Leptin and the Regulation of Body Weight

Keio Journal of Medicine

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-9

  Friedman, Jeffrey M ^a  

^a ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GONADOTROPIN; LEPTIN; LEPTIN RECEPTOR; MELANOCORTIN 4 RECEPTOR; STAT3 PROTEIN; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 3;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AMENORRHEA; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; APPETITE; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CACHEXIA; CLONING; DOWN REGULATION; ENERGY BALANCE; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; FOOD INTAKE; GENE MAPPING; GENE MUTATION; GONADOTROPIN RELEASE; HEREDITY; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMIC AMENORRHEA; LIPODYSTROPHY; METABOLIC DISORDER; METABOLIC REGULATION; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHENOTYPE; STARVATION; THYROID FUNCTION; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANIMALS; ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS; APPETITE; BODY WEIGHT; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HOMEOSTASIS; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; LEPTIN; MICE; MUTATION; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OBESITY; RATS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 79955701330     PISSN: 00229717     EISSN: 18801293     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2302/kjm.60.1     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Zhang Y, P Proenca, M Maffei, et al: Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372: 425-432.
2. Halaas JL, KS Gajiwala, M Maffei, et al: Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 1995; 269: 543-546.
3. Pelleymounter MA, MJ Cullen, MB Baker, et al: Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science 1995; 269: 540-543.
4. Campfield LA, FJ Smith, Y Guisez, et al: Recombinant mouse OB protein: Evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science 1995; 269: 546-549.
5. Bray GA, Obesity: Historical development of scientific and cultural ideas. Int J Obes 1990; 14: 909-926.
6. Edholm OG, JG Fletcher, EM Widdowson, et al: The energy expenditure and food intake of individual men. Brit J Nutrit 1955; 9: 286-300.
7. Wilson BE, GE Meyer, JJC Cleveland, et al: Identification of candidate genes for a factor regulating body weight in primates. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: R1148-1155.
8. Dark J, N Forger, J Stern, et al: Recovery of lipid mass after removal of adipose tissue in ground squirrels. Am J Physiol 1985; 249: R73-R78.
9. Liebelt RA, L Vismara and AG Liebelt: Autoregulation of adipose tissue mass in the mouse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1968; 127: 458-462.
10. Sims E, E Danforth Jr, G Horton, et al: Endocrine and metabolic effects of experimental obesity in man. Recent Prog Horm Res 1973; 29: 457-496.
11. Weigle DS: Contribution of decreased body mass to diminished thermic effect of exercise in reduced-obese men. Int J Obes 1988; 12: 567-578.
12. Adolph EF: Urges to eat and drink in rats. Am J Physiol 1947; 151: 110-125.
13. Hetherington AW and SW Ranson: The spontaneous activity and food intake of rats with hypothalamic lesions. Am J Physiol 1942; 136: 609-617.
14. Brobeck JR: Mechanism of the development of obesity in animals with hypothalamic lesions. Physiol Rev 1946; 25: 541-559.
15. Mayer J: Regulation of energy intake and the body weight: the glucostatic theory and the lipostatic hypothesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1955; 63: 15-43.
16. Kennedy A, TW Gettys, P Watson, et al: The metabolic significance of leptin in humans-gender-based differences in relationship to adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1997; 82: 1293-1300.
17. Mayer J, RG French, CF Zighera, et al: Hypothalamic obesity in the mouse: production, description and metabolic characteristics. Am J Physiol 1955; 182: 75-82.
18. Hervey GR: The effects of lesions in the hypothalamus in parabiotic rats. J Physiol 1959; 145: 336-352.
19. Coleman DL: Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice. Diabetologia 1973; 9: 294-298.
20. 2J mice. Genomics 1997; 42: 152-156.
21. Maffei M, J Halaas, E Ravussin, et al: Leptin levels in human and rodent: Measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat Med 1995; 1: 1155-1161.
22. Halaas JL, C Boozer, J Blair-West, et al: Physiological response to long-term peripheral and central leptin infusion in lean and obese mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 8878-8883.
23. Tartaglia LA, M Dembski, X Weng, et al: Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell 1995; 83: 1263-1271.
24. Lee GH, R Proenca, JM Montez, et al: Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 1996; 379: 632-635.
25. Chen H, O Charlat, LA Tartaglia, et al: Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: Identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice. Cell 1996; 84: 491-495.
26. Fei H, HJ Okano, C Li, et al: Anatomic localization of alternatively spliced leptin receptors (Ob-R) in mouse brain and other tissues. Prod Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 7001-7005.
27. Lord G: Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature 1998; 394: 897-891.
28. Ceccarini G, R Flavell, E Butelman, et al: PET imaging of leptin biodistribution and metabolism in rodents and primates. Cell Metab 2009; 10: 148-159.
29. Cohen J, X Wang, S Grundy, et al: Variation at the hepatic lipase and apolipoprotein AI/CIII/AIV loci is a major cause of genetically determined variation in plasma HDL cholesterol levels. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 2377-2384.
30. Chua SC, Jr, DW White, XS Wu-Peng, et al: Phenotype of fatty due to Gln269pro mutation in the leptin receptor (Lepr). Diabetes 1996; 45: 1141-1143.
31. Bray G and D York: Genetically transmitted obesity in rodents. Phys Rev 1971; 51: 598-646.
32. Ahima RS, D Prabakaran, C Mantzoros, et al: Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature 1996; 382: 250-252.
33. Bornstein SR, DJ Torpy, GP Chrousos, et al: Leptin levels are elevated despite low thyroid hormone levels in the "euthyroid sick" syndrome [letter; comment]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 4278-4279.
34. Frisch RE and JW McArthur, Menstrual cycles: fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset. Science 1974; 185: 949-951.
35. Farooqi I, S Jebb, G Langmack, et al: Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 879-884.
36. Farooqi I, G Matarese, G Lord, et al: Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 1093-1103.
37. Oral EA, V Simha, E Ruiz, et al: Leptin-replacement therapy for lipodystrophy. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 570-578.
38. Bacchetti P, B Gripshover, C Grunfeld, et al: Fat distribution in men with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40: 121-131.
39. Kosmiski L, P Bacchetti, D Kotler, et al: Relationship of fat distribution with adipokines in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 216-224.
40. Lee J, J Chan, E Sourlas, et al: Recombinant methionyl human leptin therapy in replacement doses improves insulin resistance and metabolic profile in patients with lipoatrophy and metabolic syndrome induced by the highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 2605-2611.
41. Shimomura I, RE Hammer, S Ikemoto, et al: Leptin reverses insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in mice with congenital lipodystrophy. Nature 1999; 401: 73-76.
42. Welt C, J Chan, J Bullen, et al: Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 987-997.
43. Oral EA, E Ruiz, A Andewelt, et al: Effect of leptin replacement on pituitary hormone regulation in patients with severe lipodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 3110-3117.
44. Chehab FF, K Mounzih, R Lu, et al: Early onset of reproductive function in normal female mice treated with leptin. Science 1997; 275: 88-90.
45. Ozata M, I Ozdemir and J Licinio: Human leptin deficiency caused by a missense mutation: multiple endocrine defects, decreased sympathetic tone, and immune system dysfunction indicate new targets for leptin action, greater central than peripheral resistance to the effects of leptin, and spontaneous correction of leptin-mediated defects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 3685-3695.
46. Ioffe E, B Moon, E Connolly, et al: Abnormal regulation of the leptin gene in the pathogenesis of obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 11852-11857.
47. Heymsfield S, A Greenberg, K Fujioka, et al: Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults. JAMA 1999; 282: 1568-1575.
48. Vaisse C, JL Halaas, CM Horvath, et al: Leptin activation of Stat3 in the hypothalamus of wild-type and ob/ob mice but not db/db mice. Nat Genet 1996; 14: 95-97.
49. Bjorbaek C, JK Elmquist, JD Frantz, et al: Identification of SOC-3 as a potential mediator of central leptin resistance. Mol Cell 1998; 1: 619-625.
50. Zabolotny J, Y Kim, L Welsh, et al: Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B expression is induced by inflammation in vivo. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 14230-14241.
51. Roth J, B Roland, R Cole, et al: Leptin responsiveness restored by amylin agonism in diet-induced obesity: evidence from nonclinical and clinical studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2008; 105: 7257-7262.
52. Friedman JM: The alphabet of weight control. Nature 1997; 385: 119-120.
53. Pissios P and E Maratos-Flier: More than satiety: central serotonin signaling and glucose homeostasis. Cell Metab 2007; 6: 345-347.
54. Hommel J, R Trinko, R Sears, et al: Leptin receptor signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons regulates feeding. Neuron 2006; 51: 801-810.
55. Farooqi I, E Bullmore, J Keogh, et al: Leptin regulates striatal regions and human eating behavior. Science 2007; 317: 1355.
56. Baicy K, E London, J Monterosso, et al: Leptin replacement alters brain response to food cues in genetically leptin-deficient adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007; 104: 18276-18279.
57. Licinio J, M Milane, S Thakur, et al: Effects of leptin on intake of specific micro-and macronutrients in a woman with leptin gene deficiency studied off and on leptin at stable body weight. Appetite 2007; 49: 594-599.
58. Farooqi I, T Wangensteen, S Collins, et al: Clinical and molecular genetic spectrum of congenital deficiency of the leptin receptor. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 237-247.
59. Montague CT, IS Farooqi, JP Whitehead, et al: Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature 1997; 387: 903-908.
60. Clement K, C Vaisse, N Lahlou, et al: A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 1998; 392: 398-401.
61. Farooqi I, J Keogh, G Yeo, et al: Clinical spectrum of obesity and mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1085-1095.
62. O'Rahilly S, IS Farooqi, G Yeo, et al: Minireview: Human obesity-lessons from monogenic disorders. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 3757-3764.
63. Farooqi I, G Yeo, J Keogh, et al: Dominant and recessive inheritance of morbid obesity associated with melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 271-279.
64. Yeo G, I Farooqi, S Aminian, et al: A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity. Nat Genet 1998; 20: 111-112.
65. Loos R, C Lindgren, S Li, et al: Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity. Nat Genet 2008; 40: 768-775.
66. Vaisse C, K Clement, B Guy-Grand, et al: A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with a dominant form of obesity. Nat Genet 1998; 20: 113-114.
67. Stunkard AJ, JR Harris, NL Pedersen, et al: The body-mass index of twins who have been reared apart. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1483-1487.
68. Friedman J: Modern science vs the stigma of obesity. Nat Med 2004; 10: 563-569.
69. Friedman JM: A war on obesity, not the obese. Science 2003; 299: 856-858.