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[Epub ahead of print]. Clear overview of striatal circuits with a helpful diagram. It discusses both the parallel-path and center-surround hypotheses of organization and the relationships to motor abnormalities.
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Utter A.A., and Basso M.A. The basal ganglia: an overview of circuits and function. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2007) [Epub ahead of print]. Clear overview of striatal circuits with a helpful diagram. It discusses both the parallel-path and center-surround hypotheses of organization and the relationships to motor abnormalities.
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Utter, A.A.1
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The mesolimbic dopamine reward circuit in depression
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Important findings and discussion that link the dynorphin-aversion system of Shippenberg and her colleagues (see below) to inhibition of the dopamine system and the induction of behavioral depression.
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Nestler E.J., and Carlezon Jr. W.A. The mesolimbic dopamine reward circuit in depression. Biol Psychiatry 59 (2006) 1151-1159. Important findings and discussion that link the dynorphin-aversion system of Shippenberg and her colleagues (see below) to inhibition of the dopamine system and the induction of behavioral depression.
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Nestler, E.J.1
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Dynorphin and the pathophysiology of drug addiction
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Reviews data showing that a dynorphin system serves as one of the opponent processes that opposes the effects of repeated drug use and may be critical in producing withdrawal signs.
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Shippenberg T.S., Zapata A., and Chefer V.I. Dynorphin and the pathophysiology of drug addiction. Pharmacol Ther 116 (2007) 306-321. Reviews data showing that a dynorphin system serves as one of the opponent processes that opposes the effects of repeated drug use and may be critical in producing withdrawal signs.
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A novel theory of basal ganglion function based on the results of injections into the NAc. The proposed circuit is different than the typical striatal diagrams. It features a pathway from the lateral hypothalamus to the thalamus and from there to cholinergic neurons in the NAc shell for the control of feeding. See also their related review in J Comp Neurol 2005, 493:72-85.
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Kelley A.E., Baldo B.A., Pratt W.E., and Will M.J. Corticostriatal-hypothalamic circuitry and food motivation: integration of energy, action and reward. Physiol Behav 86 (2005) 773-795. A novel theory of basal ganglion function based on the results of injections into the NAc. The proposed circuit is different than the typical striatal diagrams. It features a pathway from the lateral hypothalamus to the thalamus and from there to cholinergic neurons in the NAc shell for the control of feeding. See also their related review in J Comp Neurol 2005, 493:72-85.
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McFarland N.R., and Haber S.N. Thalamic relay nuclei of the basal ganglia form both reciprocal and nonreciprocal cortical connections, linking multiple frontal cortical areas. J Neurosci 22 (2002) 8117-8132
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[Epub ahead of print]. A revealing, well illustrated track-tracing study that shows the components of three major circuits innervated by meso-striatal DA systems. It also reviews major theories of DA function.
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Ikemoto S. Dopamine reward circuitry: two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex. Brain Res Rev (2007) [Epub ahead of print]. A revealing, well illustrated track-tracing study that shows the components of three major circuits innervated by meso-striatal DA systems. It also reviews major theories of DA function.
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An in-depth review of gluamate, DA and ACh control of the up-state and down-state in striatal GABA output neurons, with opposing D1 and D2 effects controlling the reshaping of corticostriatal connectivity.
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Surmeier D.J., Ding J., Day M., Wang Z., and Shen W. D1 and D2 dopamine-receptor modulation of striatal glutamatergic signaling in striatal medium spiny neurons. Trends Neurosci 30 (2007) 228-235. An in-depth review of gluamate, DA and ACh control of the up-state and down-state in striatal GABA output neurons, with opposing D1 and D2 effects controlling the reshaping of corticostriatal connectivity.
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Immunotoxin is used to destroy ACh cells unilaterally in the stratum. The rotational behavior that results is analyzed with apomorphine for DA stimulation and haloperidol for DA blockade. The authors relate the results to a model in which ACh counteracts DA, at both D1 and D2 receptors, located separately on the two classic parallel-path outputs.
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Kaneko S., Hikida T., Watanabe D., Ichinose H., Nagatsu T., Kreitman R.J., Pastan I., and Nakanishi S. Synaptic integration mediated by striatal cholinergic interneurons in basal ganglia function. Science 289 (2000) 633-637. Immunotoxin is used to destroy ACh cells unilaterally in the stratum. The rotational behavior that results is analyzed with apomorphine for DA stimulation and haloperidol for DA blockade. The authors relate the results to a model in which ACh counteracts DA, at both D1 and D2 receptors, located separately on the two classic parallel-path outputs.
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Microdialysis measures extra-synaptic DA and ACh that act by volume transmission. This article updates the 2000 book, Volume Transmission Revisited, where this important concept is documented and the possible role of volume transmission in neural computation is explained.
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Guidolin D., Fuxe K., Neri G., Nussdorfer G.G., and Agnati L.F. On the role of receptor-receptor interactions and volume transmission in learning and memory. Brain Res Rev 55 (2007) 119-133. Microdialysis measures extra-synaptic DA and ACh that act by volume transmission. This article updates the 2000 book, Volume Transmission Revisited, where this important concept is documented and the possible role of volume transmission in neural computation is explained.
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A recent presentation of the theory that DA in the NAc has a major role in the production of behavioral effort.
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An elegant experimental analysis of operant responding for unpredictable rewards, which keeps DA release elevated.
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Ahn S., and Phillips A.G. Dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens during within-session extinction, outcome-dependent, and habit-based instrumental responding for food reward. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 191 (2007) 641-651. An elegant experimental analysis of operant responding for unpredictable rewards, which keeps DA release elevated.
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A clear and useful review of research designed to answer question about DA's functions: what, where and why.
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A demonstration that intermittent food deprivation followed daily by sugar access can cause excess sugar intake and repeated release of DA.
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When a gastric fistula is used to drain stomach contents, the animals fail to release ACh in the NAc and drink more of a sugar solution. This is offered as evidence that accumbens ACh normally plays a role in avoiding overeating.
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Very useful review of hypothalamic integration of external and internal signals controlling ingestive behavior. This has become a complex field, but basic principles are evident as it unfolds.
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Hernandez L., Lee F., and Hoebel B.G. Simultaneous microdialysis and amphetamine infusion in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of freely moving rats: increase in extracellular dopamine and serotonin. Brain Res Bull 19 (1987) 623-628
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Rada P.V., Mark G.P., Taylor K.M., and Hoebel B.G. Morphine and naloxone, i.p. or locally, affect extracellular acetylcholine in the accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 53 (1996) 809-816
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Widely cited, influential review of evidence for a gradual transition from drug taking for reward, followed by reward devaluation, culminating in relatively uncontrolled drug taking habits. Brain regions are identified with each stage leading to compulsive behaviour.
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Everitt B.J., and Robbins T.W. Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nat Neurosci 8 (2005) 1481-1489. Widely cited, influential review of evidence for a gradual transition from drug taking for reward, followed by reward devaluation, culminating in relatively uncontrolled drug taking habits. Brain regions are identified with each stage leading to compulsive behaviour.
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Academic Press, San Diego. This book is a must for any student of addiction. It surveys the literature, tells a research story and generates a theory.
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Koob G.F., and Le Moal M. Neurobiology of Addiction (2005), Academic Press, San Diego. This book is a must for any student of addiction. It surveys the literature, tells a research story and generates a theory.
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Rada P., Mark G.P., Pothos E., and Hoebel B.G. Systemic morphine simultaneously decreases extracellular acetylcholine and increases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. Neuropharmacology 30 (1991) 1133-1136
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Westerink B.H., and Creamers T. (Eds), Academic Press. Handbooks often hide useful chapters that you will not find listed on PubMed. If you are interested in neuromodulators, peruse this book. Our chapter is but one of many.
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Rada P., Paez X., Hernandez L., Avena N.M., and Hoebel B.G. Microdialysis in the study of behavior reinforcement and inhibition. In: Westerink B.H., and Creamers T. (Eds). Handbook of Microdialysis: Methods, Application and Perspectives (2007), Academic Press 351-375. Handbooks often hide useful chapters that you will not find listed on PubMed. If you are interested in neuromodulators, peruse this book. Our chapter is but one of many.
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Handbook of Microdialysis: Methods, Application and Perspectives
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Colantuoni C., Rada P., McCarthy J., Patten C., Avena N.M., Chadeayne A., and Hoebel B.G. Evidence that intermittent, excessive sugar intake causes endogenous opioid dependence. Obes Res 10 (2002) 478-488
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Avena N.M., Long K.A., and Hoebel B.G. Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced responding for sugar after abstinence: evidence of a sugar deprivation effect. Physiol Behav 84 (2005) 359-362
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Avena N.M., Carrillo C.A., Needham L., Leibowitz S.F., and Hoebel B.G. Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced intake of unsweetened ethanol. Alcohol 34 (2004) 203-209
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Confirmation that sugar abstinence, like cocaine abstinence, can have long-lasting and growing effects on the expression of learned behavior. This paper suggests that opioid receptors are involved in the incubation phenomenon.
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Psychopharmacology (Berl)
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Brain Res Mol Brain Res
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Excessive sugar intake alters binding to dopamine and mu-opioid receptors in the brain
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Colantuoni C., Schwenker J., McCarthy J., Rada P., Ladenheim B., Cadet J.L., Schwartz G.J., Moran T.H., and Hoebel B.G. Excessive sugar intake alters binding to dopamine and mu-opioid receptors in the brain. Neuroreport 12 (2001) 3549-3552
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How can drug addiction help us understand obesity?
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This is a discussion of drug addiction and obesity that compares the genetics, environmental factors, brain adaptations, preventative strategies and treatment of these two appetitive behaviors gone awry. The main point is that the study of each can inform the other.
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Volkow N.D., and Wise R.A. How can drug addiction help us understand obesity?. Nat Neurosci 8 (2005) 555-560. This is a discussion of drug addiction and obesity that compares the genetics, environmental factors, brain adaptations, preventative strategies and treatment of these two appetitive behaviors gone awry. The main point is that the study of each can inform the other.
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Nat Neurosci
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[Epub ahead of print]. Our compilation of experiments showing that alternate fasting and bingeing on a sugar solution can cause withdrawal and abstinence effects similar to what is reported for animal models of drug self-administration.
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Avena N.M., Rada P., and Hoebel B.G. Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2007) [Epub ahead of print]. Our compilation of experiments showing that alternate fasting and bingeing on a sugar solution can cause withdrawal and abstinence effects similar to what is reported for animal models of drug self-administration.
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Neurosci Biobehav Rev
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Avena, N.M.1
Rada, P.2
Hoebel, B.G.3
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