Carbon nanotubes as an advanced drug and gene delivery nanosystem

Current Nanoscience

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 297-314

  Dolatabadi, Jafar Ezzati Nazhad ^a   Omidi, Yadollah ^a   Losic, Dusan ^b  

^a TABRIZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Carbon nanotubes; Drug delivery; Functionalization of carbon nanotubes; Gene delivery

Indexed keywords

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS; BASIC CONCEPTS; BIODISTRIBUTIONS; CONVENTIONAL DRUGS; DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATIONS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG SOLUBILITY; FUNCTIONALIZATIONS; GENE DELIVERY; GENERAL INFORMATION; NANO-MATERIALS; PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENT; RECENT PROGRESS;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; CARBON NANOTUBES; DRUG DELIVERY; DRUG PRODUCTS; GENE TRANSFER; NANOSYSTEMS;

GENE THERAPY;

ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE; BIOPOLYMER; CARBON NANOTUBE; CISPLATIN; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; GEMCITABINE; LIPOPROTEIN; LIPOSOME; MACROGOL; MICROSPHERE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; MULTI WALLED NANOTUBE; NANOCOMPOSITE; NANOPARTICLE; PACLITAXEL; POVIDONE; QUANTUM DOT; SINGLE WALLED NANOTUBE; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; STREPTAVIDIN; SURFACTANT;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; AQUEOUS SOLUTION; ARTICLE; ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL; CANCER THERAPY; CELL FUNCTION; CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION; CLICK CHEMISTRY; COVALENT BOND; CYTOTOXICITY; DISPERSION; DNA PROBE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; GENE SILENCING; GENE TARGETING; GENOTOXICITY; HUMAN; LUNG CARCINOMA; MICELLE; MUTAGENICITY; NANOMEDICINE; NONHUMAN; NONVIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RNA INTERFERENCE; SOLUBILITY; SYNTHESIS; TOXICITY TESTING; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM;

EID: 79956286428     PISSN: 15734137     EISSN: 18756786     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157341311795542444     Document Type: Article

References (185)

1. Drews, J. Drug discovery: a hystorical perspective. Science, 2000, 287, 1960-1964.
2. Mainardes, R. M.; Silva, L. P. Drug delivery systems: past, present, and future. Curr. Drug Targets, 2004, 5, 449-455.
3. Fahr, A.; Liu, X. Drug delivery strategies for poorly water-soluble drugs. Expert. Opin. Drug Deliv., 2007, 4, 403-416.
4. El-Aneed, A. An overview of current delivery systems in cancer gene ther- apy. J. Control. Release, 2004, 94, 1-14.
5. Amiji, M. M. Nanotechnology for targeted drug and gene delivery. Nanomedicine, 2006, 2, 299-300.
6. Kayser, O.; Lemke, A.; Trejo, N. H. The impact of nanobiotechnology on the development of new drug delivery systems. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2005, 6, 3-5.
7. Van, D.; McGuire, T.; Langer, R. Small scale systems for in vivo drug delivery. Nat. Biotechnol., 2003, 21, 1184-1191.
8. Wei, C.; Wei, W.; Michael, M.; Eisaku, M.; Mikhail, G.; Donald A, T. Nanomedicine for drug delivery. Med. Clin. N Am., 2007, 91, 863-870.
9. Hughes, G. A. Nanostructure-mediated drug delivery. Nanomedicine, 2005, 1, 22-30.
10. Martin, C. R.; Kohli, P. The emerging field of nanotube biotechnology. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2003, 2(1), 29-37.
11. Vallet-Regí, M.; Balas, F.; Arcos, D. Mesoporous materials for drug delivery. Angew Chem. Int. Ed., 2007, 46, 7548-7558.
12. Bianco, A.; Kostarelos, K.; Prato, M. Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 2005, 9(6), 674-679.
13. Liang, F.; Chen, B. A review on biomedical applications of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Curr. Med. Chem., 2010, 17, 10-24.
14. Foldvari, M.; Bagonluri, M. Carbon nanotubes as functional excipients for nanomedicines: I. Pharmaceutical properties. Nanomedicine, 2008, 4(3), 173-182.
15. Tripisciano, C.; Kraemer, K.; Taylor, A.; Borowiak-Palen, E. Single-wall carbon nanotubes based anticancer drug delivery system. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2009,478, 200-205.
16. Tran, P. A.; Zhang, L.; Webster, T. J. Carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes in regenerative medicine. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2009, 61(12), 1097- 1114.
17. Daniel, D.; Rao, T. P.; Rao, K. S.; Rani, S. U.; Naidu, G.R.K.; Lee, H. Y.; Kawai, T. A review of DNA functionalized/grafted carbon nanotubes and their characterization. Sens. Actuator B, 2007, 122, 672-682.
18. Lin, Y.; Taylor, S.; Li, H. P.; Fernando, K. A. S.; Qu, L. W.; Wang, W.; Gu, L. R.; Zhou, B.; Sun, Y. P. Advances toward bioapplications of carbon nano- tubes. J. Mater. Chem., 2004, 14(4), 527-541.
19. Lüer, L.; Hoseinkhani, S.; Polli, D.; Crochet, J.; Hertel, T.; Lanzani, G. Size and mobility of excitonsin (6,5) carbon nanotubes. Nat. Phys., 2009, 5, 54-58.
20. Alpatova, A. L.; Shan, W.; Babica, P.; Upham, B. L.; Rogensues, A. R.; Masten, S. J.; Drown, E.; Mohanty, A. K.; Alocilja, E. C.; Tarabara, V. V. Single-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed in aqueous media via non-covalent functionalization: effect of dispersant on the stability, cytotoxicity, and epi- genetic toxicity of nanotube suspensions. Water Res., 2010, 44(2), 505-520.
21. Iijima, S.; Ichihashi, T. Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter, Nature, 1993, 363, 603-605.
22. Dai, H. Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, integration, and properties. Acc. Chem. Res., 2002, 35(12), 1035-1044.
23. Dresselhaus, M. S.; Jorio, A.; Hofmann, M.; Dresselhaus, G.; Saito, R. Perspectives on carbon nanotubes and graphene Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett., 2010, 10(3), 751-758.
24. Bianco, A. Carbon nanotubes for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. Expert Opin Drug Deliv., 2004, 1(1), 57-65.
25. Prato, M.; Kostarelos, K.; Bianco, A. Functionalized carbon nanotubes in drug design and discovery. Acc. Chem. Res., 2008, 41(1), 60-68.
26. Hilder, T. A.; Hill, J. M. Carbon nanotubes as drug delivery nanocapsules. Curr. Appl. Phys., 2008, 8, 258-261.
27. Ferrari, M. Cancer Nanotechnology: Opportunities and Challenges. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2005, 5, 161-171.
28. Khlobystov, A. N.; Britz, D. A.; Briggs, G. A. Molecules in carbon nano- tubes. Acc. Chem. Res., 2005, 38(12), 901-909.
29. Ajima, K.; Murakami, T.; Mizoguchi, Y.; Tsuchida, K.; Ichihashi, T.; Iijima, S.; Yudasaka, M. Enhancement of in vivo anticancer effects of cisplatin by incorporation inside single-wall carbon nanohorns. ACS Nano, 2008, 2(10), 2057-2064.
30. Ajima, K.; Maigne, A.; Yudasaka, M.; Iijima, S. Optimum hole-opening condition for cisplatin incorporation in single-wall carbon nanohorns and its release. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110, 19097-19099.
31. Murakami, T.; Ajima, K.; Miyawaki, J.; Yudasaka, M.; Iijima, S.; Shiba, K. Drug-loaded carbon nanohorns: adsorption and release of dexamethasone in vitro. Mol. Pharmaceut., 2004, 1, 399-405.
32. Zhu, Z.; Yang, R.; You, M.; Zhang, X.; Wu, Y.; Tan, W. Single-walled carbon nanotube as an effective quencher. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2010, 396(1), 73-83.
33. Yang, W.; Thordarson, P.; Gooding, J. J.; Ringer, S. P.; Braet, F. Carbon nanotubes for biological and biomedical applications. Nanotechnology, 2007, 18, 1-12.
34. Green, A. A.; Hersam, M. C. Processing and properties of highly enriched double-wall carbon nanotubes. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2009, 4(1), 64-70.
35. Ittisanronnachai, S.; Orikasa, H.; Inokuma, N.; Uozu, Y.; Kyotani, T. Small molecule delivery using carbon nano-test-tubes. Carbon, 2008, 46, 1361- 1363.
36. Gogotsi, Y.; Naguib, N.; Libera, J. A. In situ chemical experiments in carbon nanotubes. Chem. Phys. Lett., 2002, 365, 354-360.
37. De Villiers, M. M.; Aramwit, P.; Kwon, G. S. Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery. Springer: New York, 2009.
38. Pagona, G.; Tagmatarchis, N. Carbon nanotubes: materials for medicinal chemistry and biotechnological applications. Curr. Med. Chem., 2006, 13(15), 1789-1798.
39. Ma, J.; Wang, J.-N.; Tsai, C.-J.; Nussinov, R.; Ma, B. Diameters of single- walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and related nanochemistry and nanobi- ology. Front Mater. Sci. China, 2010, 4(1), 17-28.
40. Harutyunyan, A. R.; Pradhan, B. K.; Sumanasekera, G. U.; Korobko, E. Y.; Kuznetsov, A. A. Carbon nanotubes for medical applications. Eur. Cells Ma- ter., 2002, 3, 84-87.
41. Firme, C. P., 3rd; Bandaru, P. R. Toxicity issues in the application of carbon nanotubes to biological systems. Nanomedicine, 2010, 6(2), 245-256.
42. Tagmatarchis, N.; Prato, M. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes via 1, 3- dipolar cycloadditions. J. Mater. Chem., 2004, 14, 437-439.
43. Holzinger, M.; Abraham, J.; Whelan, P.; Graupner, R.; Ley, L.; Hennrich, F.; Kappes, M.; Hirsch, A. Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with (R-)oxycarbonyl nitrenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125(28), 8566-8580.
44. Sahoo, N. G.; Rana, S.; Cho, J. W.; Li, L.; Chan, S. H. Polymer nanocompo- sites based on functionalized carbon nanotubes. Prog. Polym. Sci., 2010, 35, 837-867.
45. Qin, S.; Qin, D.; Ford, W. T.; Resasco, D. E.; Herrera, J. E. Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with polystyrene via grafting to and graft- ing from methods. Macromolecules, 2004, 37, 752-757.
46. Ciofani, G.; Obata, Y.; Sato, I.; Okamura, Y.; Raffa, V.; Menciassi, A.; Dario, P.; Takeda, N.; Takeoka, S. Realization, characterization and func- tionalization of lipidic wrapped carbon nanotubes. J. Nanopart Res., 2009, 11, 477-484.
47. Liu, Z.; Tabakman, S.; Welsher, K.; Dai, H. Carbon nanotubes in biology and medicine: in vitro and in vivo detection, imaging and drug delivery. Nano Res., 2009, 2(2), 85-120.
48. Klumpp, C.; Kostarelos, K.; Prato, M.; Bianco, A. Functionalized carbon nanotubes as emerging nanovectors for the delivery of therapeutics. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2006, 1758(3), 404-412.
49. Chappell, M. A.; George, A. J.; Dontsova, K. M.; Porter, B. E.; Price, C. L.; Zhou, P.; Morikawa, E.; Kennedy, A. J.; Steevens, J. A. Surfactive stabiliza- tion of multi-walled carbon nanotube dispersions with dissolved humic sub- stances. Environ. Pollut., 2009, 157(4), 1081-1087.
50. Marsh, D. H.; Rance, G. A.; Zaka, M. H.; Whitby, R. J.; Khlobystov, A. N. Comparison of the stability of multiwalled carbon nanotube dispersions in water. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2007, 9(40), 5490-5496.
51. Saleh, N. B.; Pfefferle, L. D.; Elimelech, M. Aggregation kinetics of multi- walled carbon nanotubes in aquatic systems: measurements and environ- mental implications. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, 42(21), 7963-7969.
52. Chen, S.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Dai, L.; Smet, M. Light-controlled single-walled carbon nanotube dispersions in aqueous solution. Langmuir, 2008,24(17), 9233-9236.
53. Star, A.; Liu, Y.; Grant, K.; Ridvan, L.; Stoddart, J. F.; Steuerman, D. W.; Diehl, M. R.; Boukai, A.; Heath, J. R. Noncovalent side-wall functionaliza- tion of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Macromolecules, 2003, 36, 553-560.
54. Ahmed, M.; Jiang, X.; Deng, Z.; Narain, R. Cationic glyco-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as efficient gene delivery vehicles. Biocon- jug. Chem., 2009, 20(11), 2017-2022.
55. Pantarotto, D.; Singh, R.; McCarthy, D.; Erhardt, M.; Briand, J. P.; Prato, M.; Kostarelos, K.; Bianco, A. Nanoneedle for the Injection of Genes? Car-bon nanotubes slip DNA into cells-a new approach to gene therapy? Angew Chem. Int. Ed., 2004, 43, 5242-5246.
56. Liu, Y.; Wu, D. C.; Zhang, W. D.; Jiang, X.; He, C. B.; Chung, T. S.; Goh, S. H.; Leong, K. W. Polyethylenimine-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes for secure noncovalent immobilization and efficient delivery of DNA. Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2005, 44(30), 4782-4785.
57. Lamprecht, A. Nanotherapeutics Drug Delivery Concepts in Nanoscience. Mainland Press Pte Ltd: Singapore, 2009.
58. Ortiz-Acevedo, A.; Xie, H.; Zorbas, V.; Sampson, W. M.; Dalton, A. B.; Baughman, R. H.; Draper, R. K.; Musselman, I. H.; Dieckmann, G. R. Di- ameter-selective solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes by reversi-ble cyclic peptides. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127(26), 9512-9517.
59. Teker, K.; Sirdeshmukh, R.; Sivakumar, K.; Lu, S.; Wickstrom, E.; Wang, H.-N.; Vo-Dinh, T.; Panchapakesan, B. Applications of carbon nanotubes for cancer research. NanoBiotechnology, 2005, 1, 171-182.
60. Lamprecht, C.; Danzberger, J.; Lukanov, P.; Tilmaciu, C. M.; Galibert, A. M.; Soula, B.; Flahaut, E.; Gruber, H. J.; Hinterdorfer, P.; Ebner, A.; Kien- berger, F. AFM imaging of functionalized double-walled carbon nanotubes. Ultramicroscopy, 2009, 109(8), 899-906.
61. Awasthi, K.; Singh, D. P.; Singh, S. K.; Dash, D.; Srivastava, O. N. Attach- ment of biomolecules (protein and DNA) to amino-functionalized carbon nanotubes. New Carbon Mater., 2009, 24(4), 301-306.
62. Liu, Z.; Sun, X.; Nakayama-Ratchford, N.; Dai, H. Supramolecular chemis- try on water-soluble carbon nanotubes for drug loading and delivery. ACS Nano, 2007, 1(1), 50-56.
63. Kharisov, B. I.; Kharissova, O. V.; Gutierrez, H. L.; Mendez, U. O. Recent advances on the soluble carbon nanotubes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2009, 48(2), 572-590.
64. Richard, C.; Doan, B. T.; Beloeil, J. C.; Bessodes, M.; Toth, E.; Scherman, D. Noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes with amphiphilic gd3+ chelates: toward powerful t1 and t2 MRI contrast agents. Nano Lett., 2008,8(1), 232-236.
65. Richard, C.; Balavoine, F.; Schultz, P.; Ebbesen, T. W.; Mioskowski, C. Supramolecular self-assembly of lipid derivatives on carbon nanotubes. Sci- ence, 2003, 300(5620), 775-778.
66. Li, H.; Cheng, F.; Duft, A. M.; Adronov, A. Functionalization of single- walled carbon nanotubes with well-defined polystyrene by click coupling. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127(41), 14518-14524.
67. Campidelli, S.; Klumpp, C.; Bianco, A.; Guldi, D. M.; Prato, M. Functionali-zation of CNT: Synthesis and applications in photovoltaics and biology. J. Phys. Org. Chem., 2006, 19, 531-539.
68. Bhattarai, S. R.; Aryal, S.; R., B. K. C.; Bhattarai, N.; Hwang, P. H.; Yi, H. K.; Kim, H. Y. Carbon nanotube-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for DNA complexation. Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2008, 28, 64-69.
69. Pantarotto, D.; Partidos, C. D.; Graff, R.; Hoebeke, J.; Briand, J. P.; Prato, M.; Bianco, A. Synthesis, structural characterization, and immunological properties of carbon nanotubes functionalized with peptides. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125(20), 6160-6164.
70. Shi, Q.; Yang, D.; Su, Y.; Li, J.; Jiang, Z.; Jiang, Y.; Yuan, W. Covalent functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by lipase. J. Nanopart Res., 2007, 9, 1205-1210.
71. Pulikkathara, M. X.; Khabashesku, V. N. Covalent sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes by amino acids. Russ. Chem. Bull. Int. Ed., 2008, 57(5), 1054-1062.
72. You, Y. Z.; Hong, C. Y.; Pan, C. Y. Covalently immobilizing a biological molecule onto a carbon nanotube via a stimuli-sensitive bond. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007, 111, 16161-16166.
73. Jain, A. K.; Dubey, V.; Mehra, N. K.; Lodhi, N.; Nahar, M.; Mishra, D. K.; Jain, N. K. Carbohydrate-conjugated multiwalled carbon nanotubes: devel- opment and characterization. Nanomedicine, 2009, 5(4), 432-442.
74. Huisgen, R., 1,3-Dipolarcycloadditions-introduction, survey, mechanismin 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition chemistry. In 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition chemistry, Padwa, A. Ed., Wiley: NewYork, 1984; Vol. 1, pp. 1-176.
75. Kolb, H. C.; Finn, M. G.; Sharpless, K. B. Click chemistry: diverse chemical function from a few good reactions. Angew Chem. Int. Ed., 2001, 40, 2004- 2021.
76. Lee, Y. S.; Marzari, N. Cycloaddition functionalizations to preserve or control the conductance of carbon nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2006, 97(11), 116801.
77. Kumar, I.; Rode, C. V. Efficient synthesis of fused 1,2,3-triazolo-delta- lactams using huisgen [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition click-chemistry in water. Chem. Lett., 2007, 36, 592-593.
78. Sahoo, N. G.; Thet, N. T.; Tan, Q. H.; Li, L.; Chan, S. H.; Zhao, J.; Yu, S. Effect of carbon nanotubes and processing methods on the properties of car-bon nanotube/polypropylene composites. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2009, 9(10), 5910-5919.
79. Kumar, I.; Rana, S.; Rode, C. V.; Cho, J. W. Functionalization of single- walled carbon nanotubes with azides derived from amino acids using click chemistry. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2008, 8(7), 3351-3356.
80. Campidelli, S.; Ballesteros, B.; Filoramo, A.; Diaz, D. D.; de la Torre, G.; Torres, T.; Rahman, G. M.; Ehli, C.; Kiessling, D.; Werner, F.; Sgobba, V.; Guldi, D. M.; Cioffi, C.; Prato, M.; Bourgoin, J. P. Facile decoration of func- tionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes with phthalocyanines via click chemistry. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130(34), 11503-11509.
81. Guo, Z.; Liang, L.; Liang, J.-J.; Ma, Y.-F.; Yang, X.-Y.; Ren, D.-M.; Chen, Y.-S.; Zheng, J.-Y. Covalently -cyclodextrin modified single-walled carbon nanotubes: a novel artificial receptor synthesized by click chemistry. J. Nanopart. Res., 2008, 10, 1077-1083.
82. He, H.; Zhang, Y.; Gao, C.; Wu, J. Clicked magnetic nanohybrids with a soft polymer interlayer. Chem. Commun., 2009, 1655-1657.
83. Jaffe, R. L. Quantum Chemistry Study of Fullerene and Carbon Nanotube Fluorination. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2003, 107, 10378-10388.
84. Javey, A. The 2008 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience: carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano, 2008, 2(7), 1329-1335.
85. Brcic, M.; Canadija, M.; Brnic, J.; Lanc, D.; Krscanski, S.; Vukelic, G. FE modelling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Est. J. Eng., 2009, 15(2), 77-86.
86. Zhu, Z.; Song, W.; Burugapalli, K.; Moussy, F.; Li, Y. L.; Zhong, X. H. Nano-yarn carbon nanotube fiber based enzymatic glucose biosensor. Nanotechnology, 2010, 21(16), 165501.
87. Deepak, J.; Pradeep, T.; Waghmare, U. V. Interaction of small gold clusters with carbon nanotube bundles: formation of gold atomic chains. J. Phys. Condens. Matter., 2010, 22, 1-6.
88. Kapoor, S.; Bhattacharyya, A. J. Ultrasound-triggered controlled drug deliv- ery and biosensing using silica nanotubes. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, 113, 7155-7163.
89. Byrappa, K.; Ohara, S.; Adschiri, T. Nanoparticles synthesis using super- critical fluid technology - towards biomedical applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2008, 60(3), 299-327.
90. Kumar, S.; Rath, T.; Khatua, B. B.; Dhibar, A. K.; Das, C. K. Preparation and characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate)/multi-walled carbon nano- tube composites. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2009, 9(8), 4644-4655.
91. Tan, F.; Fan, X.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, F. Coating and filling of carbon nano-tubes with homogeneous magnetic nanoparticles. Mater. Lett., 2007, 61, 1805-1808.
92. Jan, E.; Kotov, N. A. Successful differentiation of mouse neural stem cells on layer-by-layer assembled single-walled carbon nanotube composite. Nano Lett., 2007, 7(5), 1123-1128.
93. [93] Crouzier, T.; Nimmagadda, A.; Nollert, M. U.; McFetridge, P. S. Modifica- tion of single walled carbon nanotube surface chemistry to improve aqueous solubility and enhance cellular interactions. Langmuir, 2008, 24(22), 13173 13181.
94. Guo, Y.; Shi, D.; Cho, H.; Dong, Z.; Kulkarni, A.; Pauletti, G. M.; Wang, W.; Lian, J.; Liu, W.; Ren, L.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, G.; Huth, C.; Wang, L.; Ew- ing, R. C. In vivo imaging and drug storage by quantum-dot-conjugated car- bon nanotubes. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2008, 18, 2489-2497.
95. Donaldson, K.; Tran, C. L. Inflammation caused by particles and fibres. Inhal. Toxicol., 2002, 14, 5-27.
96. Hussain, M. A.; Kabir, M. A.; Sood, A. K. On the cytotoxicity of carbon nanotubes. Curr. Sci., 2009, 96(5), 664-673.
97. Yan, A.; Von Dem Bussche, A.; Kane, A. B.; Hurt, R. H. Tocopheryl poly- ethylene glycol succinate as a safe, antioxidant surfactant for processing car- bon nanotubes and fullerenes. Carbon NY, 2007, 45(13), 2463-2470.
98. Dobrovolskaia, M. A.; Mcneil, S. E. Immunological properties of engineered nanomaterials. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2007, 2, 469-478.
99. Tejral, G.; Panyala, N. R.; Havel, J. Carbon nanotubes: toxicological impact on human health and environment. J. Appl. Biomed., 2009, 7, 1-13.
100. Muller, J.; Huaux, F.; Moreau, N.; Misson, P.; Heilier, J. F.; Delos, M.; Arras, M.; Fonseca, A.; Nagy, J. B.; Lison, D. Respiratory toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2005, 207(3), 221-231.
101. Shvedova, A. A.; Kisin, E. R.; Mercer, R.; Murray, A. R.; Johnson, V. J.; Potapovich, A. I.; Tyurina, Y. Y.; Gorelik, O.; Arepalli, S.; Schwegler-Berry, D.; Hubbs, A. F.; Antonini, J.; Evans, D. E.; Ku, B. K.; Ramsey, D.; May-nard, A.; Kagan, V. E.; Castranova, V.; Baron, P. Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 2005, 289(5), L698-708.
102. Lam, C. W.; James, J. T.; McCluskey, R.; Arepalli, S.; Hunter, R. L. A review of carbon nanotube toxicity and assessment of potential occupational and environmental health risks. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 2006, 36(3), 189-217.
103. Jain, A.; Mehra, N. K.; Lodhi, N.; Dubey, V.; Mishra, D. K.; Jain, P. K.; Jain, N. K. Carbon nanotubes and their toxicity. Nanotoxicology, 2007, 1(3), 167-197.
104. Murray, A. R.; Kisin, E.; Leonard, S. S.; Young, S. H.; Kommineni, C.; Kagan, V. E.; Castranova, V.; Shvedova, A. A. Oxidative stress and inflam- matory response in dermal toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Toxicology, 2009, 257(3), 161-171.
105. Carrero-Sanchez, J. C.; Elias, A. L.; Mancilla, R.; Arrellin, G.; Terrones, H.; Laclette, J. P.; Terrones, M. Biocompatibility and toxicological studies of carbon nanotubes doped with nitrogen. Nano Lett., 2006, 6(8), 1609-1616.
106. Saxena, R. K.; Williams, W.; Mcgee, J. K.; Daniels, M. J.; Boykin, E.; Gil-mour, M. I. Enhanced in vitro and in vivo toxicity of poly-dispersed acid-functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes. Nanotoxicology, 2007, 1(4), 291-300.
107. Magrez, A.; Kasas, S.; Salicio, V.; Pasquier, N.; Seo, J. W.; Celio, M.; Catsi-cas, S.; Schwaller, B.; Forro, L. Cellular toxicity of carbon-based nanomate-rials. Nano Lett, 2006, 6(6), 1121-1125.
108. Poma, A.; Di Giorgio, M. L. Toxicogenomics to improve comprehension of the mechanisms underlying responses of in vitro and in vivo systems to nanomaterials: a review. Curr. Genomics, 2008, 9(8), 571-585.
109. Schipper, M. L.; Nakayama-Ratchford, N.; Davis, C. R.; Kam, N. W.; Chu, P.; Liu, Z.; Sun, X.; Dai, H.; Gambhir, S. S. A pilot toxicology study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small sample of mice. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2008,3(4), 216-221.
110. Inoue, K.; Koike, E.; Yanagisawa, R.; Hirano, S.; Nishikawa, M.; Takano, H. Effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on a murine allergic airway in- flammation model. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2009, 237(3), 306-316.
111. Jos, A.; Pichardo, S.; Puerto, M.; Sanchez, E.; Grilo, A.; Camean, A. M. Cytotoxicity of carboxylic acid functionalized single wall carbon nanotubes on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Toxicol. In Vitro, 2009, 23(8), 1491-1496.
112. Ding, L.; Stilwell, J.; Zhang, T.; Elboudwarej, O.; Jiang, H.; Selegue, J. P.; Cooke, P. A.; Gray, J. W.; Chen, F. F. Molecular characterization of the cy- totoxic mechanism of multiwall carbon nanotubes and nano-onions on hu- man skin fibroblast. Nano Lett., 2005, 5(12), 2448-2464.
113. Fraczek, A.; Menaszek, E.; Paluszkiewicz, C.; Blazewicz, M. Comparative in vivo biocompatibility study of single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Acta Biomater., 2008, 4(6), 1593-1602.
114. Zhu, Y.; Ran, T. C.; Li, Y. G.; Guo, J. X.; Li, W. X. Dependence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes cytotoxicity on culture medium. Nanotechnology, 2006,17, 4668-4674.
115. Di Sotto, A.; Chiaretti, M.; Carru, G. A.; Bellucci, S.; Mazzanti, G. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Lack of mutagenic activity in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. Toxicol. Lett., 2009, 184(3), 192-197.
116. Migliore, L.; Saracino, D.; Bonelli, A.; Colognato, R.; DErrico, M. R.; Magrini, A.; Bergamaschi, A.; Bergamaschi, E. Carbon nanotubes induce o-xidative DNA damage in RAW 264.7 cells. Environ. Mol. Mutagen, 2010, 51(4), 294-303.
117. Zhu, L.; Chang, D. W.; Dai, L.; Hong, Y. DNA damage induced by multi- walled carbon nanotubes in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nano Lett., 2007, 7(12), 3592-3597.
118. Karlsson, H. L.; Cronholm, P.; Gustafsson, J.; Moller, L. Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: a comparison between metal oxide nanoparti-cles and carbon nanotubes. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2008, 21(9), 1726-1732.
119. Deng, X.; Wu, F.; Liu, Z.; Luo, M.; Li, L.; Ni, Q.; Jiao, Z.; Wu, M.; Liu, Y. The splenic toxicity of water soluble multi-walled carbon nanotubes in mice. Carbon, 2009, 47, 1 4 2 1-1 4 2 8.
120. Kisin, E. R.; Murray, A. R.; Keane, M. J.; Shi, X. C.; Schwegler-Berry, D.; Gorelik, O.; Arepalli, S.; Castranova, V.; Wallace, W. E.; Kagan, V. E.; Shvedova, A. A. Single-walled carbon nanotubes: geno- and cytotoxic ef-fects in lung fibroblast V79 cells. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 2007, 70(24), 2071-2079.
121. Alazzam, A.; Mfoumou, E.; Stiharu, I.; Kassab, A.; Darnel, A.; Yasmeen, A.; Sivakumar, N.; Bhat, R.; Moustafa, A. E. Identification of deregulated genes by single wall carbon-nanotubes in human normal bronchial epithelial cells. Nanomedicine, 2010, 6, 563-569.
122. Liu, S.; Wei, L.; Hao, L.; Fang, N.; Chang, M. W.; Xu, R.; Yang, Y.; Chen, Y. Sharper and faster nano darts kill more bacteria: a study of antibacterial activity of individually dispersed pristine single-walled carbon nanotube. ACS Nano, 2009, 3(12), 3891-3902.
123. Shvedova, A. A.; Kisin, E. R.; Porter, D.; Schulte, P.; Kagan, V. E.; Fadeel, B.; Castranova, V. Mechanisms of pulmonary toxicity and medical applica tions of carbon nanotubes: Two faces of Janus? Pharmacol. Ther., 2009, 121(2), 192-204.
124. Wang, J.; Sun, R. H.; Zhang, N.; Nie, H.; Liu, J.-H.; Wang, J. N.; Wang, H.; Liu, Y. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes do not impair immune functions of dendritic cells. Carbon, 2009, 47, 1752-1760.
125. Stevanovic, M.; Uskokovic, D. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-based micro and nanoparticles for the controlled drug delivery of vitamins. Curr. Nanosci., 2009, 5, 1-14.
126. Kanwar, J. R.; Mahidhara, G.; Kanwar, R. K. Recent advances in nanoneu-rology for drug delivery to the brain. Curr. Nanosci., 2009, 5, 441-448.
127. Zhi-gang, F.; Ping, P.; Zhi-qiang, Y.; Ya-gen, C.; Jian-kang, Z.; Miao, W.; Xue-nong, Z.; Qiang, Z. Two novel freeze-dried pH-sensitive cyclosporine a nanoparticles: preparation, in vitro drug release, and in vivo absorption en- hancement effects. Curr. Nanosci., 2009, 5, 449-456.
128. Hillery, A. M.; Lloyd, A. W.; Swarbrick, J. Drug Delivery and Targeting for Pharmacists and Pharmaceutical Scientists. Taylor & Francis: New York, 2005.
129. Iverson, N.; Plourde, N.; Chnari, E.; Nackman, G. B.; Moghe, P. V. Conver-gence of Nanotechnology and Cardiovascular Medicine. Biodrugs, 2008, 22(1), 1-10.
130. de la Zerda, A.; Gambhir, S. S. Drug delivery: keeping tabs on nanocarriers. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2007, 2(12), 745-746.
131. Pastorin, G. Crucial functionalizations of carbon nanotubes for improved drug delivery: a valuable option? Pharm. Res., 2009, 26(4), 746-769.
132. Mashinchian, O.; Salehi, R.; Dehghan, G.; Aganejad, A.; Davaran, S.; Omidi, Y. Novel thermosensitive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co- vinylpyrrolidone-co-methacrylic acid) nanosystems for delivery of natural products. Int. J. Drug Deliv., 2010, 2, 278-286.
133. Pietronave, S.; Iafsco, M.; D., L.; Rimondini,; Prat, M. Functionalized nanomaterials for diagnosis and therapy of cancer. J. Appl. Biomater. Biomech., 2009, 7(2), 77-89.
134. Shi Kam, N. W.; Jessop, T. C.; Wender, P. A.; Dai, H. Nanotube molecular transporters: internalization of carbon nanotube-protein conjugates into Mammalian cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126(22), 6850-6851.
135. Pantarotto, D.; Briand, J. P.; Prato, M.; Bianco, A. Translocation of bioactive peptides across cell membranes by carbon nanotubes. Chem. Commun. (Camb), 2004, (1), 16-17.
136. Yu, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Mu, Q.; Zhang, B.; Yan, B. Exploring the immunotoxic-ity of carbon nanotubes. Nanoscale Res. Lett., 2008, 3, 271-277.
137. Aagesen, M.; Johnson, E.; Sorensen, C. B.; Mariager, S. O.; Feidenhansl, R.; Spiecker, E.; Nygard, J.; Lindelof, P. E. Molecular beam epitaxy growth of free-standing plane-parallel InAs nanoplates. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2007, 2(12), 761-764.
138. Kam, N. W.; Liu, Z.; Dai, H. Carbon nanotubes as intracellular transporters for proteins and DNA: an investigation of the uptake mechanism and path-way. Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2006, 45(4), 577-581.
139. Omidi, Y.; Gumbleton, M., Biological membranes and barriers. In Biomate-rials for Delivery and Targeting of Proteins Nucleic Acids, Mahato, R.I., Ed., CRC Press: NewYork, 2005; pp 232-274.
140. Omidi, Y.; Barar, J.; Heidari, H. R.; Ahmadian, S.; Ahmadpour Yazdi, H.; Akhtar, S. Microarray analysis of the toxicogenomics and the genotoxic po- tential of a cationic lipid-based gene delivery nanosystem in human alveolar epithelial A549Cells. Toxicol. Mech. Method, 2008, 18, 369-378.
141. Shi, X.; Kong, Y.; Gao, H. Coarse grained molecular dynamics and theoreti-cal studies of carbon nanotubes entering cell membrane. Acta Mech. Sin., 2008,24, 161-169.
142. VanHandel, M.; Alizadeh, D.; Zhang, L.; Kateb, B.; Bronikowski, M.; Ma-nohara, H.; Badie, B. Selective uptake of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by tumor macrophages in a murine glioma model. J. Neuroimmunol., 2009, 208(1-2), 3-9.
143. Mu, Q.; Broughton, D. L.; Yan, B. Endosomal leakage and nuclear transloca-tion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes: developing a model for cell uptake. Nano Lett., 2009, 9(12), 4370-4375.
144. Sequeira, R.; Genaidy, A.; Weckman, G.; Shell, R.; Karwowski, W.; Acosta-Leon, A. Health effects of nanomaterials: a critical appraisal approach and research to practice. Hum. Factor Ergon. Man., 2008, 18(3), 293-341.
145. Ji, S. R.; Liu, C.; Zhang, B.; Yang, F.; Xu, J.; Long, J.; Jin, C.; Fu, D. L.; Ni, Q. X.; Yu, X. J. Carbon nanotubes in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2010, 1806, 29-35.
146. Yu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, C.; Yao, Q.; Li, M. Targeted drug delivery in pancreatic cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2010, 1805(1), 97-104.
147. Murakami, T.; Fan, J.; Yudasaka, M.; Iijima, S.; Shiba, K. Solubilization of single-wall carbon nanohorns using a PEG-doxorubicin conjugate. Mol. Pharm., 2006, 3(4), 407-414.
148. Liu, Z.; Fan, A. C.; Rakhra, K.; Sherlock, S.; Goodwin, A.; Chen, X.; Yang, Q.; Felsher, D. W.; Dai, H. Supramolecular stacking of doxorubicin on car-bon nanotubes for in vivo cancer therapy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2009, 48(41), 7668-7672.
149. Ajima, K.; Yudasaka, M.; Murakami, T.; Maigne, A.; Shiba, K.; Iijima, S. Carbon nanohorns as anticancer drug carriers. Mol. Pharm., 2005, 2(6), 475-480.
150. Matsumura, S.; Ajima, K.; Yudasaka, M.; Iijima, S.; Shiba, K. Dispersion of cisplatin-loaded carbon nanohorns with a conjugate comprised of an artificial peptide aptamer and polyethylene Glycol. Mol. Pharm., 2007, 4(5), 723-729.
151. Feazell, R. P.; Nakayama-Ratchford, N.; Dai, H.; Lippard, S. J. Soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes as longboat delivery systems for plati-num(IV) anticancer drug design. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129(27), 8438-8439.
152. Dhar, S.; Liu, Z.; Thomale, J.; Dai, H.; Lippard, S. J. Targeted single-wall carbon nanotube-mediated Pt(IV) prodrug delivery using folate as a homing device. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130(34), 11467-11476.
153. Bhirde, A. A.; Patel, V.; Gavard, J.; Zhang, G.; Sousa, A. A.; Masedunskas, A.; Leapman, R. D.; Weigert, R.; Gutkind, J. S.; Rusling, J. F. Targeted kill-ing of cancer cells in vivo and in vitro with EGF-directed carbon nanotube-based drug delivery. ACS Nano, 2009, 3(2), 307-316.
154. De la Zerda, A.; Zavaleta, C.; Keren, S.; Vaithilingam, S.; Bodapati, S.; Liu, Z.; Levi, J.; Smith, B. R.; Ma, T. J.; Oralkan, O.; Cheng, Z.; Chen, X.; Dai, H.; Khuri-Yakub, B. T.; Gambhir, S. S. Carbon nanotubes as photoacoustic molecular imaging agents in living mice. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2008, 3(9), 557-562.
155. Chen, J.; Chen, S.; Zhao, X.; Kuznetsova, L. V.; Wong, S. S.; Ojima, I. Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as rationally designed vehi- cles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130(49), 16778-16785.
156. Liu, Z.; Chen, K.; Davis, C.; Sherlock, S.; Cao, Q.; Chen, X.; Dai, H. Drug delivery with carbon nanotubes for in vivo cancer treatment. Cancer Res., 2008,68(16), 6652-6660.
157. Wu, W.; Li, R.; Bian, X.; Zhu, Z.; Ding, D.; Li, X.; Jia, Z.; Jiang, X.; Hu, Y. Covalently combining carbon nanotubes with anticancer agent: preparation and antitumor activity. ACS Nano, 2009, 3(9), 2740-2750.
158. Shi, X.; Wang, S. H.; Shen, M.; Antwerp, M. E.; Chen, X.; Li, C.; Petersen, E. J.; Huang, Q.; Weber, W. J.; Baker, J. R. Multifunctional dendrimer- modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro cancer cell targeting and imaging. Biomacromolecules, 2009, 10, 1744-1750.
159. Levi-Polyachenko, N. H.; Merkel, E. J.; Jones, B. T.; Carroll, D. L.; Stewart, J. H. t. Rapid photothermal intracellular drug delivery using multiwalled car-bon nanotubes. Mol. Pharm., 2009, 6(4), 1092-1099.
160. Panchapakesan, B.; Cesarone, G.; Liu, S.; Teker, K.; Wickstrom, E. Single- wall carbon nanotubes with adsorbed antibodies detect live breast cancer cells. NanoBiotechnology, 2005, 1(4), 353-360.
161. [161] Yang, D.; Yang, F.; Hu, J.; Long, J.; Wang, C.; Fu, D.; Ni, Q. Hydrophilic multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with magnetite nanoparticles as lymphatic targeted drug delivery vehicles. Chem. Commun. (Camb), 2009, (29), 4447-4449.
162. Singh, R.; Pantarotto, D.; McCarthy, D.; Chaloin, O.; Hoebeke, J.; Partidos, C. D.; Briand, J. P.; Prato, M.; Bianco, A.; Kostarelos, K. Binding and con-densation of plasmid DNA onto functionalized carbon nanotubes: toward the construction of nanotube-based gene delivery vectors. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005,127(12), 4388-4396.
163. Elfinger, M.; Üzgün, S.; Rudolph, C. Nanocarriers for gene delivery - polymer structure, targeting ligands and controlled-release devices. Curr. Nano- sci., 2008, 4, 322-353.
164. Goldberg, M.; Langer, R.; Jia, X. Nanostructured materials for applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. J. Biomat. Sci-Polym. E, 2007, 18(3), 241-268.
165. Cheung, W.; Pontoriero, F.; Taratula, O.; Chen, A. M.; He, H. DNA and carbon nanotubes as medicine. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2010, 62, 633-649.
166. Herrero, M. A.; Toma, F. M.; Al-Jamal, K. T.; Kostarelos, K.; Bianco, A.; Da Ros, T.; Bano, F.; Casalis, L.; Scoles, G.; Prato, M. Synthesis and charac-terization of a carbon nanotube-dendron series for efficient siRNA delivery. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131(28), 9843-9848.
167. Jeong, J. H.; Mok, H.; Oh, Y.-K.; Park, T. G. siRNA conjugate delivery systems. Bioconjug. Chem., 2009, 20, 5-14.
168. Yang, R.; Yang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, S.; Cai, Z.; Jia, Y.; Ma, Y.; Zheng, C.; Lu, Y.; Roden, R.; Chen, Y. Single-walled carbon nanotubes- mediated in vivo and in vitro delivery of siRNA into antigen-presenting cells. Gene Ther., 2006, 13(24), 1714-1723.
169. Liu, Z.; Winters, M.; Holodniy, M.; Dai, H. siRNA delivery into human T cells and primary cells with carbon-nanotube transporters. Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2007, 46(12), 2023-2027.
170. Kam, N. W.; Liu, Z.; Dai, H. Functionalization of carbon nanotubes via cleavable disulfide bonds for efficient intracellular delivery of siRNA and potent gene silencing. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127(36), 12492-12493.
171. McCarroll, J.; Baigude, H.; Yang, C. S.; Rana, T. M. Nanotubes functional-ized with lipids and natural amino acid dendrimers: a new strategy to create nanomaterials for delivering systemic RNAi. Bioconjug. Chem., 2010, 21(1), 56-63.
172. Bartholomeusz, G.; Cherukuri, P.; Kingston, J.; Cognet, L.; Lemos, R.; Leeuw, T. K.; Gumbiner-Russo, L.; Weisman, R. B.; Powis, G. In vivo therapeutic silencing of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) using single-walled carbon nanotubes noncovalently coated with siRNA. Nano Res., 2009, 2(4), 279-291.
173. Podesta, J. E.; Al-Jamal, K. T.; Herrero, M. A.; Tian, B.; Ali-Boucetta, H.; Hegde, V.; Bianco, A.; Prato, M.; Kostarelos, K. Antitumor activity and pro-longed survival by carbon-nanotube-mediated therapeutic siRNA silencing in a human lung xenograft model. Small, 2009, 5(10), 1176-1185.
174. Cai, D.; Mataraza, J. M.; Qin, Z. H.; Huang, Z.; Huang, J.; Chiles, T. C.; Carnahan, D.; Kempa, K.; Ren, Z. Highly efficient molecular delivery into mammalian cells using carbon nanotube spearing. Nat. Methods, 2005, 2(6), 449-454.
175. Gao, H.; Kong, Y.; Cui, D.; Ozkan, C. S. Spontaneous insertion of DNA oligonucleotides into carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett., 2003, 3(4), 471-473.
176. Yang, J.; Li, W.; Li, Q.; Wu, S.; Yu, B.; Jing, X. Oxygen adsorption by carbon nanotubes and its application in radiotherapy. IET Nanobiotechnol., 2007,1(1), 10-14.
177. Kohli, P.; Martin, C. R. Smart nanotubes for biotechnology. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2005, 6, 35-47.
178. Yu, J. G.; Huang, K. L.; Yang, Q. Q.; Liu, S. Q.; Tang, J. C. [Progress in the research of carbon nanotubes as drug carriers]. Yao Xue Xue Bao, 2008, 43(10), 985-991.
179. Wu, Y.; Phillips, J. A.; Liu, H.; Yang, R.; Tan, W. Carbon nanotubes protect DNA strands during cellular delivery. ACS Nano, 2008, 2(10), 2023-2028.
180. Yang, X.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, Z.; Ma, Y.; Yang, R.; Chen, Y. Multi- functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as tumor cell targeting bio- logical transporters. J. Nanopart. Res., 2008, 10, 815-822.
181. Jung, D. H.; Kim, B. H.; Lim, Y. T.; Kim, J.; Lee, S. Y.; Jung, H. T. Fabrica-tion of single-walled carbon nanotubes dotted with Au nanocrystals: Poten-tial DNA delivery nanocarriers. Carbon, 2010, 48(4), 1070-1078.
182. Jia, N.; Lian, Q.; Shen, H.; Wang, C.; Li, X.; Yang, Z. Intracellular delivery of quantum dots tagged antisense oligodeoxynucleotides by functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett., 2007, 7(10), 2976-2980.
183. Chowdhury, E. H.; Akaike, T. Bio-functional inorganic materials: an attrac-tive branch of gene-based nano-medicine delivery for 21st century. Curr. Gene Ther., 2005, 5, 669-676.
184. Richard, C.; Mignet, N.; Largeau, C.; Escriou, V.; Bessodes, M.; Scherman, D. Functionalization of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes with Cati-onic amphiphiles for plasmid DNA complexation and transfection. Nano Res., 2009, 2, 638-647.
185. Baratchi, S.; Kanwar, K. K.; Khoshmanesh, K.; Vasu, P.; Ashok, C.; Hittu, M.; Parratt, A.; Krishnakumar, S.; Sun, X.; Sahoo S. K.; Kanwar J. K. Prom-ises of nanotechnology for drug Delivery to brain in neurodegenerative dis-eases. Curr. Nanosci., 2009, 5, 15-25.