Medical treatment in acute and long-term secondary prevention after transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke

The Lancet

Volumn 377, Issue 9778, 2011, Pages 1681-1692

  Rothwell, Peter M ^a,d   Algra, Ale ^b   Amarenco, Pierre ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES   (France)

^d JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ANTIVITAMIN K; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPYRIDAMOLE; EPROSARTAN; GEMFIBROZIL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INDOBUFEN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PLACEBO; RIVAROXABAN; TELMISARTAN; TERUTROBAN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TRIFLUSAL; XIMELAGATRAN;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ARTICLE; BLEEDING; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; DRUG EFFICACY; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; STROKE; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK;

EID: 79955920246     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60516-3     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. CJL Murray, AD Lopez Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study Lancet 349 1997 1436 1442 (Pubitemid 27212192)
2. AD Lopez, CD Mathers, M Ezzati, DT Jamison, CJL Murray Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data Lancet 367 2006 1747 1757 (Pubitemid 43767064)
3. PM Rothwell, AJ Coull, LE Silver for the Oxford Vascular Study Population-based study of event-rate, incidence, case fatality, and mortality for all acute vascular events in all arterial territories (Oxford Vascular Study) Lancet 366 2005 1773 1783 (Pubitemid 41642641)
4. American Heart Association Heart and stroke facts statistics 1997 American Heart Association Dallas, TX, USA
5. O Saka, A McGuire, C Wolfe Cost of stroke in the United Kingdom Age Ageing 38 2009 27 32
6. PM Rothwell The high cost of not funding stroke research: a comparison with heart disease and cancer Lancet 357 2001 1612 1616 (Pubitemid 32488832)
7. PM Rothwell, CP Warlow Timing of transient ischaemic attacks preceding ischaemic stroke Neurology 64 2005 817 820
8. PM Rothwell, AJ Coull, MF Giles for the Oxford Vascular Study Change in stroke incidence, mortality, case-fatality, severity, and risk factors in Oxfordshire, UK from 1981 to 2004 (Oxford Vascular Study) Lancet 363 2004 1925 1933 (Pubitemid 38759651)
9. ST Pendlebury, PM Rothwell Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with pre-stroke and post-stroke dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet Neurol 8 2009 1006 1018
10. GA Donnan, M Fisher, M Macleod, SM Davis Stroke Lancet 371 2008 1612 1623 (Pubitemid 351626845)
11. PM Rothwell, M Eliasziw, SA Gutnikov for the Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists' Collaboration Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis Lancet 361 2003 107 116 (Pubitemid 36092014)
12. Carotid Stenting Trialists' Collaboration Short-term outcome after stenting versus endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis: a preplanned meta-analysis of individual patient data Lancet 376 2010 1062 1073
13. A Coull, PM Rothwell Under-estimation of the early risk of recurrence after first stroke by the use of restricted definitions Stroke 35 2004 1925 1929
14. MF Giles, PM Rothwell Risk of stroke early after transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet Neurol 6 2007 1063 1072 (Pubitemid 350116693)
15. A Coull, JK Lovett, PM Rothwell on behalf of the Oxford Vascular Study Population based study of early risk of stroke after a transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke: implications for public education and organisation of services BMJ 328 2004 326 328 (Pubitemid 38197852)
16. A Chandratheva, Z Mehta, OC Geraghty, L Marquardt, PM Rothwell Oxford Vascular Study Population-based study of risk and predictors of stroke in the first few hours after a TIA Neurology 72 2009 1941 1947
17. MF Giles, PM Rothwell Substantial underestimation of the need for outpatient services for TIA and minor stroke Age Ageing 36 2007 676 680 (Pubitemid 350258979)
18. PM Rothwell, MF Giles, E Flossman A simple score (ABCD) to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack Lancet 366 2005 29 36 (Pubitemid 40956527)
19. SC Johnston, PM Rothwell, MN Nguyen-Huynh Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack Lancet 369 2007 283 292 (Pubitemid 46136488)
20. 2 transient ischemic attack risk scores Stroke 41 2010 667 673
21. 2 score predicts severity rather than risk of early recurrent events after transient ischemic attack Stroke 41 2010 851 856
22. E Flossman, PM Rothwell Prognosis of vertebrobasilar TIA and minor ischaemic stroke Brain 126 2003 1940 1954 (Pubitemid 37059434)
23. JK Lovett, A Coull, PM Rothwell on behalf of the Oxford Vascular Study Early risk of recurrent stroke by aetiological subtype: implications for stroke prevention Neurology 62 2004 569 574
24. JF Fairhead, Z Mehta, PM Rothwell Population-based study of delays in carotid imaging and surgery and the risk of recurrent stroke Neurology 65 2005 371 375 (Pubitemid 41099798)
25. JN Redgrave, SB Coutts, UG Schulz, D Briley, PM Rothwell Systematic review of associations between the presence of acute ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging and clinical predictors of early stroke risk after transient ischemic attack Stroke 38 2007 1482 1488 (Pubitemid 46684149)
26. 2I): a collaborative analysis of unpublished data on 4574 patients Stroke 41 2010 1907 1913
27. 2 score to identify patients at early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack: a multicentre observational study Lancet Neurol 9 2010 1060 1069
28. PM Rothwell, MF Giles, A Chandratheva on behalf of the Early use of Existing Preventive Strategies for Stroke (EXPRESS) Study Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison Lancet 370 2007 1432 1442 (Pubitemid 47576154)
29. R Luengo-Fernandez, AM Gray, PM Rothwell Effect of urgent treatment for transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on disability and hospital costs (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison Lancet Neurol 8 2009 235 243
30. PC Lavallée, E Meseguer, H Abboud A transient ischaemic attack clinic with round-the-clock access (SOS-TIA): feasibility and effects Lancet Neurol 6 2007 953 960 (Pubitemid 47570023)
31. PM Rothwell, M Eliasziw, SA Gutnikov, CP Warlow, HJM Barnett for the Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists Collaboration Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery Lancet 363 2004 915 924 (Pubitemid 38388324)
32. K Rerkasem, PM Rothwell Systematic review of the operative risks of carotid endarterectomy for recently symptomatic stenosis in relation to the timing of surgery Stroke 40 2009 e564 e572
33. ZM Chen, P Sandercock, HC Pan CAST and IST collaborative groups Indications for early aspirin use in acute ischemic stroke: a combined analysis of 40 000 randomized patients from the Chinese acute stroke trial and the international stroke trial Stroke 31 2000 1240 1249 (Pubitemid 30351240)
34. S Yusuf, F Zhao, SR Mehta, S Chrolavicius, G Tognoni, KK Fox Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation N Engl J Med 345 2001 494 502 (Pubitemid 32758501)
35. HC Diener, J Bogousslavsky, LM Brass on behalf of the MATCH investigators Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Lancet 364 2004 331 337 (Pubitemid 38970009)
36. GJ Hankey, SC Johnston, JD Easton CHARISMA trial investigators Effect of clopidogrel plus ASA vs. ASA early after TIA and ischaemic stroke: a substudy of the CHARISMA trial Int J Stroke 6 2011 3 9
37. HS Markus, DW Droste, M Kaps Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using Doppler embolic detection signal detection: the Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CARESS) trial Circulation 111 2005 2233 2240 (Pubitemid 40632440)
38. KSL Wong, C Chen, J Fu for the CLAIR study investigators Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for reducing embolisation in patients with acute symptomatic cerebral or carotid artery stenosis (CLAIR study): a randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial Lancet Neurol 9 2010 489 497
39. DA Payne, CL Jones, PD Hayes Beneficial effects of clopidogrel combined with aspirin in reducing cerebral emboli in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy Circulation 109 2004 1476 1481 (Pubitemid 38420174)
40. J Kennedy, MD Hill, KJ Ryckborst for the FASTER Investigators Fast assessment of stroke and transient ischaemic attack to prevent early recurrence (FASTER): a randomised controlled pilot trial Lancet Neurol 6 2007 961 969 (Pubitemid 47562312)
41. OC Geraghty, J Kennedy, A Chandratheva, L Marquardt, AM Buchan, PM Rothwell Preliminary evidence of a high risk of bleeding on aspirin plus clopidogrel in aspirin-naïve patients in the acute phase after TIA or minor ischaemic stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 29 2010 460 467
42. ClinicalTrials.gov. Platelet-Oriented Inhibition in New TIA and Minor Ischemic Stroke (POINT) Trial. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00991029? term=NCT00991029&rank=1 (accessed Feb 28, 2011).
43. ClinicalTrials.gov. COMbination of Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Prevention of Early REcurrence in Acute Atherothrombotic Stroke (COMPRESS). http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00814268?term=NCT00814268&rank=1 (accessed Feb 28, 2011).
44. The Internet Stroke Center Stroke Trials Registry Triple Antiplatelets for Reducing Dependency after Ischaemic Stroke (TARDIS) trial http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/trialDetail.aspx?tid=959&search
45. V Tikhonoff, H Zhang, T Richart, JA Staessen Blood pressure as a prognostic factor after acute stroke Lancet Neurol 8 2009 938 948
46. TG Robinson, JF Potter, GA Ford on behalf of the COSSACS Investigators Effects of antihypertensive treatment after acute stroke in the Continue Or Stop post-Stroke Antihypertensives Collaborative Study (COSSACS): a prospective, randomised, open, blinded-endpoint trial Lancet Neurol 9 2010 767 775
47. JF Potter, TG Robinson, GA Ford Controlling hypertension and hypotension immediately post-stroke (CHHIPS): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial Lancet Neurol 8 2009 48 56
48. EC Sandset, PMW Bath, G Boysen on behalf of the SCAST Study Group The angiotensin-receptor blocker candesartan for treatment of acute stroke (SCAST): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial Lancet 377 2011 741 750
49. AM Toschke, CD Wolfe, PU Heuschmann, AG Rudd, M Gulliford Antihypertensive treatment after stroke and all-cause mortality - an analysis of the General Practitioner Research Database (GPRD) Cerebrovasc Dis 28 2009 105 111
50. R Ma, C Wang, X Zhao A survey on compliance with secondary stroke prevention guidelines and follow up for the inpatients with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction/transient ischemic attack Neurol Res 30 2008 383 388 (Pubitemid 351881291)
51. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee; ESO Writing Committee Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008 Cerebrovasc Dis 25 2008 457 507
52. KL Furie, SE Kasner, RJ Adams Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke 42 2011 227 276
53. A Algra, J van Gijn Aspirin at any dose above 30 mg offers only modest protection after cerebral ischaemia J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 60 1996 197 199 (Pubitemid 26044196)
54. A Algra, J van Gijn Cumulative meta-analysis of aspirin efficacy after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66 1999 255 (Pubitemid 29103541)
55. The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin Ann Neurol 42 1997 857 865
56. JP Mohr, JL Thompson, RM Lazar A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke N Engl J Med 345 2001 1444 1451
57. The ESPRIT Study Group Medium intensity oral anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): a randomised controlled trial Lancet Neurol 6 2007 115 124
58. JW Gorter for the Stroke Prevention In Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) and European Atrial Fibrillation Trial (EAFT) study groups Major bleeding during anticoagulation after cerebral ischemia: patterns and risk factors. Stroke Prevention In Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT). European Atrial Fibrillation Trial (EAFT) study groups Neurology 53 1999 1319 1327
59. MS Elkind Anticoagulation for secondary stroke prevention: another nail in the coffin? Lancet Neurol 6 2007 97 99 (Pubitemid 46097531)
60. CAPRIE Steering Committee A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE) Lancet 348 1996 1329 1339
61. HC Diener, L Cunha, C Forbes, J Sivenius, P Smets, A Lowenthal European Stroke Prevention Study 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke J Neurol Sci 143 1996 1 13 (Pubitemid 26402780)
62. The ESPRIT Study Group Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomised controlled trial Lancet 367 2006 1665 1673
63. PHA Halkes, LJ Gray, PMW Bath Dipyridamole plus aspirin in secondary prevention after transient ischemic attack or stroke of arterial origin: a meta-analysis by risk based on individual patient data from randomised trials J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79 2008 1218 1223
64. DL Bhatt, KA Fox, W Hacke Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events N Engl J Med 354 2006 1706 1717
65. V Thijs, R Lemmens, S Fieuws Network meta-analysis: simultaneous meta-analysis of common antiplatelet regimens after transient ischaemic attack or stroke Eur Heart J 29 2008 1086 1092 (Pubitemid 351844879)
66. RL Sacco, HC Diener, S Yusuf Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke N Engl J Med 359 2008 1238 1251
67. A Algra Digestion of the antiplatelets comparison of PRoFESS. 18 - 7 = 1? Stroke 40 2009 1932 1935
68. J Costa, JM Ferro, J Matias-Guiu, J varez-Sabin, F Torres Triflusal for preventing serious vascular events in people at high risk Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 2005 CD004296.
69. Y Shinohara, Y Katayama, S Uchiyama for the CSPS2 group Cilostazol for prevention of secondary stroke (CSPS 2): an aspirin-controlled, double-blind, randomised non-inferiority trial Lancet Neurol 9 2010 959 968
70. MG Bousser, P Amarenco, A Chamorro Rationale and design of a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study of terutroban 30 mg/day versus aspirin 100 mg/day in stroke patients: the prevention of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events of ischemic origin with terutroban in patients with a history of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (PERFORM) study Cerebrovasc Dis 27 2009 509 518
71. MG Bousser, P Amarenco, A Chamorro The prevention of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events of ischemic origin with terutroban in patients with a history of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (PERFORM) study: baseline characteristics of the population Cerebrovasc Dis 27 2009 608 613
72. Bousser MG, Amarenco P, Chamorro A, et al. A randomised blinded trial of terutroban versus aspirin in patients with cerebral ischaemic events: results of the PERFORM study. Lancet (in press).
73. PA Sandercock, CP Warlow, LN Jones, IR Starkey Predisposing factors for cerebral infarction: the Oxfordshire community stroke project BMJ 298 1989 75 80 (Pubitemid 19032928)
74. WB Kannel, EJ Benjamin Status of the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation Med Clin North Am 92 2008 17 40 (Pubitemid 350182405)
75. J Oeppen, JW Vaupel Broken limits to life expectancy Science 296 2002 1029 1031
76. BF Gage, AD Waterman, W Shannon, M Boechler, MW Rich, MJ Radford Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation JAMA 285 2001 2864 2870 (Pubitemid 32537350)
77. EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke Lancet 342 1993 1255 1262
78. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators Adjusted-dose warfarin versus low-intensity, fixed-dose warfarin plus aspirin for high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III randomised clinical trial Lancet 348 1996 633 638
79. C Morocutti, G Amabile, F Fattapposta Indobufen versus warfarin in the secondary prevention of major vascular events in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. SIFA (Studio Italiano Fibrillazione Atriale) Investigators Stroke 28 1997 1015 1021 (Pubitemid 27209152)
80. Executive Steering Committee on behalf of the SPORTIF III Investigators Stroke prevention with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF III): randomised controlled trial Lancet 362 2003 1691 1698
81. SPORTIF Executive Steering Committee for the SPORTIF V Investigators Ximelagatran vs warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial JAMA 293 2005 690 698
82. The ACTIVE Writing Group on behalf of the ACTIVE Investigators Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial Lancet 367 2006 1903 1912
83. The ACTIVE Investigators Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 360 2009 2066 2078
84. SJ Connolly, MD Ezekowitz, S Yusuf Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 361 2009 1139 1151
85. American Heart Association SS10: late-breaking clinical trials. Rocket AF http://my.americanheart.org/professional/Sessions/ScientificSessions/ ScienceNews/SS10-Late-Breaking-Clinical-Trials-UCM-425976-Article.jsprocket (accessed April 21, 2011).
86. SJ Connolly, J Eikelboom, C Joyner Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 364 2011 806 817
87. The European Atrial Fibrillation Trial Study Group Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and recent cerebral ischemia N Engl J Med 333 1995 5 10
88. JV Freeman, RP Zhu, DK Owens Cost-effectiveness of dabigatran compared with warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation Ann Intern Med 154 2011 1 11
89. Prospective Studies Collaboration Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55 000 vascular deaths Lancet 370 2007 1829 1839
90. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials Lancet 376 2010 1670 1681
91. D Atkins, BM Psaty, TD Koepsell, WT Longstreth Jr, EB Larson Cholesterol reduction and the risk for stroke in men. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials Ann Intern Med 119 1993 136 145 (Pubitemid 23286480)
92. P Amarenco, J Labreuche Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention Lancet Neurol 8 2009 453 463
93. P Amarenco, J Bogousslavsky, A Callahan 3rd High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) N Engl J Med 355 2006 549 559
94. LB Goldstein, P Amarenco, M Lamonte Relative effects of statin therapy on stroke and cardiovascular events in men and women: secondary analysis of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Study Stroke 39 2008 2444 2448
95. S Chaturvedi, J Zivin, A Breazna Effect of atorvastatin in elderly patients with a recent stroke or transient ischemic attack Neurology 72 2009 688 694
96. P Amarenco, O Benavente, LB Goldstein Results of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial by stroke subtypes Stroke 40 2009 1405 1409
97. H Sillesen, P Amarenco, MG Hennerici Atorvastatin reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with carotid atherosclerosis: a secondary analysis of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Trial Stroke 39 2008 3297 3302
98. Callahan A, Welch KMA, Amarenco P, et al. Risk of stroke and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome in the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction of Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Oral presentation at the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions 2007; November 4-7, 2007; Orlando, FL, USA.
99. Campese VM, Callahan A, Rudolph AE, et al. Effect of high-dose atorvastatin on changes in renal function: a secondary analysis of the Stroke prevention by Aggressive Reduction of Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Poster presentation at the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions 2007; Nov 4-7, 2007; Orlando, FL, USA.
100. LB Goldstein, P Amarenco, M Szarek Hemorrhagic stroke in the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels study Neurology 70 24 Pt 2 2008 2364 2370
101. P Amarenco, LB Goldstein, M Szarek Effects of intense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial Stroke 38 2007 3198 3204 (Pubitemid 350175737)
102. P Amarenco, LB Goldstein, A Callahan 3rd Baseline blood pressure, low- and high-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides and the risk of vascular events in the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial Atherosclerosis 204 2009 515 520
103. J Labreuche, PJ Touboul, P Amarenco Plasma triglyceride levels and risk of stroke and carotid atherosclerosis: A systematic review of the epidemiological studies Atherosclerosis 203 2009 331 345
104. JJ Freiberg, A Tybjaerg-Hansen, JS Jensen, BG Nordestgaard Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population JAMA 300 2008 2142 2152
105. The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease JAMA 302 2009 1993 2000
106. HB Rubins, SJ Robins, D Collins Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group N Engl J Med 341 1999 410 418 (Pubitemid 29362514)
107. Bloomfield Rubins H J Davenport, V Babikian Reduction in stroke with gemfibrozil in men with coronary heart disease and low HDL cholesterol: the Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial (VA-HIT) Circulation 103 2001 2828 2833
108. J Labreuche, D Deplanque, PJ Touboul, E Bruckert, P Amarenco Association between change in plasma triglyceride levels and risk of stroke and carotid atherosclerosis: systematic review and meta-regression analysis Atherosclerosis 212 2010 9 15
109. M Jun, C Foote, J Lv Effects of fibrates on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet 375 2010 1875 1884
110. P Amarenco, J Labreuche, PJ Touboul High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and risk of stroke and carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review Atherosclerosis 196 2008 489 496 (Pubitemid 351146660)
111. P Amarenco, LB Goldstein, M Messig Relative and cumulative effects of lipid and blood pressure control in the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels trial Stroke 40 2009 2486 2492
112. E Bruckert, J Labreuche, P Amarenco Meta-analysis of the effect of nicotinic acid alone or in combination on cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis 210 2010 353 361
113. Sirimarco G, Deplanque, Lavallée PC, et al. Atherogenic dyslipidaemia in patients with transient ischaemic attack and intracranial atherosclerosis. Stroke (in press).
114. E Bruckert, J Labreuche, D Deplanque Fibrates effect on cardiovascular risk is greater in patients with high triglyceride levels or atherogenic dyslipidemia profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 57 2011 267 272
115. ACCORD Study Group HN Ginsberg, MB Elam, LC Lovato Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus N Engl J Med 362 2010 1563 1574
116. Prospective Studies Collaboration Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies Lancet 360 2002 1903 1913
117. MR Law, JK Morris, NJ Wald Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies BMJ 338 2009 b1665
118. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration F Turnbull, B Neal, T Ninomiya Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger adults: meta-analysis of randomised trials BMJ 336 2008 1121 1123
119. A Rodgers, S MacMahon, G Gamble, J Slattery, P Sandercock, C Warlow Blood pressure and risk of stroke in patients with cerebrovascular disease. The United Kingdom Transient Ischaemic Attack Collaborative Group BMJ 313 1996 147 148
120. P Rashid, J Leonardi-Bee, P Bath Blood pressure reduction and secondary prevention of stroke and other vascular events: a systematic review Stroke 34 2003 2741 2748 (Pubitemid 37392777)
121. PM Rothwell, SC Howard, D Spence Relationship between blood pressure and stroke risk in patients with symptomatic carotid occlusive disease Stroke 34 2003 2583 2590 (Pubitemid 37392745)
122. S Yusuf, HC Diener, RL Sacco PRoFESS Study Group Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events N Engl J Med 359 2008 1225 1237
123. J Schrader, S Lders, A Kulschewski MOSES Study Group Morbidity and mortality after stroke, eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES) Stroke 36 2005 1218 1226
124. PROGRESS Collaborative Group Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack Lancet 358 2001 1033 1041
125. PM Rothwell Limitations of the usual blood-pressure hypothesis and importance of variability, instability, and episodic hypertension Lancet 375 2010 938 948
126. PM Rothwell, SC Howard, E Dolan Prognostic significance of visit-to-visit variability, maximum systolic blood pressure, and episodic hypertension Lancet 375 2010 895 905
127. AJS Webb, U Fischer, Z Mehta, PM Rothwell Effects of antihypertensive- drug class on interindividual variation in blood pressure and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet 375 2010 906 915
128. PM Rothwell, SC Howard, E Dolan on behalf of the ASCOT-BPLA and MRC Trial Investigators Effects of β blockers and calcium-channel blockers on within-individual variability in blood pressure and risk of stroke Lancet Neurol 9 2010 469 480
129. L Liu, Z Wang, L Gong Blood pressure reduction for the secondary prevention of stroke: a Chinese trial and a systematic review of the literature Hypertens Res 32 2009 1032 1040
130. RL Cuffe, SC Howard, A Algra, CP Warlow, PM Rothwell Medium-term variability of blood pressure and potential underdiagnosis of hypertension in patients with previous transient ischemic attack or minor stroke Stroke 37 2006 2776 2783 (Pubitemid 44922539)
131. DG Hackam, JD Spence Combining multiple approaches for the secondary prevention of vascular events after stroke: a quantitative modeling study Stroke 38 2007 1881 1885 (Pubitemid 46847263)
132. P Gaede, P Vedel, N Larsen, GV Jensen, HH Parving, O Pedersen Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med 348 2003 383 393 (Pubitemid 36159355)
133. P Gaede, H Lund-Andersen, HH Parving, O Pedersen Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med 358 2008 559 580