Neurobiology of aversive states

Physiology and Behavior

Volumn 104, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 69-75

  Umberg, Erin N ^a   Pothos, Emmanuel N ^a,b  

^a Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology ^*  (United States)

^b TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acetylcholine; Alcohol; Aversion; Behavior; Conditioned place preference; Conditioned taste aversion; Dopamine; Drug withdrawal; Eating disorders; Food deprivation; Nucleus accumbens; Obesity; Opiate; Pain; Reward; Stress; Striatum

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; DOPAMINE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; OPIATE RECEPTOR;

ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE; ADDICTION; ARTICLE; AVERSION; BEHAVIOR; DOPAMINE RELEASE; HUMAN; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REWARD;

ACETYLCHOLINE; ANIMALS; ASSOCIATION LEARNING; DOPAMINE; FOOD DEPRIVATION; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; OPIOID PEPTIDES; REWARD;

EID: 79957645451     PISSN: 00319384     EISSN: 1873507X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.045     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. Hoebel B.G. Brain reward and aversion systems in the control of feeding and sexual behavior. Nebr Symp Motiv 1975, 22:49-112.
2. Vowles K.E., McNeil D.W., Sorrell J.T., Lawrence S.M. Fear and pain: investigating the interaction between aversive states. J Abnorm Psychol 2006, 115:821-833.
3. Arkoff A. Resolution of approach-approach and avoidance-avoidance conflicts. J Abnorm Psychol 1957, 55:402-404.
4. Bates H.D. Relevance of animal-avoidance analogue studies to the treatment of clinical phobias: a rejoinder to Cooper, Furst, and Bridger. J Abnorm Psychol 1970, 75:12-14.
5. Pollack D. Coping and avoidance in inebriated alcoholics and normals. J Abnorm Psychol 1966, 71:417-419.
6. Schmauk F.J. Punishment, arousal, and avoidance learning in sociopaths. J Abnorm Psychol 1970, 76:325-335.
7. Sidman M. On the persistence of avoidance behavior. J Abnorm Psychol 1955, 50:217-220.
8. Feldner M.T., Hekmat H., Zvolensky M.J., Vowles K.E., Secrist Z., Leen-Feldner E.W. The role of experiential avoidance in acute pain tolerance: a laboratory test. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2006, 37:146-158.
9. Kiyatkin E.A. Dopaminergic involvement in nociceptive sensitivity/behavioral reactivity regulation during aversive states of different nature in the rat. Int J Neurosci 1989, 44:111-133.
10. Moore K.E., Lariviere E.W. Effects of D-amphetamine and restraint on the content of norepinephrine and dopamine in rat brain. Biochem Pharmacol 1963, 12:1283-1288.
11. Mark G.P., Weinberg J.B., Rada P.V., Hoebel B.G. Extracellular acetylcholine is increased in the nucleus accumbens following the presentation of an aversively conditioned taste stimulus. Brain Res 1995, 688:184-188.
12. Hoebel B.G. Hypothalamic self-stimulation and stimulation escape in relation to feeding and mating. Fed Proc 1979, 38:2454-2461.
13. Kiyatkin E.A. Nociceptive sensitivity/behavioral reactivity regulation in rats during aversive states of different nature: its mediation by opioid peptides. Int J Neurosci 1989, 44:91-110.
14. Zhang X.J., Zhang T.W., Hu S.J., Xu H. Behavioral assessments of the aversive quality of pain in animals. Neurosci Bull 2011, 27:61-67.
15. Crane J.W., Windels F., Sah P. Oscillations in the basolateral amygdala: aversive stimulation is state dependent and resets the oscillatory phase. J Neurophysiol 2009, 102:1379-1387.
16. LeDoux J. The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2003, 23:727-738.
17. Sah P., Westbrook R.F., Luthi A. Fear conditioning and long-term potentiation in the amygdala: what really is the connection?. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008, 1129:88-95.
18. Hernandez L., Hoebel B.G. Food intake and lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation covary after medial hypothalamic lesions or ventral midbrain 6-hydroxydopamine injections that cause obesity. Behav Neurosci 1989, 103:412-422.
19. Hoebel B.G. Inhibition and disinhibition of self-stimulation and feeding: hypothalamic control and postingestional factors. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1968, 66:89-100.
20. Hoebel B.G. Feeding and self-stimulation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1969, 157:758-778.
21. Hoebel B.G., Avena N.M., Rada P. Accumbens dopamine-acetylcholine balance in approach and avoidance. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007, 7:617-627.
22. Hoebel B.G., Leibowitz S.F. Brain monoamines in the modulation of self-stimulation, feeding, and body weight. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1981, 59:103-142.
23. Hoebel B.G., Thompson R.D. Aversion to lateral hypothalamic stimulation caused by intragastric feeding or obesity. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1969, 68:536-543.
24. Rada P.V., Hoebel B.G. Aversive hypothalamic stimulation releases acetylcholine in the nucleus accumbens, and stimulation-escape decreases it. Brain Res 2001, 888:60-65.
25. Rada P.V., Mark G.P., Hoebel B.G. Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens by hypothalamic stimulation-escape behavior. Brain Res 1998, 782:228-234.
26. Rada P.V., Mark G.P., Yeomans J.J., Hoebel B.G. Acetylcholine release in ventral tegmental area by hypothalamic self-stimulation, eating, and drinking. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000, 65:375-379.
27. Henningsen P., Lowe B. Depression, pain, and somatoform disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006, 19:19-24.
28. Wood P.B., Schweinhardt P., Jaeger E., Dagher A., Hakyemez H., Rabiner E.A., et al. Fibromyalgia patients show an abnormal dopamine response to pain. Eur J Neurosci 2007, 25:3576-3582.
29. Woolf C.J. Evidence for a central component of post-injury pain hypersensitivity. Nature 1983, 306:686-688.
30. Chapman C.R., Tuckett R.P., Song C.W. Pain and stress in a systems perspective: reciprocal neural, endocrine, and immune interactions. J Pain 2008, 9:122-145.
31. Kundermann B., Krieg J.C., Schreiber W., Lautenbacher S. The effect of sleep deprivation on pain. Pain Res Manag 2004, 9:25-32.
32. Apkarian A.V., Sosa Y., Sonty S., Levy R.M., Harden R.N., Parrish T.B., et al. Chronic back pain is associated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray matter density. J Neurosci 2004, 24:10410-10415.
33. Hernandez L., Hoebel B.G. Food reward and cocaine increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens as measured by microdialysis. Life Sci 1988, 42:1705-1712.
34. Hernandez L., Hoebel B.G. Feeding and hypothalamic stimulation increase dopamine turnover in the accumbens. Physiol Behav 1988, 44:599-606.
35. Hoebel B.G., Hernandez L., Schwartz D.H., Mark G.P., Hunter G.A. Microdialysis studies of brain norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine release during ingestive behavior. Theoretical and clinical implications. Ann NY Acad Sci 1989, 575:171-191. discussion 92-3.
36. Mifsud J.C., Hernandez L., Hoebel B.G. Nicotine infused into the nucleus accumbens increases synaptic dopamine as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Brain Res 1989, 478:365-367.
37. Pettit H.O., Justice J.B. Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens during cocaine self-administration as studied by in vivo microdialysis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989, 34:899-904.
38. Robinson T.E., Jurson P.A., Bennett J.A., Bentgen K.M. Persistent sensitization of dopamine neurotransmission in ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) produced by prior experience with (+)-amphetamine: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats. Brain Res 1988, 462:211-222.
39. Damsma G., Pfaus J.G., Wenkstern D., Phillips A.G., Fibiger H.C. Sexual behavior increases dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of male rats: comparison with novelty and locomotion. Behav Neurosci 1992, 106:181-191.
40. Pfaus J.G., Phillips A.G. Role of dopamine in anticipatory and consummatory aspects of sexual behavior in the male rat. Behav Neurosci 1991, 105:727-743.
41. Imperato A., Cabib S., Puglisi-Allegra S. Repeated stressful experiences differently affect the time-dependent responses of the mesolimbic dopamine system to the stressor. Brain Res 1993, 601:333-336.
42. McCullough L.D., Sokolowski J.D., Salamone J.D. A neurochemical and behavioral investigation of the involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in instrumental avoidance. Neuroscience 1993, 52:919-925.
43. Salamone J.D. The involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in appetitive and aversive motivation. Behav Brain Res 1994, 61:117-133.
44. Niemegeers C.J., Verbruggen F.J., Janssen P.A. The influence of various neuroleptic drugs on shock avoidance responding in rats. I. Nondiscriminated Sidman avoidance procedure. Psychopharmacologia 1969, 16:161-174.
45. Lavielle S., Tassin J.P., Thierry A.M., Blanc G., Herve D., Barthelemy C., et al. Blockade by benzodiazepines of the selective high increase in dopamine turnover induced by stress in mesocortical dopaminergic neurons of the rat. Brain Res 1979, 168:585-594.
46. Abercrombie E.D., Keefe K.A., DiFrischia D.S., Zigmond M.J. Differential effect of stress on in vivo dopamine release in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and medial frontal cortex. J Neurochem 1989, 52:1655-1658.
47. Thierry A.M., Tassin J.P., Blanc G., Glowinski J. Selective activation of mesocortical DA system by stress. Nature 1976, 263:242-244.
48. Fadda F., Melis M.R., Argiolas A. Effect of electric foot shock on dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in different brain areas of rats. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1978, 54:1747-1750.
49. Tissari A.H., Argiolas A., Fadda F., Serra G., Gessa G.L. Foot-shock stress accelerates non-striatal dopamine synthesis without activating tyrosine hydroxylase. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1979, 308:155-157.
50. Boutelle M.G., Zetterstrom T., Pei Q., Svensson L., Fillenz M. In vivo neurochemical effects of tail pinch. J Neurosci Methods 1990, 34:151-157.
51. Imperato A., Puglisi-Allegra S., Casolini P., Zocchi A., Angelucci L. Stress-induced enhancement of dopamine and acetylcholine release in limbic structures: role of corticosterone. Eur J Pharmacol 1989, 165:337-338.
52. Finlay J.M., Zigmond M.J. The effects of stress on central dopaminergic neurons: possible clinical implications. Neurochem Res 1997, 22:1387-1394.
53. Kiyatkin E.A. Dopaminergic involvement in nociceptive sensitivity/behavioral reactivity regulation during aversive states of different nature in the rat. Int J Neurosci 1989, 44:111-133.
54. Snyder A.M., Stricker E.M., Zigmond M.J. Stress-induced neurological impairments in an animal model of parkinsonism. Ann Neurol 1985, 18:544-551.
55. Mark G.P., Blander D.S., Hoebel B.G. A conditioned stimulus decreases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens after the development of a learned taste aversion. Brain Res 1991, 551:308-310.
56. Cabib S., Puglisi-Allegra S. Opposite responses of mesolimbic dopamine system to controllable and uncontrollable aversive experiences. J Neurosci 1994, 14:3333-3340.
57. Niikura K., Narita M., Butelman E.R., Kreek M.J., Suzuki T. Neuropathic and chronic pain stimuli downregulate central mu-opioid and dopaminergic transmission. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010, 31:299-305.
58. Niikura K., Narita M., Narita M., Nakamura A., Okutsu D., Ozeki A., et al. Direct evidence for the involvement of endogenous beta-endorphin in the suppression of the morphine-induced rewarding effect under a neuropathic pain-like state. Neurosci Lett 2008, 435:257-262.
59. Pais-Vieira M., Mendes-Pinto M.M., Lima D., Galhardo V. Cognitive impairment of prefrontal-dependent decision-making in rats after the onset of chronic pain. Neuroscience 2009, 161:671-679.
60. Grachev I.D., Fredrickson B.E., Apkarian A.V. Abnormal brain chemistry in chronic back pain: an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Pain 2000, 89:7-18.
61. Yang Y.K., Yeh T.L., Yao W.J., Lee I.H., Chen P.S., Chiu N.T., et al. Greater availability of dopamine transporters in patients with major depression-a dual-isotope SPECT study. Psychiatry Res 2008, 162:230-235.
62. Leentjens A.F. The role of dopamine agonists in the treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. Drugs 2011, 71:273-286.
63. Picillo M., Rocco M., Barone P. Dopamine receptor agonists and depression in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009, 15(Suppl 4):S81-S84.
64. Clausius N., Born C., Grunze H. The relevance of dopamine agonists in the treatment of depression. Neuropsychiatr 2009, 23:15-25.
65. Porsolt R.D., Anton G., Blavet N., Jalfre M. Behavioural despair in rats: a new model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Eur J Pharmacol 1978, 47:379-391.
66. Rossetti Z.L., Lai M., Hmaidan Y., Gessa G.L. Depletion of mesolimbic dopamine during behavioral despair: partial reversal by chronic imipramine. Eur J Pharmacol 1993, 242:313-315.
67. Park S.K., Nguyen M.D., Fischer A., Luke M.P., Affar el B., Dieffenbach P.B., et al. Par-4 links dopamine signaling and depression. Cell 2005, 122:275-287.
68. Martinez D., Broft A., Foltin R.W., Slifstein M., Hwang D.R., Huang Y., et al. Cocaine dependence and d2 receptor availability in the functional subdivisions of the striatum: relationship with cocaine-seeking behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:1190-1202.
69. Natividad L.A., Tejeda H.A., Torres O.V., O'Dell L.E. Nicotine withdrawal produces a decrease in extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens that is lower in adolescent versus adult male rats. Synapse 2010, 64:136-145.
70. Hadjiconstantinou M., Duchemin A.M., Zhang H., Neff N.H. Enhanced dopamine transporter function in striatum during nicotine withdrawal. Synapse 2011, 65:91-98.
71. Pothos E., Rada P., Mark G.P., Hoebel B.G. Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment. Brain Res 1991, 566:348-350.
72. Rada P., Jensen K., Hoebel B.G. Effects of nicotine and mecamylamine-induced withdrawal on extracellular dopamine and acetylcholine in the rat nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001, 157:105-110.
73. Rada P., Johnson D.F., Lewis M.J., Hoebel B.G. In alcohol-treated rats, naloxone decreases extracellular dopamine and increases acetylcholine in the nucleus accumbens: evidence of opioid withdrawal. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004, 79:599-605.
74. Weiss F., Markou A., Lorang M.T., Koob G.F. Basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens are decreased during cocaine withdrawal after unlimited-access self-administration. Brain Res 1992, 593:314-318.
75. Rada P.V., Mark G.P., Taylor K.M., Hoebel B.G. Morphine and naloxone, i.p. or locally, affect extracellular acetylcholine in the accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996, 53:809-816.
76. Koob G.F., Le Moal M. Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annu Rev Psychol 2008, 59:29-53.
77. Avena N.M., Rada P., Hoebel B.G. Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008, 32:20-39.
78. Avena N.M., Rada P., Hoebel B.G. Sugar and fat bingeing have notable differences in addictive-like behavior. J Nutr 2009, 139:623-628.
79. Colantuoni C., Rada P., McCarthy J., Patten C., Avena N.M., Chadeayne A., et al. Evidence that intermittent, excessive sugar intake causes endogenous opioid dependence. Obes Res 2002, 10:478-488.
80. Spangler R., Wittkowski K.M., Goddard N.L., Avena N.M., Hoebel B.G., Leibowitz S.F. Opiate-like effects of sugar on gene expression in reward areas of the rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2004, 124:134-142.
81. Avena N.M., Rada P., Moise N., Hoebel B.G. Sucrose sham feeding on a binge schedule releases accumbens dopamine repeatedly and eliminates the acetylcholine satiety response. Neuroscience 2006, 139:813-820.
82. Rada P., Avena N.M., Hoebel B.G. Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. Neuroscience 2005, 134:737-744.
83. Wang G.J., Volkow N.D., Logan J., Pappas N.R., Wong C.T., Zhu W., et al. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet 2001, 357:354-357.
84. Rada P., Bocarsly M.E., Barson J.R., Hoebel B.G., Leibowitz S.F. Reduced accumbens dopamine in Sprague-Dawley rats prone to overeating a fat-rich diet. Physiol Behav 2010, 101:394-400.
85. Volkow N.D., Wang G.J., Baler R.D. Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity. Trends Cogn Sci 2011, 15:37-46.
86. Spangler R., Goddard N.L., Avena N.M., Hoebel B.G., Leibowitz S.F. Elevated D3 dopamine receptor mRNA in dopaminergic and dopaminoceptive regions of the rat brain in response to morphine. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2003, 111:74-83.
87. Colantuoni C., Schwenker J., McCarthy J., Rada P., Ladenheim B., Cadet J.L., et al. Excessive sugar intake alters binding to dopamine and mu-opioid receptors in the brain. Neuroreport 2001, 12:3549-3552.
88. Bello N.T., Lucas L.R., Hajnal A. Repeated sucrose access influences dopamine D2 receptor density in the striatum. Neuroreport 2002, 13:1575-1578.
89. Imperato A., Obinu M.C., Carta G., Mascia M.S., Casu M.A., Gessa G.L. Reduction of dopamine release and synthesis by repeated amphetamine treatment: role in behavioral sensitization. Eur J Pharmacol 1996, 317:231-237.
90. Vanderschuren L.J., Kalivas P.W. Alterations in dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission in the induction and expression of behavioral sensitization: a critical review of preclinical studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 151:99-120.
91. Unterwald E.M., Kreek M.J., Cuntapay M. The frequency of cocaine administration impacts cocaine-induced receptor alterations. Brain Res 2001, 900:103-109.
92. Pothos E.N., Creese I., Hoebel B.G. Restricted eating with weight loss selectively decreases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and alters dopamine response to amphetamine, morphine, and food intake. J Neurosci 1995, 15:6640-6650.
93. Carroll M.E., France C.P., Meisch R.A. Food deprivation increases oral and intravenous drug intake in rats. Science 1979, 205:319-321.
94. Carroll M.E., Stotz D.C. Oral d-amphetamine and ketamine self-administration by rhesus monkeys: effects of food deprivation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983, 227:28-34.
95. Carroll M.E. The role of food deprivation in the maintenance and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 1985, 16:95-109.
96. Papasava M., Singer G. Self-administration of low-dose cocaine by rats at reduced and recovered body weight. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985, 85:419-425.
97. Courbasson C.M., Smith P.D., Cleland P.A. Substance use disorders, anorexia, bulimia, and concurrent disorders. Can J Public Health 2005, 96:102-106.
98. Herzog D.B., Franko D.L., Dorer D.J., Keel P.K., Jackson S., Manzo M.P. Drug abuse in women with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2006, 39:364-368.
99. Frieling H., Romer K.D., Scholz S., Mittelbach F., Wilhelm J., De Zwaan M., et al. Epigenetic dysregulation of dopaminergic genes in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2010, 43:577-583.
100. Gross H.A., Lake C.R., Ebert M.H., Ziegler M.G., Kopin I.J. Catecholamine metabolism in primary anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979, 49:805-809.
101. Halmi K.A., Dekirmenjian H., Davis J.M., Casper R., Goldberg S. Catecholamine metabolism in anorexia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978, 35:458-460.
102. Surmeier D.J., Ding J., Day M., Wang Z., Shen W. D1 and D2 dopamine-receptor modulation of striatal glutamatergic signaling in striatal medium spiny neurons. Trends Neurosci 2007, 30:228-235.
103. Kaneko S., Hikida T., Watanabe D., Ichinose H., Nagatsu T., Kreitman R.J., et al. Synaptic integration mediated by striatal cholinergic interneurons in basal ganglia function. Science 2000, 289:633-637.
104. Mark G.P., Rada P.V., Shors T.J. Inescapable stress enhances extracellular acetylcholine in the rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex but not the nucleus accumbens or amygdala. Neuroscience 1996, 74:767-774.
105. Imperato A., Puglisi-Allegra S., Casolini P., Angelucci L. Changes in brain dopamine and acetylcholine release during and following stress are independent of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Brain Res 1991, 538:111-117.
106. Dazzi L., Motzo C., Imperato A., Serra M., Gessa G.L., Biggio G. Modulation of basal and stress-induced release of acetylcholine and dopamine in rat brain by abecarnil and imidazenil, two anxioselective gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor modulators. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995, 273:241-247.
107. Mark G.P., Rada P., Pothos E., Hoebel B.G. Effects of feeding and drinking on acetylcholine release in the nucleus accumbens, striatum, and hippocampus of freely behaving rats. J Neurochem 1992, 58:2269-2274.
108. Helm K.A., Rada P., Hoebel B.G. Cholecystokinin combined with serotonin in the hypothalamus limits accumbens dopamine release while increasing acetylcholine: a possible satiation mechanism. Brain Res 2003, 963:290-297.
109. Rada P.V., Hoebel B.G. Supraadditive effect of d-fenfluramine plus phentermine on extracellular acetylcholine in the nucleus accumbens: possible mechanism for inhibition of excessive feeding and drug abuse. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000, 65:369-373.
110. Hoebel B.G., Rada P., Mark G.P., Pothos E. Neural systems for reinforcement and inhibition of behavior: relevance to eating, addiction, and depression. Well-being: the foundation of hedonic psychology 1999, 558-572. Russel Sage Foundation. D. Kahneman, E. Diener, N. Schwartz (Eds.).
111. Chau D., Rada P.V., Kosloff R.A., Hoebel B.G. Cholinergic, M1 receptors in the nucleus accumbens mediate behavioral depression. A possible downstream target for fluoxetine. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999, 877:769-774.
112. Chau D.T., Rada P., Kosloff R.A., Taylor J.L., Hoebel B.G. Nucleus accumbens muscarinic receptors in the control of behavioral depression: antidepressant-like effects of local M1 antagonist in the Porsolt swim test. Neuroscience 2001, 104:791-798.
113. Glowa J.R., Rice K.C., Matecka D., Rothman R.B. Phentermine/fenfluramine decreases cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Neuroreport 1997, 8:1347-1351.
114. Williams M.J., Adinoff B. The role of acetylcholine in cocaine addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:1779-1797.
115. Zhou W., Liu H., Zhang F., Tang S., Zhu H., Lai M., et al. Role of acetylcholine transmission in nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area in heroin-seeking induced by conditioned cues. Neuroscience 2007, 144:1209-1218.
116. Hikida T., Kitabatake Y., Pastan I., Nakanishi S. Acetylcholine enhancement in the nucleus accumbens prevents addictive behaviors of cocaine and morphine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:6169-6173.
117. Rada P., Mark G.P., Pothos E., Hoebel B.G. Systemic morphine simultaneously decreases extracellular acetylcholine and increases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. Neuropharmacology 1991, 30:1133-1136.
118. Stinus L., Le Moal M., Koob G.F. Nucleus accumbens and amygdala are possible substrates for the aversive stimulus effects of opiate withdrawal. Neuroscience 1990, 37:767-773.
119. Rada P., Colasante C., Skirzewski M., Hernandez L., Hoebel B. Behavioral depression in the swim test causes a biphasic, long-lasting change in accumbens acetylcholine release, with partial compensation by acetylcholinesterase and muscarinic-1 receptors. Neuroscience 2006, 141:67-76.
120. Detke M.J., Rickels M., Lucki I. Active behaviors in the rat forced swimming test differentially produced by serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995, 121:66-72.
121. Rada P.V., Mark G.P., Hoebel B.G. In vivo modulation of acetylcholine in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats: I. Inhibition by serotonin. Brain Res 1993, 619:98-104.
122. Rasmussen N.A., Farr L.A. Beta-endorphin response to an acute pain stimulus. J Neurosci Methods 2009, 177:285-288.
123. Zubieta J.K., Smith Y.R., Bueller J.A., Xu Y., Kilbourn M.R., Jewett D.M., et al. Regional mu opioid receptor regulation of sensory and affective dimensions of pain. Science 2001, 293:311-315.
124. Narita M., Suzuki M., Imai S., Narita M., Ozaki S., Kishimoto Y., et al. Molecular mechanism of changes in the morphine-induced pharmacological actions under chronic pain-like state: suppression of dopaminergic transmission in the brain. Life Sci 2004, 74:2655-2673.
125. Ozaki S., Narita M., Narita M., Iino M., Miyoshi K., Suzuki T. Suppression of the morphine-induced rewarding effect and G-protein activation in the lower midbrain following nerve injury in the mouse: involvement of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. Neuroscience 2003, 116:89-97.
126. Ozaki S., Narita M., Narita M., Iino M., Sugita J., Matsumura Y., et al. Suppression of the morphine-induced rewarding effect in the rat with neuropathic pain: implication of the reduction in mu-opioid receptor functions in the ventral tegmental area. J Neurochem 2002, 82:1192-1198.
127. Zangen A., Herzberg U., Vogel Z., Yadid G. Nociceptive stimulus induces release of endogenous beta-endorphin in the rat brain. Neuroscience 1998, 85:659-662.
128. Eisenberg E., McNicol E.D., Carr D.B. Efficacy and safety of opioid agonists in the treatment of neuropathic pain of nonmalignant origin: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Jama 2005, 293:3043-3052.
129. Passik S.D. Issues in long-term opioid therapy: unmet needs, risks, and solutions. Mayo Clin Proc 2009, 84:593-601.
130. Suzuki T. Modification of morphine dependence under chronic pain and its mechanism. Yakugaku Zasshi 2001, 121:909-914.
131. Di Chiara G., Imperato A. Opposite effects of mu and kappa opiate agonists on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and in the dorsal caudate of freely moving rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988, 244:1067-1080.
132. Zhang Y., Butelman E.R., Schlussman S.D., Ho A., Kreek M.J. Effect of the kappa opioid agonist R-84760 on cocaine-induced increases in striatal dopamine levels and cocaine-induced place preference in C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004, 173:146-152.
133. Zhang Y., Butelman E.R., Schlussman S.D., Ho A., Kreek M.J. Effect of the endogenous kappa opioid agonist dynorphin A(1-17) on cocaine-evoked increases in striatal dopamine levels and cocaine-induced place preference in C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004, 172:422-429.
134. Maisonneuve I.M., Archer S., Glick S.D. U50,488, a kappa opioid receptor agonist, attenuates cocaine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Neurosci Lett 1994, 181:57-60.
135. Land B.B., Bruchas M.R., Lemos J.C., Xu M., Melief E.J., Chavkin C. The dysphoric component of stress is encoded by activation of the dynorphin kappa-opioid system. J Neurosci 2008, 28:407-414.
136. Pan Z.Z. mu-Opposing actions of the kappa-opioid receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1998, 19:94-98.
137. Knoll A.T., Carlezon W.A. Dynorphin, stress, and depression. Brain Res 2010, 1314:56-73.
138. McLaughlin J.P., Marton-Popovici M., Chavkin C. Kappa opioid receptor antagonism and prodynorphin gene disruption block stress-induced behavioral responses. J Neurosci 2003, 23:5674-5683.
139. Nestler E.J., Carlezon W.A. The mesolimbic dopamine reward circuit in depression. Biol Psychiatry 2006, 59:1151-1159.
140. Shippenberg T.S., Rea W. Sensitization to the behavioral effects of cocaine: modulation by dynorphin and kappa-opioid receptor agonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997, 57:449-455.
141. Bruijnzeel A.W. kappa-Opioid receptor signaling and brain reward function. Brain Res Rev 2009, 62:127-146.
142. Shirayama Y., Ishida H., Iwata M., Hazama G.I., Kawahara R., Duman R.S. Stress increases dynorphin immunoreactivity in limbic brain regions and dynorphin antagonism produces antidepressant-like effects. J Neurochem 2004, 90:1258-1268.
143. Kennedy S.E., Koeppe R.A., Young E.A., Zubieta J.K. Dysregulation of endogenous opioid emotion regulation circuitry in major depression in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006, 63:1199-1208.
144. Zubieta J.K., Ketter T.A., Bueller J.A., Xu Y., Kilbourn M.R., Young E.A., et al. Regulation of human affective responses by anterior cingulate and limbic mu-opioid neurotransmission. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003, 60:1145-1153.
145. Liberzon I., Zubieta J.K., Fig L.M., Phan K.L., Koeppe R.A., Taylor S.F. mu-Opioid receptors and limbic responses to aversive emotional stimuli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99:7084-7089.
146. Drewnowski A., Krahn D.D., Demitrack M.A., Nairn K., Gosnell B.A. Taste responses and preferences for sweet high-fat foods: evidence for opioid involvement. Physiol Behav 1992, 51:371-379.
147. Kelley A.E., Bakshi V.P., Haber S.N., Steininger T.L., Will M.J., Zhang M. Opioid modulation of taste hedonics within the ventral striatum. Physiol Behav 2002, 76:365-377.
148. Nathan P.J., Bullmore E.T. From taste hedonics to motivational drive: central mu-opioid receptors and binge-eating behaviour. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009, 1-14.
149. Dum J., Gramsch C., Herz A. Activation of hypothalamic beta-endorphin pools by reward induced by highly palatable food. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1983, 18:443-447.
150. Brewerton T.D., Lydiard R.B., Laraia M.T., Shook J.E., Ballenger J.C. CSF beta-endorphin and dynorphin in bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 1992, 149:1086-1090.
151. Bencherif B., Guarda A.S., Colantuoni C., Ravert H.T., Dannals R.F., Frost J.J. Regional mu-opioid receptor binding in insular cortex is decreased in bulimia nervosa and correlates inversely with fasting behavior. J Nucl Med 2005, 46:1349-1351.
152. Drewnowski A. Metabolic determinants of binge eating. Addict Behav 1995, 20:733-745.
153. Kelley A.E., Will M.J., Steininger T.L., Zhang M., Haber S.N. Restricted daily consumption of a highly palatable food (chocolate Ensure(R)) alters striatal enkephalin gene expression. Eur J Neurosci 2003, 18:2592-2598.
154. Demitrack M.A., Putnam F.W., Rubinow D.R., Pigott T.A., Altemus M., Krahn D.D., et al. Relation of dissociative phenomena to levels of cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites and beta-endorphin in patients with eating disorders: a pilot study. Psychiatry Res 1993, 49:1-10.
155. Kreek M.J. Effects of opiates, opioid antagonists and cocaine on the endogenous opioid system: clinical and laboratory studies. NIDA Res Monogr 1992, 119:44-48.
156. Hollt V., Horn G. Nicotine and opioid peptides. Prog Brain Res 1989, 79:187-193.
157. Houdi A.A., Bardo M.T., Van Loon G.R. Opioid mediation of cocaine-induced hyperactivity and reinforcement. Brain Res 1989, 497:195-198.
158. Seizinger B.R., Bovermann K., Maysinger D., Hollt V., Herz A. Differential effects of acute and chronic ethanol treatment on particular opioid peptide systems in discrete regions of rat brain and pituitary. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1983, 18(Suppl. 1):361-369.
159. Koob G.F., Bloom F.E. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science 1988, 242:715-723.
160. Olive M.F., Koenig H.N., Nannini M.A., Hodge C.W. Stimulation of endorphin neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens by ethanol, cocaine, and amphetamine. J Neurosci 2001, 21. RC184.
161. Zubieta J.K., Gorelick D.A., Stauffer R., Ravert H.T., Dannals R.F., Frost J.J. Increased mu opioid receptor binding detected by PET in cocaine-dependent men is associated with cocaine craving. Nat Med 1996, 2:1225-1229.
162. Heinz A., Reimold M., Wrase J., Hermann D., Croissant B., Mundle G., et al. Correlation of stable elevations in striatal mu-opioid receptor availability in detoxified alcoholic patients with alcohol craving: a positron emission tomography study using carbon 11-labeled carfentanil. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005, 62:57-64.
163. Vescovi P.P., Coiro V., Volpi R., Giannini A., Passeri M. Plasma beta-endorphin, but not met-enkephalin levels are abnormal in chronic alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol 1992, 27:471-475.
164. Nestler E.J. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001, 2:119-128.
165. Rada P., Barson J.R., Leibowitz S.F., Hoebel B.G. Opioids in the hypothalamus control dopamine and acetylcholine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 2010, 1312:1-9.
166. Acquas E., Meloni M., Di Chiara G. Blockade of delta-opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens prevents ethanol-induced stimulation of dopamine release. Eur J Pharmacol 1993, 230:239-241.
167. Gonzales R.A., Weiss F. Suppression of ethanol-reinforced behavior by naltrexone is associated with attenuation of the ethanol-induced increase in dialysate dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 1998, 18:10663-10671.
168. Bergevin A., Girardot D., Bourque M.J., Trudeau L.E. Presynaptic mu-opioid receptors regulate a late step of the secretory process in rat ventral tegmental area GABAergic neurons. Neuropharmacology 2002, 42:1065-1078.
169. Leite-Morris K.A., Fukudome E.Y., Shoeb M.H., Kaplan G.B. GABA(B) receptor activation in the ventral tegmental area inhibits the acquisition and expression of opiate-induced motor sensitization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004, 308:667-678.
170. Mulder A.H., Wardeh G., Hogenboom F., Frankhuyzen A.L. Kappa- and delta-opioid receptor agonists differentially inhibit striatal dopamine and acetylcholine release. Nature 1984, 308:278-280.
171. Spanagel R., Herz A., Shippenberg T.S. Opposing tonically active endogenous opioid systems modulate the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992, 89:2046-2050.
172. Pani A.K. Influence of intrastriatal infusion of dynorphin fragments on overflow of acetylcholine and dopamine in the rat brain. Int J Neurosci 2009, 119:1362-1383.
173. Arenas E., Alberch J., Sanchez Arroyos R., Marsal J. Effect of opioids on acetylcholine release evoked by K+or glutamic acid from rat neostriatal slices. Brain Res 1990, 523:51-56.
174. Beani L., Bianchi C., Borea P.A., Siniscalchi A. Effects of chronic morphine treatment on opioid-induced inhibition and facilitation of acetylcholine release in guinea-pig thalamic slices. Pharmacol Res Commun 1986, 18:591-600.
175. Regier D.A., Farmer M.E., Rae D.S., Locke B.Z., Keith S.J., Judd L.L., et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. Jama 1990, 264:2511-2518.
176. Langas A.M., Malt U.F., Opjordsmoen S. Comorbid mental disorders in substance users from a single catchment area-a clinical study. BMC Psychiatry 2011, 11:25.
177. Meltzer-Brody S., Leserman J. Psychiatric comorbidity in women with chronic pelvic pain. CNS Spectr 2011.
178. Kirsh K.L., Whitcomb L.A., Donaghy K., Passik S.D. Abuse and addiction issues in medically ill patients with pain: attempts at clarification of terms and empirical study. Clin J Pain 2002, 18:S52-S60.
179. Pothos E.N., Sulzer D., Hoebel B.G. Plasticity of quantal size in ventral midbrain dopamine neurons: possible implications for the neurochemistry of feeding and reward. Appetite 1998, 31:405.
180. Geiger B.M., Behr G.G., Frank L.E., Caldera-Siu A.D., Beinfeld M.C., Kokkotou E.G., et al. Evidence for defective mesolimbic dopamine exocytosis in obesity-prone rats. FASEB J 2008, 22:2740-2746.
181. Geiger B.M., Haburcak M., Avena N.M., Moyer M.C., Hoebel B.G., Pothos E.N. Deficits of mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission in rat dietary obesity. Neuroscience 2009, 159:1193-1199.
182. Blum K., Braverman E.R., Holder J.M., Lubar J.F., Monastra V.J., Miller D., et al. Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. J Psychoactive Drugs 2000, 32(Suppl.: i-iv):1-112.
183. Wang G.J., Volkow N.D., Thanos P.K., Fowler J.S. Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as assessed by neurofunctional imaging: a concept review. J Addict Dis 2004, 23:39-53.
184. Volkow N.D., Wang G.J., Fowler J.S., Tomasi D., Telang F., Baler R. Addiction: decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain's control circuit. Bioessays 2010, 32:748-755.
185. Andrews M.M., Meda S.A., Thomas A.D., Potenza M.N., Krystal J.H., Worhunsky P., et al. Individuals family history positive for alcoholism show functional magnetic resonance imaging differences in reward sensitivity that are related to impulsivity factors. Biol Psychiatry 2011, 69:675-683.
186. Stice E., Yokum S., Blum K., Bohon C. Weight gain is associated with reduced striatal response to palatable food. J Neurosci 2010, 30:13105-13109.
187. Foti D., Hajcak G. State sadness reduces neural sensitivity to nonrewards versus rewards. Neuroreport 2010, 21:143-147.
188. Foti D., Hajcak G. Depression and reduced sensitivity to non-rewards versus rewards: evidence from event-related potentials. Biol Psychol 2009, 81:1-8.
189. Hasler G., Luckenbaugh D.A., Snow J., Meyers N., Waldeck T., Geraci M., et al. Reward processing after catecholamine depletion in unmedicated, remitted subjects with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2009, 66:201-205.
190. Barnes D.M. Breaking the cycle of addiction. Science 1988, 241:1029-1030.
191. Khaodhiar L., McCowen K.C., Blackburn G.L. Obesity and its comorbid conditions. Clin Cornerstone 1999, 2:17-31.
192. Jimerson D.C., Lesem M.D., Kaye W.H., Hegg A.P., Brewerton T.D. Eating disorders and depression: is there a serotonin connection?. Biol Psychiatry 1990, 28:443-454.
193. Cabanac M., Duclaux R., Spector N.H. Sensory feedback in regulation of body weight: is there a ponderostat?. Nature 1971, 229:125-127.
194. Tomazini F.M., Reimer A., Albrechet-Souza L., Brandao M.L. Opposite effects of short- and long-duration isolation on ultrasonic vocalization, startle and prepulse inhibition in rats. J Neurosci Methods 2006, 153:114-120.