Changes in self-reported drinking behaviors among US teenagers associated with the introduction of flavored malt beverages: An interrupted time series quasi-experiment

Addiction Research and Theory

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 199-212

  Dumsha, Jane Z ^a   Ditomasso, Robert A ^a   Gomez, Frank C ^b   Melucci, Nancy J ^b   Stouch, Bruce C ^c  

^a PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE   (United States)

^b TUI University   (United States)

^c Statistical Consultant   (United States)

Author keywords

adolescents; Alcohol; trends; underage drinking

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955445229     PISSN: 16066359     EISSN: 14767392     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/16066359.2010.500064     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Agostinelli, G., & Grube, J.W. (2002). Alcohol counteradvertising and the media: A review of recent research. Alcohol Research and Health, 26, 15-21.
2. American Medical Association (2003). Educational forum on adolescent health: Youth drinking patterns and alcohol advertising. Chicago: American Medical Association.
3. American Medical Association (2004). Teenage girls targeted for sweet-flavored alcoholic beverages. American Medical Association. Retrieved from http://www.alcoholpolicymd. com/alcoholpolicymd/press-room/girlie-drinks- release.htm
4. Ansari, F., Gray, K., Nathwani, D., Phillips, G., Ogston, S., Ramsay, C., & Davey, P. (2003). Outcomes of an intervention to improve hospital antibiotic prescribing: Interrupted time series with segmented regression analysis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 52, 842-848. (Pubitemid 37407814)
5. Arkes, J. (2007). Does the economy affect teenage substance use? Health Economics, 16, 19-36. (Pubitemid 46138697)
6. Austin, E.W., & Johnson, K.K. (1997). Effects of general and alcohol-specific media literacy training on children's decision making about alcohol. Journal of Health Communication, 2, 17-42. (Pubitemid 127699928)
7. Austin, E.W., & Knaus, C. (2000). Predicting the potential for risky behavior among those 'too young' to drink as the result of appealing advertising. Journal of Health Communication, 5, 13-27.
8. Bandura, A. (1962). Social learning through imitation. In M.R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 10, pp. 211-269). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
9. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
10. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed.) (pp. 121-153). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
11. Baranowski, T., Perry, C.L., & Parcel, G.S. (1997). How individuals, environments, and health behavior interact: Social cognitive theory. In K. Glanz, F.M. Lewis, & B.K. Rimer (Eds.), Health behavior and health education (pp. 165-184). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
12. Bersamin, M., Paschall, M.J., & Flewelling, R.L. (2005). Ethnic differences in relationships between risk factors and adolescent binge drinking: A national study. Prevention Science, 6, 127-137. (Pubitemid 40603244)
13. Bierness, D.J., Schmidt, S.L., & Pak, A. (2001). Using smart card technology to prevent sales of alcohol to underage persons. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved from http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/PEOPLE/ injury/ alcohol/SmartCard/1-introduction.htm
14. Birckmayer, J., & Hemenway, D. (1999). Minimum-age drinking laws and youth suicide, 1970-1990. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1365-1368. (Pubitemid 29404560)
15. Blume, A.W., Schmaling, K.B., & Marlatt, G.A. (2006). Recent drinking consequences, motivation to change, and changes in alcohol consumption over a three month period. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 331-338. (Pubitemid 43144890)
16. Bonnie, R.J., & O'Connell, M.E. (Eds.). (2004). Reducing underage drinking: A collective responsibility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
17. Bonomo, Y.A., Bowes, G., Coffey, C., Carlin, J.B., & Patton, G.C. (2004). Teenage drinking and the onset of alcohol dependence: A cohort study over seven years. Addiction, 99, 1520-1528. (Pubitemid 39664827)
18. Botticelli, M. (2007). What's the mix between policy and alcohol damage: Massachusetts' perspective. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
19. Brain, K., Parker, H., & Carnwath, T. (2000). Drinking with design: Young drinkers as psychoactive consumers. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 7, 5-20.
20. Brener, N.D., Grunbaum, J.A., Kann, L., McManus, T., & Ross, J. (2004). Assessing health risk behaviors among adolescents: The effect of question wording and appeals for honesty. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 91-100. (Pubitemid 38916851)
21. Brener, N.D., Kann, L., Kinchen, S.A., Grunbaum, J.A., Whalen, L., Eaton, D., Ross, J.G. (2004). Methodology of the youth risk behavior surveillance system. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53(RR-12), 1-13.
22. Brown, S.A., Tapert, S.F., Granholm, E., & Delis, D.C. (2000). Neurocognitive functioning of adolescents: Effects of protracted alcohol use. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 164-171. (Pubitemid 30117417)
23. Brufsky, J.W., Ross-Degnan, D., Calabrese, D., Gao, X., & Soumerai, S.B. (1998). Shifting physician prescribing to a preferred histamine-2-receptor antagonist: Effects of a multifactorial intervention in a mixedmodel health maintenance organization. Medical Care, 36, 321-332. (Pubitemid 128456376)
24. Bucholz, K.K., Heath, A.C., & Madden, P.A.F. (2000). Transitions in drinking in adolescent females: Evidence from the Missouri adolescent female twin study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 914-923. (Pubitemid 30421743)
25. Callas, P.W., Flynn, B.S., & Worden, J.K. (2004). Potentially modifiable psychosocial factors associated with alcohol use during early adolescence. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 1503-1515. (Pubitemid 39296520)
26. Campbell, D.T., & Stanley, J.C. (1966). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (1998). 1997 National school-based youth risk behavior survey data documentation manual. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (2000). 1999 National school-based youth risk behavior survey data documentation manual. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (2002). 2001 National school-based youth risk behavior survey data documentation manual. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (2004). 2003 National school-based youth risk behavior survey data documentation manual. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
31. Center for Media Education (1998). Alcohol Advertising Targeted at Youth on the Internet: An update. Center for Media Education. Retrieved from http://www.tap.epn.org
32. Center for Science in the Public Interest (2001). Summary of findings: What teens and adults are saying about alcopops.
33. Center for Science in the Public Interest. Retrieved from http://www.cspinet.org/booze/alcopops-summary.htm Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth (CAMY) (2002).
34. Television: alcohol's vast adland. Retrieved from, http:// camy.org/research/files/television1202.pdf Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth (CAMY) (2003).
35. Youth exposure to radio advertising for alcohol: United States, Summer 2003. Retrieved from http://camy.org/research/ radio0104/.
36. Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth (CAMY) (2004). Youth exposure to alcohol ads on television, 2002: From 2001 to 2002, Alcohol's Adland Grew Vaster. Retrieved from http:// camy.org/research/tv0404/
37. Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth (CAMY) (2005). Youth overexposed: Alcohol advertising in magazines, 2001 to 2003. Retrieved from http://camy.org/research/mag0405/ mag0405.pdf
38. Christiansen, B.A., Goldman, M.S., & Inn, A. (1982). Development of alcohol-related expectancies in adolescents: Separating pharmacological from social-learning influences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 336-344. (Pubitemid 13212722)
39. Christiansen, B.A., Smith, G.T., Roehling, P.V., & Goldman, M.S. (1989). Using alcohol expectancies to predict adolescent drinking behavior after one year. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 7, 93-99. (Pubitemid 19151649)
40. Chronological history of Anheuser-Busch Companies (2005). Anheuser-Busch. Retrieved from http://www.anheuser-busch. com/timeline/default.html
41. Churchill Jr, G.A., & Moschis, G.P. (1979). Television and interpersonal influences on adolescent consumer learning. Journal of Consumer Research, 6, 23-25.
42. Cook, T.D., & Campbell, D.T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
43. Crews, F.T., Braun, C.J., Hoplight, B., Switzer III, R.C., & Knapp, D.J. (2000). Binge ethanol consumption causes differential brain damage in young adolescent rats compared with adult rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 1712-1723.
44. Crews, F.T., Mdzinarishvili, A., Kim, D., He, J., & Nixon, K. (2006). Neurogenesis in adolescent brain is potently inhibited by ethanol. Neuroscience, 137, 437-445. (Pubitemid 43031510)
45. D'Amico, E.J., Metrik, J., McCarthy, D.M., Frissell, K.C., Appelbaum, M., & Brown, S.A. (2001). Progression into and out of binge drinking among high school students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15, 341-349. (Pubitemid 33123504)
46. De Bellis, M.D., Clark, D.B., Beers, S.R., Soloff, P.H., Boring, A.M., Hall, J., Keshavan, M.S. (2000). Hippocampal volume in adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 737-744. (Pubitemid 30249652)
47. Dee, T.S. (1999). The complementarity of teen smoking and drinking. Journal of Health Economics, 18, 769-793.
48. DeJong, W., Atkin, C.K., & Wallack, L. (1992). A critical analysis of "moderation" advertising sponsored by the beer industry: Are "responsible drinking" commercials done responsibly? Milbank Quarterly, 70, 661-678.
49. DeWit, D.J., Adlaf, E.M., Offord, D.R., & Ogborne, A.C. (2000). Age at first alcohol use: A risk factor for the development of alcohol disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 745-750. (Pubitemid 30249653)
50. DiFranza, J.R., Richards, J.W., Paulman, P.M., Wolf- Gillespie, N., Fletcher, C., Jaffe, R.D., & Murray, D. (1991). RJR Nabisco's cartoon camel promotes camel cigarettes to children. Journal of American Medical Association, 266, 3149-3153.
51. Donaldson, S.I., Thomas, C.W., Graham, J.W., Au, J.G., & Hansen, W.B. (2000). Verifying drug abuse prevention program effects using reciprocal best friend reports. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 585-601. (Pubitemid 32052719)
52. Donovan, J.E. (2007). Really underage drinkers: The epidemiology of children's alcohol use in the United States. Prevention Science, 8, 192-205.
53. Eccles, M., Grimshaw, J., Campbell, M., & Ramsay, C. (2003). Research designs for studies evaluating the effectiveness of change and improvement strategies. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 12, 47-52. (Pubitemid 36241256)
54. Eisen, M., Zellman, G.L., Massett, H.A., & Murray, D.M. (2002). Evaluating the lions-quest "Skills for Adolescence" drug education program: First-year behavior outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 619-632. (Pubitemid 34761810)
55. Elder, R.W., Shults, R.A., Swahn, M.H., Strife, B.J., & Ryan, G.W. (2004). Alcohol-related emergency department visits among people ages 13 to 25 years. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65, 297-300. (Pubitemid 38703147)
56. Federal Trade Commission (2003). Alcohol marketing and advertising: A report to Congress. Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved from http://www.ftc.gov/os/2003/09/ alcohol08report.pdf
57. Fell, J.C., & Voas, R.B. (2006). Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD): The first 25 years. Traffic Injury Prevention, 7, 195-212. (Pubitemid 44451648)
58. Flynn, B.S., Worden, J.K., Bunn, J.Y., Dorwaldt, A.L., Dana, G.S., & Callas, P.W. (2006). Mass media and community interventions to reduce alcohol use by early adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67, 66-74. (Pubitemid 43068520)
59. Foster, S.E., Vaughan, R.D., Foster, W.H., & Califano Jr, J.A. (2003). Alcohol consumption and expenditures for underage drinking and adult excessive drinking. Journal of American Medical Association, 289, 989-995. (Pubitemid 37432929)
60. Foster, S.E., Vaughan, R.D., Foster, W.H., & Califano Jr, J.A. (2006). Estimate of the commercial value of underage drinking and adult abusive and dependent drinking to the alcohol industry. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 160, 473-478.
61. Franson, P. (2002). Fast-growing malternatives threaten grape expectations. Wine Business Online. Retrieved from http : / /www. winebusiness.com / SalesMarketing / Webarticle. cfm?AID=64002&IssueId=63975
62. Fryar, C.D., Merino, M.C., Hirsch, R., & Porter, K.S. (2009). Smoking, alcohol use, and illicit drug use reported by adolescents aged 12-17 years: United States, 1999-2004. National Health Statistics Reports, 15, 1-23.
63. Gammage, J., & Stark, K. (2002). Malt assault. Inquirer Magazine, pp. 10-13.
64. Garfield, C.F., Chung, P.J., & Rathouz, P.J. (2003). Alcohol advertising in magazines and adolescent readership. Journal of American Medical Association, 289, 2424-2429. (Pubitemid 37430178)
65. Gillings, D., Makuc, D., & Siegel, E. (1981). Analysis of interrupted time series mortality trends: An example to evaluate regionalized perinatal care. American Journal of Public Health, 71, 38-46. (Pubitemid 11207805)
66. Gorman, D.M. (1995). Are school-based resistance skills training programs effective in preventing alcohol misuse? Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 41, 74-98. (Pubitemid 126005739)
67. Gorman, D.M. (2002). The "science" of drug and alcohol prevention: The case of the randomized trial of the life skills training program. International Journal of Drug Policy, 13, 21-26. (Pubitemid 34606827)
68. Grant, B.F., Stinson, F.S., & Harford, T.C. (2001). Age at onset of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: A 12-year follow-up. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13, 493-504. (Pubitemid 38198158)
69. Gruber, E., DiClemente, R.J., Anderson, M.M., & Lodico, M. (1996). Early drinking onset and its association with alcohol use and problem behavior in late adolescence. Preventive Medicine, 25, 293-300. (Pubitemid 26177572)
70. Grunbaum, J.A., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Ross, J., Hawkins, J., Lowry, R., Collins, J. (2004). Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53, 1-96.
71. Guiao, I.Z., & Thompson, E.A. (2004). Ethnicity and problem behaviors among adolescent females in the United States. Health Care for Women International, 25, 296-310. (Pubitemid 38482338)
72. Harwood, H.J. (2000). Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse in the United States: Estimates, update methods, and data. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
73. Hawkins, E.H., Cummins, L.H., & Marlatt, G.A. (2004). Preventing substance abuse in American Indian and Alaska native youth: Promising strategies for healthier communities. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 304-323. (Pubitemid 38317813)
74. Hill, K.G., White, H.R., Chung, I.-J., Hawkins, J.D., & Catalano, R.F. (2000). Early adult outcomes of adolescent binge drinking: Person- and variable-centered analyses of binge drinking trajectories. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 892-901. (Pubitemid 30421741)
75. Hingson, R.W., Assailly, J.P., & Williams, A.F. (2004). Underage drinking: Frequency, consequences, and interventions. Traffic Injury Prevention, 5(3), 228-236. (Pubitemid 39049926)
76. Howard, L., & Koehl, C. (1996). Coming to a saloon near you? Newsweek, 128, 8.
77. Hughes, K., MacKintosh, A.M., Hastings, G., Wheeler, C., Watson, J., & Inglis, J. (1997). Young people, alcohol, and designer drinks: Quantitative and qualitative study. British Medical Journal, 314, 414-418. (Pubitemid 27067803)
78. Jackson, M.C., Hastings, G., Wheeler, C., Eadie, D., & Mackintosh, A.M. (2000). Marketing alcohol to young people: Implications for industry regulation and research policy. Addiction, 95, S597-608. (Pubitemid 32052867)
79. Jernigan, D.H., Ostroff, J., & Ross, C. (2005). Alcohol advertising and youth: A measured approach. Journal of Public Health Policy, 26, 312-325. (Pubitemid 41266271)
80. Johnston, L.D., O'Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., & Schulenberg, J.E. (2004). Monitoring the future: Overview of key findings (NIH Publication No. 04-5506). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
81. Jones, S.C., & Donovan, R.J. (2001). Messages in alcohol advertising targeted to youth. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25, 126-131. (Pubitemid 32451856)
82. Keane, R. (2003). Malternative maximization. Adams Beverage Group. Retrieved from http://www.beveragenet.net/bd/2003/ 0307/0307mlt.asp
83. Lantz, P.M. (2004). Youth smoking prevention policy: Lessons learned and continuing challenges. In R.J. Bonnie & M.E. O'Connell (Eds.), Reducing underage drinking: A collective responsibility (pp. 716-742). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
84. Leigh, B.C., & Stacy, A.W. (2004). Alcohol expectancies and drinking in different age groups. Addiction, 99, 215-227. (Pubitemid 38250756)
85. Lenz, B.K. (2003). Correlates of young adult tobacco use: Application of a transition framework. Journal of School Nursing, 19, 232-237.
86. Lo, C.C. (2000). Timing of drinking initiation: A trend study predicting drug use among high school seniors. Journal of Drug Issues, 30, 525-554.
87. MADD milestones (2006). Mothers against drunk driving. Retrieved from http://www.madd.org/aboutus/1179
88. Maisto, S.A., Carey, K.B., & Bradizza, C.M. (1999). Social learning theory. In K.E. Leonard & H.T. Blane (Eds.), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism (2nd ed.) (pp. 106-163). New York: Guilford Press.
89. Marlatt, G.A., & Witkiewitz, K. (2002). Harm reduction approaches to alcohol use: Health promotion, prevention, and treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 867-886. (Pubitemid 36158753)
90. Martino, S.C., Collins, R.L., Ellickson, P.L., Schell, T.L., & McCaffrey, D. (2006). Socio-environmental influences on adolescents' alcohol outcome expectancies: A prospective analysis. Addiction, 101, 971-983. (Pubitemid 43847099)
91. Mayer, R.R., Forster, J.L., Murray, D.M., & Wagenaar, A.C. (1998). Social settings and situations of underage drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 207-215. (Pubitemid 28106609)
92. McCarty, C.A., Ebel, B.E., Garrison, M.M., DiGiuseppe, D.L., Christakis, D.A., & Rivara, F.P. (2004). Continuity of binge and harmful drinking from late adolescence to early adulthood. Pediatrics, 114, 714-719. (Pubitemid 41529529)
93. Meltz, G.C. (2002). Engel targets alcohol companies who market to teens. Retrieved from http://engel.house.gov/index.cfm? sectionid=62&parentid= 64xiontree=6,64,62&itemid=208
94. Meyer, J. (2001). Census 2000 Brief: Age. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/ c2kbr01-12.pdf
95. Miller, T.R., Levy, D.T., Spicer, R.S., & Taylor, D.M. (2006). Societal costs of underage drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67, 519-528. (Pubitemid 43856727)
96. Miller, J.W., Naimi, T.S., Brewer, R.D., & Jones, S.E. (2007). Binge drinking and associated health risk behaviors among high school students. Pediatrics, 119, 76-85. (Pubitemid 46397844)
97. Montgomery, K.C. (2000). Children's media culture in the new millennium: Mapping the digital landscape. Future of Children, 10, 145-167.
98. Mosher, J. (2006). Alcohol industry voluntary regulation of its advertising practices: A status report. Calverton, MD: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation.
99. Mosher, J.F., & Johnsson, D. (2005). Flavored alcoholic beverages: An international marketing campaign that targets youth. Journal of Public Health Policy, 26, 326-342. (Pubitemid 41266272)
100. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) (2002). Rating the states 2002 - Report card. Retrieved from http:// www.madd.org/rts/
101. Mott, G. (1991). A decade to remember: Market watch reviews ten years of industry trends. Market Watch, September 14-25.
102. Muellerleile, P.A. (2004). Social learning theory and intimate partner violence: Time series analysis of the effects of the O.J. Simpson case. New York: Syracuse University.
103. National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (1998). Underage drinking focus of SAMHSA effort (02763613).
104. National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (1997).
105. Ninth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health from the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
106. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
107. Nelson, M.C., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Hannan, P.J., & Story, M. (2009). Five-year longitudinal and secular shifts in adolescent beverage intake: Findings from project EAT (Eating Among Teens)-II. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109, 308-312.
108. Neumark-Sztainer, D. (1999). The social environments of adolescents: Associations between socioenvironmental factors and health behaviors during adolescence. Adolescent Medicine State of the Art Reviews, 10, 41-55.
109. Perry, C.L., Williams, C.L., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Toomey, T.L., Komro, K.A., Anstine, P.S., Wolfson, M. (1996). Project Northland: Outcomes of a community-wide alcohol use prevention program during early adolescence. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 956-965. (Pubitemid 26242943)
110. Pyapali, G.K., Turner, D.A., Wilson, W.A., & Swartzwelder, S.H. (1999). Age and dose-dependent effects of ethanol on the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Alcohol, 19, 107-111. (Pubitemid 29467507)
111. Ramsay, C., Brown, E., Hartman, G., & Davey, P. (2003). Room for improvement: A systematic review of the quality of evaluations of interventions to improve hospital antibiotic prescribing. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 52, 764-771. (Pubitemid 37407802)
112. Ritchey, P.N., Reid, G.S., & Hasse, L.A. (2001). The relative influence of smoking on drinking and drinking on smoking among high school students in a rural tobacco-growing county. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29, 386-394. (Pubitemid 33122071)
113. Roberts, C., Blakey, V., & Tudor-Smith, C. (1999). The impact of 'alcopops' on regular drinking by young people in Wales. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 6, 7-15.
114. Romanus, G. (2000). Alcopops in Sweden-a supply side initiative. Addiction, 95, S609-619. (Pubitemid 32052868)
115. Saffer, H. (2002). Alcohol advertising and youth. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement, 173-181. (Pubitemid 34441602)
116. Sargent, J.D., Dalton, M.A., Beach, M.L., Mott, L.A., Tickle, J.J., Ahrens, M.B., & Heatherton, T.F. (2002). Viewing tobacco use in movies: Does it shape attitudes that mediate adolescent smoking? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22, 137-145. (Pubitemid 34211005)
117. Scheier, L.M., & Botvin, G.J. (1997). Expectancies as mediators of the effects of social influences and alcohol knowledge on adolescent alcohol use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 11, 48-64. (Pubitemid 27167926)
118. Shadel, W.G., Niaura, R., & Abrams, D.B. (2001). How do adolescents process smoking and antismoking advertisements? A social cognitive analysis with implications for understanding smoking initiation. Review of General Psychology, 5, 429-444. (Pubitemid 33680158)
119. Shadel, W.G., Niaura, R., & Abrams, D.B. (2002). Adolescents' reactions to the imagery displayed in smoking and antismoking advertisements. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16, 173-176. (Pubitemid 34627546)
120. Sharma, M. (2006). Making effective alcohol education interventions for high schools [editorial]. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 50, 1-4.
121. Slater, M.D., Kelly, K.J., Edwards, R.W., Thurman, P.J., Plested, B.A., Keefe, T.J., Henry, K.L. (2006). Combining in-school and community-based media efforts: Reducing marijuana and alcohol uptake among younger adolescents. Health Education Research, 21, 157-167. (Pubitemid 43244091)
122. Smith, S.W., Atkin, C.K., & Roznowski, J. (2006). Are "drink responsibly" alcohol campaigns strategically ambiguous? Health Communication, 20(1), 1-11. (Pubitemid 44238235)
123. Smith, G.T., Goldman, M.S., Greenbaum, P.E., & Christiansen, B.A. (1995). Expectancy for social facilitation from drinking: The divergent paths of high-expectancy and low-expectancy adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 32-40.
124. Sofer, D. (2005). Move over, Joe Camel. American Journal of Nursing, 105, 19. (Pubitemid 40522112)
125. Stern, S.R. (2005). Messages from teens on the big screen: Smoking, drinking and drug use in teen-centered films. Journal of Health Communication, 10, 331-346. (Pubitemid 40980949)
126. Stevenson, R.J., Copeland, J., & Gates, P. (2007). The role of experience in liking "ready-to-drink" alcoholic beverages. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 564-569.
127. Stewart, S.H., Conrod, P.J., Marlatt, G.A., Comeau, M.N., Thush, C., & Krank, M. (2005). New developments in prevention and early intervention for alcohol abuse in youths. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29, 278-286. (Pubitemid 40250516)
128. Stigler, M.H., Perry, C.L., Komro, K.A., Cudeck, R., & Williams, C.L. (2006). Teasing apart a multiple component approach to adolescent alcohol prevention: What worked in Project Northland? Prevention Science, 7, 269-280. (Pubitemid 44174976)
129. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2006). Results from the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings (NSDUH Series H-30, DHHS Published no. SMA 06-4194). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Office of Applied Studies.
130. Tan, A., Nelson, L., Dong, Q., & Tan, G. (1997). Value acceptance in adolescent socialization: A test of a cognitivefunctional theory of television effects. Communication Monographs, 64, 82-97.
131. Teinowitz, I. (1999). MADD's demands for equal ad time fall on deaf ears. Advertising Age, 70, 16-20.
132. Trochim, W.M.K. (2001). Research methods knowledge base (2nd ed.). Cincinatti, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing.
133. US Department of Health and Human Services (2007). The Surgeon General's call to action to prevent and reduce underage drinking. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General.
134. US Department of Health and Human Services (2000). Healthy people 2010. With understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health. US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from, http:// www.healthypeople.gov
135. Van den Bulck, J., Beullens, K., & Mulder, J. (2006). Television and music video exposure and adolescent 'alcopop' use. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 18, 107-114.
136. Wagenaar, A.C., & Wolfson, M. (1994). Enforcement of the legal minimum drinking age in the United States. Journal of Public Health Policy, 15, 37-53. (Pubitemid 24137105)
137. Wagner, A.K., Soumerai, S.B., Zhang, F., & Ross-Degnan, D. (2002). Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 27, 299-309. (Pubitemid 34989269)
138. Wakefield, M., Flay, B., Nichter, M., & Giovino, G. (2003). Role of the media in influencing trajectories of youth smoking. Addiction, 1, 79-103. (Pubitemid 36605693)
139. Wells, J.E., Horwood, L.J., & Fergusson, D.M. (2004). Drinking patterns in mid-adolescence and psychosocial outcomes in late adolescence and early adulthood. Addiction, 99, 1529-1541. (Pubitemid 39664828)
140. Werch, C.E. (2006). Do alcohol consumption patterns of adolescents differ by beverage type? Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 15, 45-62.
141. Werch, C.C., Jobli, E., Moore, M.J., DiClemente, C.C., Dore, H., & Brown, C.H. (2005). A brief experimental alcohol beverage-tailored program for adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66, 284-290. (Pubitemid 40629179)
142. Witkiewitz, K., & Marlatt, G.A. (2006). Overview of harm reduction treatments for alcohol problems. International Journal of Drug Policy, 17, 285-294.
143. Wolfson, M., Martin, B.A., Wagoner, K.G., & Song, E.Y. (2005). Flavored malt beverage use in a multi-statesample of adolescents. Unpublished paper presented at APHA meeting.
144. York, J.L., Welte, J., Hirsch, J., Hoffman, J.H., & Barnes, G. (2004). Association of age at first drink with current alcohol drinking variables in a national general population sample. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28, 1379-1387. (Pubitemid 39238297)
145. Zeigler, D.W., Wang, C.C., Yoast, R.A., Dickinson, B.D., McCaffree, M.A., Robinowitz, C.B., & Sterling, M.L. (2005). The neurocognitive effects of alcohol on adolescents and college students. Preventive Medicine, 40, 23-32. (Pubitemid 39461986)
146. Zwarun, L., Linz, D., Metzger, M., & Kunkel, D. (2006). Effects of showing risk in beer commercials to young drinkers. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 50, 52-77. (Pubitemid 43965599)