Systematic review of the operative risks of carotid endarterectomy for recently symptomatic stenosis in relation to the timing of surgery

Stroke

Volumn 40, Issue 10, 2009, Pages

  Rerkasem, Kittipan ^a   Rothwell, Peter M ^b  

^a Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University   (Thailand)

^b JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Carotid endarterectomy; Complications; Risk factors; Timing

Indexed keywords

CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; DEATH; EMERGENCY SURGERY; HUMAN; MANTEL HAENSZEL TEST; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STROKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

CAROTID STENOSIS; ENDARTERECTOMY, CAROTID; HUMANS; ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; MORTALITY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 70349854790     PISSN: 00392499     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.558528     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Fox AJ, Taylor DW, Mayberg MR, Warlow CP, Barnett HJ. Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet. 2003;361:107-116.
2. Bond R, Narayan SK, Rothwell PM, Warlow CP. Clinical and radiographic risk factors for operative stroke and death in the European carotid surgery trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2002;23:108-116.
3. Bond R, Rerkasem K, Rothwell PM. Systematic review of the risks of carotid endarterectomy in relation to the clinical indication for and timing of surgery. Stroke. 2003;34:2290-2301.
4. Rothwell PM, Slattery J, Warlow CP. A systematic comparison of the risks of stroke and death due to carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic and asymptomatic stenosis. Stroke. 1996;27:266-269.
5. Fairhead JF, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM. Population-based study of delays in carotid imaging and surgery and the risk of recurrent stroke. Neurology. 2005;65:371-375.
6. Johansson EP, Wester P. Delay from symptoms to carotid endarterectomy. J Intern Med. 2008;263:404-411.
7. Rantner B, Pavelka M, Posch L, Schmidauer C, Fraedrich G. Carotid endarterectomy after ischemic stroke-is there a justification for delayed surgery? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;30:36-40.
8. Chatuvedi S, Bruno A, Feasby T, Holloway R, Benavente O, Cohen SN, Cote R, Hess D, Saver J, Spence JD, Stern B, Wilterdink J. Carotid endarterectomy-an evidence-based review. Report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2005;65:794-801.
9. Department of Health. National Stroke Strategy. www dh gov uk/stroke 2007. Accessed April 28, 2009.
10. Johnston SC, Nguyen-Huynh MN, Schwarz ME, Fuller K, Williams CE, Josephson SA. National Stroke Association Guideline for the management of transient ischemic attacks. Ann Neurol. 2006;60:301-313.
11. NICE guideline. Stroke: diagnosis and initial management of acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA). www nice org uk 2008. Accessed July 22, 2009.
12. Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G, Alberts MJ, Benavente O, Furie K, Goldstein LB, Gorelick P, Halperin J, Harbaugh R, Johnston SC, Katzan I, Kelly-Hayes M, Kenton EJ, Marks M, Schwamm LH, Tomsick T. The American Heart Association; American Stroke Association Council on Stroke; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; American Academy of Neurology. Guideline for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy for Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke. 2006;37:577-617.
13. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:445-453.
14. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1991; 337:1235-1243.
15. Giordano JM, Trout HH III, Kozloff L, DePalma RG. Timing of carotid artery endarterectomy after stroke. J Vasc Surg. 1985;2:250-255.
16. Gasecki AP, Ferguson GG, Eliasziw M, Clagett GP, Fox AJ, Hachinski V, Barnett HJ. Early endarterectomy for severe carotid artery stenosis after a nondisabling stroke: results from the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. J Vasc Surg. 1994;20:288-295.
17. Rothwell PM, Slattery J, Warlow CP. A systematic review of the risks of stroke and death due to endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke. 1996;27:260-265.
18. Rothwell PM, Slattery J, Warlow CP. Clinical and angiographic predictors of stroke and death from carotid endarterectomy: systematic review. BMJ. 1997;315:1571-1577.
19. McCullagh P, Nelder JA. Generalized Linear Models. II ed. London: Chapman and Hall; 1989.
20. Halm EA, Tuhrim S, Wang JJ, Rockman C, Riles TS, Chassin MR. Risks factors for perioperative death and stroke after carotid endarterectomy: results of the New York Carotid Surgery Study. Stroke. 2009;40:221-229.
21. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Warlow CP, Barnett HJM. Sex difference in the effect of time from symptoms to surgery on benefit from carotid endarterectomy for transient ischemic attack and nondisabling stroke. Stroke. 2004;35:2855-2861.
22. Rosenthal D, Borrero E, Clark MD, Lamis PA, Daniel WW. Carotid endarterectomy after reversible ischemic neurologic deficit or stroke: is it of value? J Vasc Surg. 1988;8:527-534.
23. Ricotta JJ, Ouriel K, Green RM, DeWeese JA. Use of computerized cerebral tomography in selection of patients for elective and urgent carotid endarterectomy. Ann Surg. 1985;202:783-787.
24. Fode NC, Sundt TM Jr, Robertson JT, Peerless SJ, Shields CB. Multicenter retrospective review of results and complications of carotid endarterectomy in 1981. Stroke. 1986;17:370-376.
25. Friedmann P, Garb JL, Berman J, Sullivan C, Celoria G, Rhee SW. Carotid endarterectomy. Clinical results in a community-based teaching hospital. Stroke. 1988;19:1323-1327.
26. Kirshner DL, O'Brien MS, Ricotta JJ. Risk factors in a community experience with carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 1989;10:178-186.
27. Brook RH, Park RE, Chassin MR, Kosecoff J, Keesey J, Solomon DH. Carotid endarterectomy for elderly patients: predicting complications. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:747-753.
28. McCrory DC, Goldstein LB, Samsa GP, Oddone EZ, Landsman PB, Moore WS, Matchar DB. Predicting complications of carotid endarterectomy. Stroke. 1993;24:1285-1291.
29. Goldstein LB, McCrory DC, Landsman PB, Samsa GP, Ancukiewicz M, Oddone EZ, Matchar DB. Multicenter review of preoperative risk factors for carotid endarterectomy in patients with ipsilateral symptoms. Stroke. 1994;25:1116-1121.
30. Golledge J, Cuming R, Beattie DK, Davies AH, Greenhalgh RM. Influence of patient-related variables on the outcome of carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 1996;24:120-126.
31. McKinsey JF, Desai TR, Bassiouny HS, Piano G, Spire JP, Zarins CK, Gewertz BL. Mechanisms of neurologic deficits and mortality with carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg. 1996;131:526-531.
32. Mattos MA, Modi JR, Mansour AM, Mortenson D, Karich T, Hodgson KJ, Barkmeier LD, Ramsey DE, Sumner DS. Evolution of carotid endarterectomy in two community hospitals: Springfield revisited-seventeen years and 2243 operations later. J Vasc Surg. 1995;21:719-726.
33. Schneider C, Johansen K, Konigstein R, Metzner C, Oettinger W. Emergency carotid thromboendarterectomy: safe and effective. World J Surg. 1999;23:1163-1167.
34. Tretter MJ Jr, Hertzer NR, Mascha EJ, O'Hara PJ, Krajewski LP, Beven EG. Perioperative risk and late outcome of nonelective carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 1999;30:618-631.
35. Illig KA, Shortell CK, Zhang R, Sternbach Y, Rhodes JM, Davies MG, Ouriel K, Tansky W, Johansson M, Green RM, Towne JB, Baker WH, Corson JD, Schwarcz TH, Shortell. Carotid endarterectomy then and now: Outcome and cost-effectiveness of modern practice. Surgery. 2003; 134:705-712.
36. Dorigo W, Pulli R, Barbanti E, Azas L, Troisi N, Pratesi G, Alessiinnocenti A, Pratesi C. Carotid endarterectomy in patients with acute neurological symptoms: a case-control study. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2007;6: 369-373.
37. Karkos CD, McMahon G, McCarthy MJ, Dennis MJ, Sayers RD, London NJ, Naylor AR. The value of urgent carotid surgery for crescendo transient ischemic attacks. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:1148-1154.
38. Goodney PP, Likosky DS, Cronenwett JL. Factors associated with stroke or death after carotid endarterectomy in Northern New England. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48:1139-1145.
39. Brandl R, Brauer RB, Maurer PC. Urgent carotid endarterectomy for stroke in evolution. Vasa. 2001;30:115-121.
40. Sbarigia E, Toni D, Speziale F, Acconcia MC, Fiorani P. Early carotid endarterectomy after ischemic stroke: the results of a prospective multicenter Italian study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;32:229-235.
41. Paty PSK, rling III RC, Feustel PJ, Bernardini GL, Mehta M, Ozsvath KJ, Choi D, Roddy SP, Chang BB, Kreienberg PB, Shah DM. Early carotid endarterectomy after acute stroke. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39:148-154.
42. Aleksic M, Rueger MA, Sobesky J, Heckenkamp J, Jacobs AH, Brunkwall J. Immediate CEA for symptomatic carotid disease preferably performed under local anaesthesia is safe. Vasa. 2007;36:185-190.
43. Eckstein HH, Ringleb P, Dorfler A, Klemm K, Muller BT, Zegelman M, Bardenheuer H, Hacke W, Bruckner T, Sandmann W, Allenberg JR. The Carotid Surgery for Ischemic Stroke trial: a prospective observational study on carotid endarterectomy in the early period after ischemic stroke. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36:997-1004.
44. Paty PS, Darling RC III, Woratyla S, Chang BB, Kreienberg PB, Shah DM. Timing of carotid endarterectomy in patients with recent stroke. Surgery. 1997;122:850-854.
45. Eckstein HH, Schumacher H, Laubach H, Ringleb P, Forsting M, Dorfler A, Bardenheuer H, Allenberg JR. Early carotid endarterectomy after non-disabling ischaemic stroke: adequate therapeutical option in selected patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1998;15:423-428.
46. Kahn MB, Patterson HK, Seltzer J, Fitzpatrick M, Smullens S, Bell R, DiMuzio P, Carabasi RA. Early carotid endarterectomy in selected stroke patients. Ann Vasc Surg. 1999;13:463-467.
47. Ballotta E, Da Giau G, Baracchini C, Abbruzzese E, Saladini M, Meneghetti G. Early versus delayed carotid endarterectomy after a nondisabling ischemic stroke: A prospective randomized study. Surgery. 2002;131:287-293.
48. Rockman CB, Maldonado TS, Jacobowitz GR, Cayne NS, Gagne PJ, Riles TS. Early carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients is associated with poorer perioperative outcomes. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44: 480-487.
49. Suzue A, Uno M, Kitazato KT, Nishi K, Yagi K, Liu H, Tamura T, Nagahiro S. Comparison between early and late carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to oxidized low-density lipoprotein and plaque vulnerability. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46:870-875.
50. Rathenborg LK, Baekgaard N, Jensen LP. [Carotid endarterectomy. Experiences with shortening of interval between symptom and operation]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2008;170:125-127.
51. Piotrowski JJ, Bernhard VM, Rubin JR, McIntyre KE, Malone JM, Parent FN III, Hunter GC. Timing of carotid endarterectomy after acute stroke. J Vasc Surg. 1990;11:45-51.
52. Hoffmann M, Robbs JV, bdool Carrim AT. Carotid endarterectomy after recent stroke-how soon? An interim analysis. S Afr J Surg. 1998;36: 63-67.
53. Parrino PE, Lovelock M, Shockey KS, King C, Tribble CG, Kron IL. Early carotid endarterectomy after stroke. Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;8: 116-120.
54. Duncan JM, Reul GJ, Ott DA, Kincade RC, Davis JW. Outcomes and risk factors in 1,609 carotid endarterectomies. Tex Heart Inst J. 2008;35: 104-110.
55. Kadwa AM, Robbs JV. Carotid endarterectomy in Durban-the first 10 years. S Afr Med J. 1993;83:248-252.
56. Tippett TM, Sisco AB, Chapleau CE. Carotid endarterectomy. Review of 150 consecutive cases in two small community hospitals. J Neurosurg. 1985;63:387-389.
57. Brooks WH, McClure RR, Jones MR, Coleman TC, Breathitt L. Carotid angioplasty and stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: randomized trial in a community hospital. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1589-1595.
58. Mas JL, Chatellier G, Beyssen B, Branchereau A, Moulin T, Becquemin JP, Larrue V, Lievre M, Leys D, Bonneville JF, Watelet J, Pruvo JP, Albucher JF, Viguier A, Piquet P, Garnier P, Viader F, Touze E, Giroud M, Hosseini H, Pillet JC, Favrole P, Neau JP, Ducrocq X. Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1660-1671.
59. Ringleb PA, Allenberg J, Bruckmann H, Eckstein HH, Fraedrich G, Hartmann M, Hennerici M, Jansen O, Klein G, Kunze A, Marx P, Niederkorn K, Schmiedt W, Solymosi L, Stingele R, Zeumer H, Hacke W. 30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2006;368:1239-1247.
60. Dellagrammaticas D, Lewis S, Colam B, Rothwell PM, Warlow CP, Gough MJ. Carotid endarterectomy in the UK: acceptable risks but unacceptable delays. Clin Med. 2007 December;7(6):589-592.
61. Sbarigia E, Toni D, Speziale F, Falcou A, Sacchetti ML, Panico MA, Fiorelli M, Argentino C, Ducasse E, Fiorani P. Emergency and early carotid endarterectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke selected with a predefined protocol. A prospective pilot study. Int Angiol. 2003; 22:426-430.
62. Ballotta E, Meneghetti G, Da GG, Manara R, Saladini M, Baracchini C. Carotid endarterectomy within 2 weeks of minor ischemic stroke: A prospective study. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48:595-600.
63. Bazan HA, Pradhan S, Westvik TS, Sumpio BE, Gusberg RJ, Dardik A. Urgent carotid endarterectomy is safe in patients with few comorbid medical conditions. Ann Vasc Surg. 2008;22:505-512.
64. Ricco JB, Illuminati G, Bouin-Pineau MH, Demarque C, Camiade C, Blecha L, Neau JP. Early carotid endarterectomy after a nondisabling stroke: A prospective study. Ann Vasc Surg. 2000;14:89-94.
65. Aleksic M, Rueger MA, Lehnhardt FG, Sobesky J, Matoussevitch V, Neveling M, Heiss WD, Brunkwall J, Jacobs AH. Primary stroke unit treatment followed by very early carotid endarterectomy for carotid artery stenosis after acute stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2006;22:276-281.
66. Huber R, Muller BT, Seitz RJ, Siebler M, Modder U, Sandmann W. Carotid surgery in acute symptomatic patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003;25:60-67.
67. Peiper C, Nowack J, Ktenidis K, Hopstein S, Keresztury G, Horsch S. Prophylactic urgent revascularization of the internal carotid artery in the symptomatic patient. Vasa. 2001;30:247-251.
68. Welsh S, Mead G, Chant H, Picton A, O'Neill PA, McCollum CN. Early carotid surgery in acute stroke: a multicentre randomised pilot study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;18:200-205.
69. Whittemore AD, Ruby ST, Couch NP, Mannick JA. Early carotid endarterectomy in patients with small, fixed neurologic deficits. J Vasc Surg. 1984;1:795-799.
70. Woelfle K, Bruijnen H, Becker T, Schulze-Hamma H, Leoprecht H. Early carotid endarterectomy after a nondisabling ischaemic stroke: results from a prospective study. Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;11:63-64.
71. Jokinen JJ, Huusari HMT, Lehtonen JY, Korpela AA. Results and future of carotid endarterectomy in a medium-sized Finnish central hospital. Scand J Surg. 2006;95:33-38.
72. Press MJ, Chassin MR, Wang J, Tuhrim S, Halm EA. Predicting medical and surgical complications of carotid endarterectomy: Comparing the risk indexes. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:914-920.
73. Rantner B, Eckstein HH, Ringleb P, Woelfle KD, Bruijnen H, Schmidauer C, Fraedrich G. American Society of Anesthesiology and Rankin as Predictive Parameters for the Outcome of Carotid Endarterectomy Within 28 Days After an Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;15:114-120.
74. McCarthy J, Trigg R, John C, Gough MJ, Horrocks M. Patient satisfaction for carotid endarterectomy performed under local anaesthesia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;27:654-659.
75. Karkos CD, Hernandez-Lahoz I, Naylor AR. Urgent carotid surgery in patients with crescendo transient ischaemic attacks and stroke-inevolution: a systematic review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;37: 279-288.
76. Carter AB. Anticoagulant treatment in progressing stroke. BMJ. 1961;2: 70-73.
77. Mentzer RM Jr, Finkelmeier BA, Crosby IK, Wellons HA Jr. Emergency carotid endarterectomy for fluctuating neurologic deficits. Surgery. 1981; 89:60-66.
78. Giles MF, Rothwell PM. Risk of stroke early after transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6: 1063-1072.
79. Lavallee PC, Meseguer E, Abboud H, Cabrejo L, Olivot JM, Simon O, Mazighi M, Nifle C, Niclot P, Lapergue B, Klein IF, Brochet E, Steg PG, Leseche G, Labreuche J, Touboul PJ, Amarenco P. A transient ischaemic attack clinic with round-the-clock access (SOS-TIA): feasibility and effects. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:953-960.
80. Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A, Marquardt L, Geraghty O, Redgrave JN, Lovelock CE, Binney LE, Bull LM, Cuthbertson FC, Welch SJ, Bosch S, Alexander FC, Silver LE, Gutnikov SA, Mehta Z. Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet. 2007;370:1432-1442.
81. Blaisdell WF, Clauss RH, Galbraith JG, Imparato AM, Wylie EJ. Joint study of extracranial arterial occlusion. IV. A review of surgical considerations. JAMA. 1969;209:1889-1895.
82. Rob CG. Operation for acute completed stroke due to thrombosis of the internal carotid artery. Surgery. 1969;65:862-865.
83. Meyer JS. Importance of ischemic damage to small vessels in experimental cerebral infarction. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1958;17:571-585.
84. Gasecki AP, Eliasziw M. Timing of carotid endarterectomy after stroke. Stroke. 1998;29:2667-2668.
85. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, Warlow CP, Barnett HJM. Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery. Lancet. 2004;363:915-924.