549
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D values of 2.7 and 3.6 have been measured for reactions of terminal alkyne 2 (cf. Table 1 and entry 1, Table 2) and 5-chloro-1-pentyne (Scheme 6) performed in the presence of NHC-Cu complex 10 (see Table 1). See the Supporting Information for details
-
D values of 2.7 and 3.6 have been measured for reactions of terminal alkyne 2 (cf. Table 1 and entry 1, Table 2) and 5-chloro-1-pentyne (Scheme 6) performed in the presence of NHC-Cu complex 10 (see Table 1). See the Supporting Information for details.
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60
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11644311048
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For a review of the Tolman electronic parameter (TEP) for phosphine ligands, see: The TEP values for NHC ligands were obtained from: Organometallics 2008, 27, 202-210
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For a review of the Tolman electronic parameter (TEP) for phosphine ligands, see: Tolman, C. A. Chem. Rev. 1977, 77, 313-348 The TEP values for NHC ligands were obtained from: Kelly, R. A., III; Clavier, H.; Giudice, S.; Scott, N. M.; Stevens, E. D.; Bordner, J.; Samardjiev, I.; Hoff, C. D.; Cavallo, L.; Nolan, S. P. Organometallics 2008, 27, 202-210
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It is unclear, however, whether the presence of an electron-withdrawing group within the alkyne substrate results in an increase in reaction rate
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It is unclear, however, whether the presence of an electron-withdrawing group within the alkyne substrate results in an increase in reaction rate.
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For a discussion of various effects involved in interactions between two molecules, see:;;, and references cited therein.
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For a discussion of various effects involved in interactions between two molecules, see: Ess, D. H.; Jones, G. O.; Houk, K. N. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2006, 348, 2337-2361 and references cited therein.
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For a general discussion of secondary orbital interactions and their significance in predicting selectivity, see
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For a general discussion of secondary orbital interactions and their significance in predicting selectivity, see: Ginsburg, D. Tetrahedron 1983, 39, 2095-2135
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The local softness parameters were calculated from Hirshfeld population analyses (HPA) of the optimized structures of aryl alkynes as described in the Supporting Information, following a finite difference approximation. For quantitative descriptions of softness, see
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The local softness parameters were calculated from Hirshfeld population analyses (HPA) of the optimized structures of aryl alkynes as described in the Supporting Information, following a finite difference approximation. For quantitative descriptions of softness, see: Yang, W.; Parr, R. G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1985, 82, 6723-6726
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An alternative reaction manifold might be suggested that involves the intermediacy of Cu(I) hydrides and accounts for the observed site selectivities. The presence of MeOH in the mixture would thus cause the formation of reduction byproducts (i.e., net hydrogenation). In none of the reactions reported herein, however, were such byproducts observed, leading us to put forward the modes of Cu-B addition illustrated in Scheme 7. For an example of a Cu-catalyzed hydroboration reaction for which the intermediacy of Cu-H has been proposed, see:;;;, For a Cu-H-catalyzed 1,2-addition/transmetalation process involving acetylenic esters, affording alkenylboronates, see:;; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 10183-10186
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An alternative reaction manifold might be suggested that involves the intermediacy of Cu(I) hydrides and accounts for the observed site selectivities. The presence of MeOH in the mixture would thus cause the formation of reduction byproducts (i.e., net hydrogenation). In none of the reactions reported herein, however, were such byproducts observed, leading us to put forward the modes of Cu-B addition illustrated in Scheme 7. For an example of a Cu-catalyzed hydroboration reaction for which the intermediacy of Cu-H has been proposed, see: Noh, D.; Chea, H.; Ju, J.; Yun, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 6062-6064 For a Cu-H-catalyzed 1,2-addition/transmetalation process involving acetylenic esters, affording alkenylboronates, see: Lipshutz, B. H.; Boskovic, Z. V.; Aue, D. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 10183-10186
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For studies indicating the metallacyclopropene character of Cu-alkyne complexes, see
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For studies indicating the metallacyclopropene character of Cu-alkyne complexes, see: Nakamura, E.; Mori, S.; Nakamura, M.; Morokuma, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4887-4899
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79957783374
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Catalytic hydroborations can be performed with nearly similar efficiency and selectivity in tetrahydrofuran or toluene
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Catalytic hydroborations can be performed with nearly similar efficiency and selectivity in tetrahydrofuran or toluene.
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76
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Attempts to examine transformations of allylic esters, such as an acetate or a tosylate, were thwarted by substrate instability or generation of complex product mixtures
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Attempts to examine transformations of allylic esters, such as an acetate or a tosylate, were thwarted by substrate instability or generation of complex product mixtures.
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77
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10 metal complexes [Cu(I), Ag(I), and Au(I)] from linearity, see:;;, These investigations indicate that the barrier to distortion in Cu(I) complexes, much of which is due to the bending in L-Cu-L′ systems, is diminished with the more strongly donating ligands. For examples of distortion from linearity in an NHC-metal-ligand bond and related discussions, see:;;;;;; Chem.-Eur. J. 2010, 16, 14354-14364 For examples of structural distortion as a result of trans-influence, see:;; Acta Chem. Scand. 1996, 50, 1069-1073
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10 metal complexes [Cu(I), Ag(I), and Au(I)] from linearity, see: Carvajal, M. A.; Novoa, J. J.; Alvarez, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 1465-1477 These investigations indicate that the barrier to distortion in Cu(I) complexes, much of which is due to the bending in L-Cu-L′ systems, is diminished with the more strongly donating ligands. For examples of distortion from linearity in an NHC-metal-ligand bond and related discussions, see: Poater, A.; Ragone, F.; Correa, A.; Szadkowska, A.; Barbasiewicz, M.; Grela, K.; Cavallo, L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2010, 16, 14354-14364 For examples of structural distortion as a result of trans-influence, see: Lövqvist, K. C.; Wendt, O. F.; Leipoldt, J. G. Acta Chem. Scand. 1996, 50, 1069-1073
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The near-linear nature of an NHC-Cu-B(pin) is supported by a previously reported X-ray structure (C-Cu-B = 168°); see ref 31a. For X-ray structures on a linear NHC-Ag-Cl complex
-
The near-linear nature of an NHC-Cu-B(pin) is supported by a previously reported X-ray structure (C-Cu-B = 168°); see ref 31a. For X-ray structures on a linear NHC-Ag-Cl complex, see
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For X-ray structure data regarding a planar bent Cu(I) complex, see:; Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105, 2779-2782
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Lee, K.-S.; Hoveyda, A. H. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 4455-4462 For X-ray structure data regarding a planar bent Cu(I) complex, see: Shapiro, N. D.; Toste, F. D. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105, 2779-2782
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The (pinacolato)boron ligand can impose a strong trans influence as well, as illustrated in a number of previous reports
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The (pinacolato)boron ligand can impose a strong trans influence as well, as illustrated in a number of previous reports. See: Zhu, J.; Lin, Z.; Marder, T. B. Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 9384-9390
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The B-based ligand, however, is a constant structural feature in all the systems under investigation; it is the variation in the electronic and steric attributes caused by the change in the identity of the NHC ligand that gives rise to the observed differences in site selectivity. Accordingly, our discussions are focused on the impact caused by the latter component of the catalyst structure
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Dang, L.; Lin, Z.; Marder, T. B. Chem. Commun. 2009, 3987-3995. The B-based ligand, however, is a constant structural feature in all the systems under investigation; it is the variation in the electronic and steric attributes caused by the change in the identity of the NHC ligand that gives rise to the observed differences in site selectivity. Accordingly, our discussions are focused on the impact caused by the latter component of the catalyst structure
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The basis for β-selective reactions promoted by chiral sulfonate-based bidentate NHC-Cu complexes (cf. 5 in Scheme 2) will be the subject of a separate investigation and report. Such bidentate carbenes, in contrast to the monodentate systems examined here, give rise to NHC-based cuprates (vs NHC-Cu) complexes, and their substrate association and reactivity are therefore governed by different steric and electronic requirements
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The basis for β-selective reactions promoted by chiral sulfonate-based bidentate NHC-Cu complexes (cf. 5 in Scheme 2) will be the subject of a separate investigation and report. Such bidentate carbenes, in contrast to the monodentate systems examined here, give rise to NHC-based cuprates (vs NHC-Cu) complexes, and their substrate association and reactivity are therefore governed by different steric and electronic requirements.
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