Glucocorticoids in pregnancy

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Volumn 12, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 750-757

  Marciniak, Beata ^a   Patro Malysza, Jolanta ^a   Poniedziałek Czajkowska, Elzbieta ^a   Kimber Trojnar, Zaneta ^a   Leszczyńska Gorzelak, Bozena ^a   Oleszczuk, Jan ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF LUBLIN   (Poland)

Author keywords

11 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; Antenatal exposure; Glucocorticoids; Metabolism; Placental transport; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

11BETA HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE 2; GLUCOCORTICOID;

BRAIN INJURY; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DRUG METABOLISM; EUROPE; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; FETUS LUNG MATURATION; FETUS LUNG MATURITY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; NONHUMAN; NORTH AMERICA; PREGNANCY; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREMATURE LABOR; PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 79955586185     PISSN: 13892010     EISSN: 18734316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920111795470868     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Liggins, G.C.; Howie, R.N. A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants. Pediatrics,1972, 50(4), 515-525.
2. Smith, I.D.; Shearman, R.P. Fetal plasma steroids in relation to parturition. I. The effect of gestational age upon umbilical plasma corticosteroid levels following vaginal delivery. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw., 1974, 81(1), 11-15.
3. Dessens, A.B.; Haas, H.S.; Koppe, J.G. Twenty-year follow-up of antenatal corticosteroid treatment. Pediatrics, 2000, 105(6), E77.
4. French, N.P.; Hagan, R.; Evans, S.F.; Mullan, A.; Newnham, J.P. Repeated antenatal corticosteroids: effects on cerebral palsy and childhood behavior. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2004, 190(3), 588-595.
5. Holmes, M.C.; Abrahamsen, C.T.; French, K. L; Paterson, J.M.; Mullins, J.J.; Seckl, J.R. The mother or the fetus? 11betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 null mice provide evidence for direct fetal programming of behavior by endogenous glucocorticoids. J. Neurosci., 2006, 26(14), 3840-3844.
6. Shams, M.; Kilby, M.D.; Somerset, D.A.; Howie, A.J.; Gupta, A.; Wood, P.J.; Afnan, M.; Stewart, P.M. 11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in human pregnancy and reduced expression in intrauterine growth restriction. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13(4), 799-804.
7. Murphy, V.E.; Fittock, R.J.; Zarzycki, P.K.; Delahunty, M.M.; Smith, R.; Clifton, V.L. Metabolism of synthetic steroids by the human placenta. Placenta, 2007, 28(1), 39-46.
8. Giannopoulos, G.; Jackson, K.; Tulchinsky, D. Glucocorticoid metabolism in human placenta, decidua, myometrium and fetal membranes. J. Steroid Biochem., 1982, 17(4), 371-374.
9. Mok, C.C.; Wong, R.W. Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Postgrad. Med. J., 2001, 77(905), 157-165.
10. Gur, C.; Diav-Citrin, O.; Shechtman, S.; Arnon, J.; Ornoy, A. Pregnancy outcome after first trimester exposure to corticosteroids: a prospective controlled study. Reprod. Toxicol., 2004, 18(1), 93-101.
11. Caspi, E.; Schreyer, P.; Weinraub, Z.; Bukovsky, I.; Tamir, I. Changes in amniotic fluid lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio following maternal dexamethasone administration. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1975, 122(3), 327-331.
12. Roberts, D.; Dalziel, S. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2006, 3, CD004454.
13. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 402: Antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Obstet. Gynecol., 2008, 111(3), 805-807.
14. French, N.P.; Hagan, R.; Evans, S.F.; Godfrey, M.; Newnham, J.P. Repeated antenatal corticosteroids: size at birth and subsequent development. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1999, 180(1 Pt 1), 114-121.
15. Causevic, M.; Mohaupt, M. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Mol. Aspects. Med., 2007, 28(2), 220-226.
16. Kajantie, E.; Dunkel, L.; Turpeinen, U.; Stenman, U.H.; Wood, P.J.; Nuutila, M.; Andersson, S. Placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 and fetal cortisol/cortisone shuttle in small preterm infants. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2003, 88(1), 493-500.
17. Murphy, V.E.; Zakar, T.; Smith, R.; Giles, W.B.; Gibson, P.G.; Clifton, V.L. Reduced 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity is associated with decreased birth weight centile in pregnancies complicated by asthma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2002, 87(4), 1660-1668.
18. Bertram, C.; Trowern, A.R.; Copin, N.; Jackson, A.A.; Whorwood, C.B. The maternal diet during pregnancy programs altered expression of the glucocorticoid receptor and type 2 11betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: potential molecular mechanisms underlying the programming of hypertension in utero. Endocrinology, 2001, 142(7), 2841-2853.
19. Lesage, J.; Blondeau, B.; Grino, M.; Bréant, B.; Dupouy, J.P. Maternal undernutrition during late gestation induces fetal overexposure to glucocorticoids and intrauterine growth retardation, and disturbs the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis in the newborn rat. Endocrinology, 2001, 142(5), 1692-1702.
20. Mark, P.J.; Augustus, S.; Lewis, J.L.; Hewitt, D.P.; Waddell, B.J. Changes in the placental glucocorticoid barrier during rat pregnancy: impact on placental corticosterone levels and regulation by progesterone. Biol. Reprod., 2009, 80(6), 1209-1215.
21. Yates, C.R.; Chang, C.; Kearbey, J.D.; Yasuda, K.; Schuetz, E.G.; Miller, D.D.; Dalton, J.T.; Swaan, P.W. Structural determinants of P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of glucocorticoids. Pharm. Res., 2003, 20(11), 1794-1803.
22. Kalabis, G.M.; Kostaki, A.; Andrews, M.H.; Petropoulos, S.; Gibb, W.; Matthews, S.G. Multidrug resistance phosphoglycoprotein (ABCB1) in the mouse placenta: fetal protection. Biol. Reprod., 2005, 73(4), 591-597.
23. Moss, T.J.; Doherty, D.A.; Nitsos, I.; Harding, R.; Newnham, J.P. Pharmacokinetics of betamethasone after maternal or fetal intramuscular administration. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2003, 189(6), 1751-1757.
24. Blanford, A.T.; Murphy, B.E. In vitro metabolism of prednisolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, and cortisol by the human placenta. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1977, 127(3), 264-267.
25. Anderson, A.B.; Gennser, G.; Jeremy, J.Y.; Ohrlander, S.; Sayers, L.; Turnbull, A.C. Placental transfer and metabolism of betamethasone in human pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 1977, 49(4), 471-474.
26. Beitins, I.Z.; Bayard, F.; Ances, I.G.; Kowarski, A.; Migeon, C.J. The transplacental passage of prednisone and prednisolone in pregnancy near term. J. Pediatr., 1972, 81(5), 936-945.
27. Cope, C.L.; Black, E. The production rate of cortisol in man. Br. Med. J., 1958, 1(5078), 1020-1024.
28. Amelung, D.; Hubener, H.J.; Roka, L.; Meyerheim, G. Conversion of cortisone to compound F. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1953, 13(9), 1125-1126.
29. Michael, A.E.; Thurston, L.M.; Rae, M.T. Glucocorticoid metabolism and reproduction: a tale of two enzymes. Reproduction, 2003, 126(4), 425-441.
30. Seckl, J.R.; Walker, B.R. Minireview: 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1-a tissue-specific amplifier of glucocorticoid action. Endokrynology, 2001, 142(4), 1371-1376.
31. Chan, J.; Rabbitt, E.H.; Innes, B.A.; Bulmer, J.N.; Stewart, P.M.; Kilby, M.D.; Hewison, M. Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in human decidua: a novel role for 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in late gestation. J. Endocrinol., 2007, 195(1), 7-15.
32. Edwards, C.R.; Stewart, P.M.; Burt, D.; Brett, L.; McIntyre, M.A.; Sutanto, W.S.; de Kloet, E.R.; Monder, C. Localisation of 11 betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase--tissue specific protector of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Lancet, 1988, 2(8618), 986-989.
33. Diaz, R.; Brown, R.W.; Seckl, J.R. Distinct ontogeny of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor and 11betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types I and II mRNAs in the fetal rat brain suggest a complex control of glucocorticoid actions. J. Neurosci., 1998, 18(7), 2570-2580.
34. Holmes, M.C.; Sangra, M.; French, K.L.; Whittle, I.R.; Paterson, J.; Mullins, J.J.; Seckl, J.R. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 protects the neonatal cerebellum from deleterious effects of glucocorticoids. Neuroscience, 2006, 137(3), 865-873.
35. Thompson, A.; Han, V.K.; Yang, K. Spatial and temporal patterns of expresion of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 messenger RNA and glucocorticoid receptor protein in the murine placenta and uterus during late pregnancy. Biol. Reprod., 2002, 67(6), 1708-1718.
36. Pepe, G.J.; Babischkin, J.S.; Burch, M.G.; Leavitt, M.G.; Albrecht, E.D. Developmental increase in expression of the messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 in the baboon placenta. Endocrinology, 1996, 137(12), 5678-5684.
37. Blasco, M.J.; López Bernal, A.; Turnbull, A.C. 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity of the human placenta during pregnancy. Horm. Metab. Res., 1986, 18(9), 638-641.
38. Alfaidy, N.; Li, W.; MacIntosh, T.; Yang, K.; Challis, J. Late gestation increase in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 expression in human fetal membranes: a novel intrauterine source of cortisol. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2003, 88(10), 5033-5038.
39. Schoof, E.; Girstl, M.; Frobenius, W.; Kirschbaum, M.; Repp, R.; Knerr, I.; Rascher, W.; Dötsch, J. Course of placental 11betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase mRNA expression during human gestation. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2001, 145(2), 187-192.
40. Sun, K.; Yang, K.; Challis, J.R. Regulation of 11betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by progesterone, estrogen, and the cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate pathway in cultured human placental and chorionic trophoblasts. Biol. Reprod., 1998, 58(6), 1379-1384.
41. Sarkar, S.; Tsai, S.W.; Nguyen, T.T.; Plevyak, M.; Padbury, J.F.; Rubin, L.P. Inhibition of placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by catecholamines via alpha-adrenergic signaling. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2001, 281(6), R1966-R1974.
42. Sun, K.; Yang, K.; Challis, J.R. Differential regulation of 11 betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 by nitric oxide in cultured human placental trophoblast and chorionic cell preparation. Endocrinology, 1997, 138(11), 4912-4920.
43. Hardy, D.B.; Dixon, S.J.; Narayanan, N.; Yang, K. Calcium inhibits human placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2001, 283(4), 756-761.
44. Ni, X.T.; Duan, T.; Yang, Z.; Guo, C.M.; Li, J.N.; Sun, K. Role of human chorionic gonadotropin in maintaining 11betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression in human placental syncytiotrophoblasts. Placenta, 2009, 30(12), 1023-1028.
45. Alfaidy, N.; Gupta, S.; DeMarco, C.; Caniggia, I.; Challis, J.R. Oxygen regulation of placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2: physiological and pathological implications. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2002, 87(10), 4797-4805.
46. Hardy, M.P.; Sottas, C.M.; Ge, R.; McKittrick, C.R.; Tamashiro, K.L.; McEwen, B.S.; Haider, S.G.; Markham, C.M.; Blanchard, R.J.; Blanchard, D.C.; Sakai, R.R. Trends of reproductive hormones in male rats during psychosocial stress: role of glucocorticoid metabolism in behavioral dominance. Biol. Reprod., 2002, 67(6), 1750-1755.
47. Michael, A.E.; Papageorghiou, A.T. Potential significance of physiological and pharmacological glucocorticoids in early pregnancy. Hum. Reprod. Update, 2008, 14(5), 497-517.
48. Murphy, B.E. Ontogeny of cortisol-cortisone interconversion in human tissues: a role for cortisone in human fetal development. J. Steroid Biochem., 1981, 14(9), 811-817.
49. Coulter, C.L.; Smith, R.E.; Stowasser, M.; Sasano, H.; Krozowski, Z.S.; Gordon, R.D. Expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11betaHSD-2) in the developing human adrenal gland and human adrenal cortical carcinoma and adenoma. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 1999, 154(1-2), 71-77.
50. Takahashi, K.; Sasano, H.; Fukushima, K.; Hirasawa, G.; Miura, H.; Sasaki, I.; Matsuno, S.; Krozowski, Z.S.; Nagura, H. 11 betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II in human colon: a new marker of fetal development and differentiation in neoplasms. Anticancer Res., 1998, 18(5A), 3381-3388.
51. Midgley, P.C.; Holownia, P.; Smith, J.; Moore, M.; Russell, K.; Oates, N.; Shaw, J.C.; Honour, J.W. Plasma cortisol, cortisone and urinary glucocorticoid metabolites in preterm infants. Biol. Neonate, 2001, 79(2), 79-86.
52. Bloom, S.L.; Sheffield, J.S.; McIntire, D.D.; Leveno, K.J. Antenatal dexamethasone and decreased birth weight. Obstet. Gynecol., 2001, 97(4), 458-490.
53. Mosier, H.D. Jr; Spencer, E.M.; Dearden, L.C.; Jansons, R.A. The effect of glucocorticoids on plasma insulin-like growth factor I concentration in the rat fetus. Pediatr. Res., 1987, 22(1), 92-95.
54. Bloomfield, F.H.; Knight, D.B.; Breier, B.H.; Harding, J.E. Growth restriction in dexamethasone-treated preterm infants may be mediated by reduced IGF-I and IGFBP-3 plasma concentrations. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.), 2001, 54(2), 235-242.
55. Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F.; Dolezal, C.; Baker, S.W.; Carlson, A.D.; Obeid, J.S.; New, M.I. Cognitive and motor development of children with and without congenital adrenal hyperplasia after early-prenatal dexamethasone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2004, 89(2), 610-614.
56. Homan, A.; Guan, H.; Hardy, D.B.; Gratton, R.J.; Yang, K. Hypoxia blocks 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 induction in human trophoblast cells during differentiation by a time-dependent mechanism that involves both translation and transcription. Placenta, 2006, 27(8), 832-840.
57. Struwe, E.; Berzl, G.M.; Schild, R.L.; Beckmann, M.W.; Dörr, H.G.; Rascher, W.; Dötsch, J. Simultaneously reduced gene expression of cortisol-activating and cortisol-inactivating enzymes in placentas of small-for-gestational-age neonates. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2007, 197(1), 43. e1-43. e6.
58. Dy, J.; Guan, H.; Sampath-Kumar, R.; Richardson, B.S.; Yang, K. Placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 is reduced in pregnancies complicated with idiopathic intrauterine growth Restriction: evidence that this is associated with an attenuated ratio of cortisone to cortisol in the umbilical artery. Placenta, 2008, 29(2), 193-200.
59. Schoof, E.; Girstl, M.; Frobenius, W.; Kirschbaum, M.; Dörr, H.G.; Rascher, W.; Dötsch, J. Decreased gene expression of 11betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in human placenta of patients with preeclampsia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2001, 86(3), 1313-1317.
60. Mericq, V.; Medina, P.; Kakarieka, E.; Márquez, L.; Johnson, M.C.; Iñiguez, G. Differences in expression and activity of 11betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 in human placentas of term pregnancies according to birth weight and gender. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2009, 161(3), 419-425.
61. O'Donnell, K.; O'Connor, T.G.; Glover, V. Prenatal stress and neurodevelopment of the child: focus on the HPA axis and role of the placenta. Dev. Neurosci., 2009, 31(4), 285-292.
62. Koehl, M.; Darnaudéry, M.; Dulluc, J.; Van Reeth, O.; Le Moal, M.; Maccari, S. Prenatal stress alters circadian activity of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and hippocampal corticosteroid receptors in adult rats of both gender. J. Neurobiol., 1999, 40(3), 302-315.
63. Cadet, R.; Pradier, P.; Dalle, M.; Delost, P. Effects of prenatal maternal stress on the pituitary adrenocortical reactivity in guineapig pups. J. Dev. Physiol., 1986, 8(6), 467-475.
64. Montano, M.M.; Wang, M.H.; vom Saal, F.S. Sex differences in plasma corticosterone in mouse fetuses are mediated by differential placental transport from the mother and eliminated by maternal adrenalectomy or stress. J. Reprod. Fertil., 1993, 99(2), 283-290.
65. Weinstock, M. The potential influence of maternal stress hormones on development and mental health of the offspring. Brain Behav. Immun., 2005, 19(4), 296-308.
66. Koenig, J.I.; Elmer, G.I.; Shepard, P.D.; Lee, P.R.; Mayo, C.; Joy, B.;Hercher, E.; Brady, D.L. Prenatal exposure to a repeated variable stress paradigm elicits behavioral and neuroendocrinological changes in the adult offspring: potential relevance to schizophrenia. Behav. Brain Res., 2005, 156(2), 251-261.
67. Ward, H.E.; Johnson, E.A.; Salm, A.K.; Birkle, D.L. Effects of prenatal stress on defensive withdrawal behavior and corticotropin releasing factor systems in rat brain. Physiol. Behav., 2000, 70(3-4), 359-366.
68. McCormick, C.M.; Smythe, J.W.; Sharma, S.; Meaney, M.J. Sexspecific effects of prenatal stress on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress and brain glucocorticoid receptor density in adult rats. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res., 1995, 84(1), 55-61.
69. Owen, D.; Andrews, M.H.; Matthews, S.G. Maternal adversity, glucocorticoids and programming of neuroendocrine function and behaviour. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2005, 29(2), 209-226.
70. O'Connor, T.G.; Ben-Shlomo, Y.; Heron, J.; Golding, J.; Adams, D.; Glover, V. Prenatal anxiety predicts individual differences in cortisol in pre-adolescent children. Biol. Psychiatry, 2005, 58(3), 211-217.
71. Szuran, T.F.; Pliska, V.; Pokorny, J.; Welzl, H. Prenatal stress in rats: effects on plasma corticosterone, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and maze performance. Physiol. Behav., 2001, 71(3-4), 353-362.
72. Bhatnagar, S.; Lee, T.M.; Vining, C. Prenatal stress differentially affects habituation of corticosterone responses to repeated stress in adult male and female rats. Horm. Behav., 2005, 47(4), 430-438.
73. Zagron, G.; Weinstock, M. Maternal adrenal hormone secretion mediates behavioural alterations induced by prenatal stress in male and female rats. Behav. Brain Res., 2006, 175(2), 323-328.