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The palladium based catalysts have also been shown to be useful for N-arylation reactions, for references, see:
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Recently iron based catalysts were used for N-arylation of NH-heterocycles. For references, see:
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The industrial grade cation exchanger INDION-770 resin is readily available in low price from Ion-Exchange India Limited. More detailed specifications for the INDION-770 resin can be obtained from the website For rate enhancements with copper carboxylates in "living" radical polymerization reactions, see:
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In copper(i)-catalyzed Ullmann-type cross-coupling reactions, positive rate enhancement with respect to unfunctionalized substrates has been demonstrated using coupling partners that contain a copper-chelating carboxylic group, such as 2-halogenobenzoic acids, α-amino acids, and β-amino acids, in the reactions, see:
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Recently 'catechol violet' was used as an additive in Cu(i) catalyzed direct C-S bond forming reactions of haloarenes. Notably, catechol violet contains the sulfonic acid group, for reference, see:
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a values of NH-hydrogens in benzimidazole, imidazole and pyrazole in DMSO are 16.4, 18.6 and 19.8 respectively. This shows that imidazole NH-hydrogen is more acidic than those in pyrazole. For reference, see:
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The copper exchanged INDION-770 resin (both fresh and recycled catalyst) has been characterized by XPS and SEM studies. For more details, see ESI
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John Wiley and Sons, 6th edn, p. 854 It is well-known and also our experimental observation that for highly activated nitro groups containing haloarenes such as 4-iodonitrobenzene or 4-bromonitrobenzene, the cross-coupling reactions with nucleophiles proceed in the absence of any catalysts under the likely influence of SNAr pathways SNAr pathways do not require any catalyst to promote the reaction; for reference to SNAr pathways
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SNAr pathways do not require any catalyst to promote the reaction; for reference to SNAr pathways see: M. B. Smith and J. March, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, John Wiley and Sons, 6th edn, 2007, p. 854
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