Critical care issues in patients after liver transplantation

Liver Transplantation

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 511-527

  Razonable, Raymund R ^a   Findlay, James Y ^a   O'Riordan, Aisling ^b   Burroughs, S Gordon ^d   Ghobrial, R Mark ^d   Agarwal, Banwari ^b   Davenport, Andrew ^c   Gropper, Michael ^e  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; AMPHOTERICIN; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; CIDOFOVIR; COTRIMOXAZOLE; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; FOSCARNET; GANCICLOVIR; ITRACONAZOLE; OSELTAMIVIR; VALACICLOVIR; VALGANCICLOVIR; VORICONAZOLE;

ACUTE GRAFT REJECTION; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; EXTUBATION; GRAFT DYSFUNCTION; HEPATIC ARTERY; HUMAN; HYPERACUTE GRAFT REJECTION; INCIDENCE; INTENSIVE CARE; INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD; ISCHEMIA; KIDNEY FAILURE; LARGE FOR SIZE SYNDROME; LIVER GRAFT; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REPERFUSION INJURY; RETRANSPLANTATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCORING SYSTEM; SMALL FOR SIZE SYNDROME; STEATOSIS; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VACCINATION;

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CRITICAL CARE; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 79955052685     PISSN: 15276465     EISSN: 15276473     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/lt.22291     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Carton EG, Plevak DJ, Kranner PW, Rettke SR, Geiger HJ, Coursin DB,. Perioperative care of the liver transplant patient: part 2. Anesth Analg 1994; 78: 382-399. (Pubitemid 24055861)
2. Mandell MS, Lezotte D, Kam I, Zamudio S,. Reduced use of intensive care after liver transplantation: influence of early extubation. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 676-681.
3. Blair JE, Kusne S,. Bacterial, mycobacterial, and protozoal infections after liver transplantationâpart I. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 1452-1459. (Pubitemid 43072619)
4. Razonable RR, Paya CV,. Liver transplant patients. In:, Cohen J, Powderly WG, Opal SM, eds. Infectious Diseases. Vol 1. 3rd ed. London, United Kingdom: Mosby Elsevier Science; 2010: 848-852.
5. Kusne S, Blair JE,. Viral and fungal infections after liver transplantationâpart II. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 2-11.
6. Falagas ME, Snydman DR, Griffith J, Ruthazer R, Werner BG,. Effect of cytomegalovirus infection status on first-year mortality rates among orthotopic liver transplant recipients. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 275-279. (Pubitemid 27078775)
7. Hellinger WC, Yao JD, Alvarez S, Blair JE, Cawley JJ, Paya CV, et al. A randomized, prospective, double-blinded evaluation of selective bowel decontamination in liver transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 73: 1904-1909. (Pubitemid 34700997)
8. Gurusamy KS, Kumar Y, Davidson BR,. Methods of preventing bacterial sepsis and wound complications for liver transplantation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008: CD006660.
9. Dubberke ER, Riddle DJ,. Clostridium difficile in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S35-S40.
10. Garzoni C,. Multiply resistant gram-positive bacteria methicillin-resistant, vancomycin-intermediate and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, VISA, VRSA) in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S41-S49.
11. Pappas PG, Silveira FP,. Candida in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S173-S179.
12. van Delden C, Blumberg EA,. Multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S27-S34.
13. Zuckerman R, Wald A,. Herpes simplex virus infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S104-S107.
14. Kotton CN, Lattes R,. Parasitic infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S234-S251.
15. Proia L, Miller R,. Endemic fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S199-S207.
16. Singh N, Forrest G,. Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S192-S198.
17. Findlay JY, Fix OK, Paugam C, Liu L, Sood P, Tomlanovich S, et al. Critical care of the end-stage liver disease patient awaiting liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2011.
18. Feltracco P, Bortolato A, Rizzi S, Barbieri S, Furnari M, Serra E, et al. Activated recombinant protein C in septic shock early after liver transplantation: a case report. Transplant Proc 2008; 40: 2070-2072.
19. Rice JC, Safdar N,. Urinary tract infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S267-S272.
20. Al-Hasan MN, Razonable RR, Eckel-Passow JE, Baddour LM,. Incidence rate and outcome of gram-negative bloodstream infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9: 835-843.
21. Abdel Massih RC, Razonable RR,. Human herpesvirus 6 infections after liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 2561-2569.
22. Allen U, Preiksaitis J,. Epstein-Barr virus and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S87-S96.
23. Arthurs SK, Eid AJ, Pedersen RA, Dierkhising RA, Kremers WK, Patel R, Razonable RR,. Delayed-onset primary cytomegalovirus disease after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2007; 13: 1703-1709.
24. Clark NM,. Nocardia in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S70-S77.
25. Humar A, Snydman D,. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S78-S86.
26. Razonable RR,. Cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation: current concepts and challenges. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 4849-4860.
27. Singh N, Husain S,. Invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S180-S191.
28. Martin SI, Fishman JA,. Pneumocystis pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S227-S233.
29. Cruciani M, Mengoli C, Malena M, Bosco O, Serpelloni G, Grossi P,. Antifungal prophylaxis in liver transplant patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 850-858.
30. Ison MG, Michaels MG,. RNA respiratory viral infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S166-S172.
31. Nikeghbalian S, Dehghani M, Salahi H, Bahador A, Kazemi K, Kakaei F, et al. Effects of surgical technique on postoperative renal function after orthotopic liver transplant. Exp Clin Transplant 2009; 7: 25-27.
32. Levitsky J, Doucette K,. Viral hepatitis in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S116-S130.
33. Pergam SA, Limaye AP,. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (suppl 4): S108-S115.
34. Barri YM, Sanchez EQ, Jennings LW, Melton LB, Hays S, Levy MF, Klintmalm GB,. Acute kidney injury following liver transplantation: definition and outcome. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 475-483.
35. Zand MS, Orloff MS, Abt P, Patel S, Tsoulfas G, Kashyap R, et al. High mortality in orthotopic liver transplant recipients who require hemodialysis. Clin Transplant; doi:10.1111/j.1399-0012.2010.01238.x.
36. Foxton MR, Al-Freah MA, Portal AJ, Sizer E, Bernal W, Auzinger G, et al. Increased Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score at the time of liver transplant results in prolonged hospitalization and overall intensive care unit costs. Liver Transpl 2010; 16: 668-677.
37. Bahirwani R, Reddy KR,. Outcomes after liver transplantation: chronic kidney disease. Liver Transpl 2009; 15 (suppl 2): S70-S74.
38. O'Riordan A, Wong V, McQuillan R, McCormick PA, Hegarty JE, Watson AJ,. Acute renal disease, as defined by the RIFLE criteria, post-liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 168-176. (Pubitemid 44952870)
39. Lebron Gallardo M, Herrera Gutierrez ME, Seller Perez G, Curiel Balsera E, Fernandez Ortega JF, Quesada Garcia G,. Risk factors for renal dysfunction in the postoperative course of liver transplant. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1379-1385. (Pubitemid 39530053)
40. Ferreira AC, Nolasco F, Carvalho D, Sampaio S, Baptista A, Pessegueiro P, et al. Impact of RIFLE classification in liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2010; 24: 394-400.
41. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P,. Acute renal failureâdefinition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004; 8: R204-R212.
42. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, Ronco C, Warnock DG, Levin A,. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2007; 11: R31.
43. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. In press.
44. Niemann CU, Walia A, Waldman J, Davio M, Roberts JP, Hirose R, Feiner J,. Acute kidney injury during liver transplantation as determined by neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 1852-1860.
45. Biancofiore G, Pucci L, Cerutti E, Penno G, Pardini E, Esposito M, et al. Cystatin C as a marker of renal function immediately after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 285-291. (Pubitemid 43273789)
46. Hoste EA, Cruz DN, Davenport A, Mehta RL, Piccinni P, Tetta C, et al. The epidemiology of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 158-165. (Pubitemid 351425013)
47. Slack A, Yeoman A, Wendon J,. Renal dysfunction in chronic liver disease. Crit Care 2010; 14: 214.
48. Perry TE, Muehlschlegel JD, Liu KY, Fox AA, Collard CD, Shernan SK, Body SC,. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and acute postoperative kidney injury in adult cardiac surgical patients. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 1541-1547.
49. Pham PT, Pham PC, Wilkinson AH,. Management of renal dysfunction in the liver transplant recipient. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2009; 14: 231-239.
50. Lima EQ, Zanetta DM, Castro I, Massarollo PC, Mies S, Machado MM, Yu L,. Risk factors for development of acute renal failure after liver transplantation. Ren Fail 2003; 25: 553-560. (Pubitemid 36944734)
51. Estrin JA, Belani KG, Ascher NL, Lura D, Payne W, Najarian JS,. Hemodynamic changes on clamping and unclamping of major vessels during liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1989; 21: 3500-3505. (Pubitemid 20145176)
52. Davenport A, Anker SD, Mebazaa A, Palazzuoli A, Vescovo G, Bellomo R, et al. ADQI 7: the clinical management of the cardio-renal syndromes: work group statements from the 7th ADQI consensus conference. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 2077-2089.
53. Shaw BW Jr, Martin DJ, Marquez JM, Kang YG, Bugbee AC Jr, Iwatsuki S, et al. Venous bypass in clinical liver transplantation. Ann Surg 1984; 200: 524-534. (Pubitemid 14024598)
54. Hilmi IA, Planinsic RM,. Con: venovenous bypass should not be used in orthotopic liver transplantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2006; 20: 744-747. (Pubitemid 44470839)
55. Cabezuelo JB, Ramirez P, Acosta F, Torres D, Sansano T, Pons JA, et al. Does the standard vs piggyback surgical technique affect the development of early acute renal failure after orthotopic liver transplantation? Transplant Proc 2003; 35: 1913-1914. (Pubitemid 37093762)
56. Figueras J, Sabate A, Fabregat J, Torras J, Drudis R, Rafecas A, et al. Hemodynamics during the anhepatic phase in orthotopic liver transplantation with vena cava preservation: a comparative study. Transplant Proc 1993; 25: 2588-2589. (Pubitemid 23239552)
57. Mehrabi A, Mood ZA, Fonouni H, Kashfi A, Hillebrand N, Muller SA, et al. A single-center experience of 500 liver transplants using the modified piggyback technique by Belghiti. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 466-474.
58. Xu X, Ling Q, Wei Q, Wu J, Gao F, He ZL, et al. An effective model for predicting acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2010; 9: 259-263.
59. Massicotte L, Lenis S, Thibeault L, Sassine MP, Seal RF, Roy A,. Effect of low central venous pressure and phlebotomy on blood product transfusion requirements during liver transplantations. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 117-123.
60. Massicotte L, Beaulieu D, Thibeault L,. Con: low central venous pressure during liver transplantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008; 22: 315-317.
61. Boldt J, Suttner S, Brosch C, Lehmann A, Rohm K, Mengistu A,. The influence of a balanced volume replacement concept on inflammation, endothelial activation, and kidney integrity in elderly cardiac surgery patients. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 462-470.
62. Townsend DR, Bagshaw SM, Jacka MJ, Bigam D, Cave D, Gibney RT,. Intraoperative renal support during liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 73-78.
63. Greig PD, Woolf GM, Abecassis M, Forster J, Strasberg SM, Taylor BR, et al. Prostaglandin E1 for primary nonfunction following liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1989; 21: 3360-3361. (Pubitemid 19119618)
64. Cabezuelo JB, Ramirez P, Rios A, Acosta F, Torres D, Sansano T, et al. Risk factors of acute renal failure after liver transplantation. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1073-1080. (Pubitemid 43372183)
65. Hadengue A, Moreau R, Bacq Y, Gaudin C, Braillon A, Lebrec D,. Selective dopamine DA1 stimulation with fenoldopam in cirrhotic patients with ascites: a systemic, splanchnic and renal hemodynamic study. Hepatology 1991; 13: 111-116.
66. Dohler KD, Meyer M,. Vasopressin analogues in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome and gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2008; 22: 335-350. (Pubitemid 351804043)
67. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1359-1367.
68. Davenport A,. Membrane designs and composition for hemodialysis, hemofiltration and hemodialfiltration: past, present and future. Minerva Urol Nefrol 2010; 62: 29-40.
69. Grande L, Rimola A, Cugat E, Alvarez L, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Taura P, et al. Effect of venovenous bypass on perioperative renal function in liver transplantation: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 1996; 23: 1418-1428. (Pubitemid 26181224)
70. Biancofiore G, Bindi L, Romanelli AM, Bisa M, Boldrini A, Consani G, et al. Renal failure and abdominal hypertension after liver transplantation: determination of critical intra-abdominal pressure. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 1175-1181. (Pubitemid 35469880)
71. Martin M, Neumann D, Hoff T, Resch K, DeWitt DL, Goppelt-Struebe M,. Interleukin-1-induced cyclooxygenase 2 expression is suppressed by cyclosporin A in rat mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1994; 45: 150-158. (Pubitemid 24046003)
72. Lee JP, Heo NJ, Joo KW, Yi NJ, Suh KS, Moon KC, et al. Risk factors for consequent kidney impairment and differential impact of liver transplantation on renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 2772-2785.
73. Cholongitas E, Shusang V, Germani G, Tsochatzis E, Raimondo ML, Marelli L, et al. Long-term follow-up of immunosuppressive monotherapy in liver transplantation: tacrolimus and microemulsified cyclosporin. Clin Transplant; doi:10.1111/j.1399-0012.2010.01321.x.
74. Haddad EM, McAlister VC, Renouf E, Malthaner R, Kjaer MS, Gluud LL,. Cyclosporin versus tacrolimus for liver transplanted patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: CD005161.
75. Charlton MR, Wall WJ, Ojo AO, Gines P, Textor S, Shihab FS, et al. Report of the first international liver transplantation society expert panel consensus conference on renal insufficiency in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: S1-S34.
76. Asrani SK, Kim WR, Pedersen RA, Charlton MR, Kremers WK, Therneau TM, et al. Daclizumab induction therapy in liver transplant recipients with renal insufficiency. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 776-786.
77. Calmus Y, Kamar N, Gugenheim J, Duvoux C, Ducerf C, Wolf P, et al. Assessing renal function with daclizumab induction and delayed tacrolimus introduction in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2010; 89: 1504-1510.
78. Asrani SK, Leise MD, West CP, Murad MH, Pedersen RA, Erwin PJ, et al. Use of sirolimus in liver transplant recipients with renal insufficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 2010; 52: 1360-1370.
79. Vollenbroker B, George B, Wolfgart M, Saleem MA, Pavenstadt H, Weide T,. mTOR regulates expression of slit diaphragm proteins and cytoskeleton structure in podocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296: F418-F426.
80. Gibney N, Cerda J, Davenport A, Ramirez J, Singbartl K, Leblanc M, Ronco C,. Volume management by renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31: 145-155. (Pubitemid 351425011)
81. Davenport A, Farrington K,. Dialysis dose in acute kidney injury and chronic dialysis. Lancet 2010; 375: 705-706.
82. Davenport A,. Continuous renal replacement therapies in patients with liver disease. Semin Dial 2009; 22: 169-172.
83. Agarwal B, Shaw S, Hari MS, Burroughs AK, Davenport A,. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in patients with liver disease: is circuit life different? J Hepatol 2009; 51: 504-509.
84. Davenport A, Tolwani A,. Citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in patients with acute kidney injury admitted to the intensive care unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant Plus 2009; 2: 439-447.
85. Esteban A, Anzueto A, Frutos F, Alia I, Brochard L, Stewart TE, et al. Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a 28-day international study. JAMA 2002; 287: 345-355. (Pubitemid 34251968)
86. Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP, Burke HL, Smith AC, Kelly PT, et al. Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1864-1869. (Pubitemid 26419193)
87. Kollef MH, Shapiro SD, Silver P, St John RE, Prentice D, Sauer S, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of protocol-directed versus physician-directed weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 567-574. (Pubitemid 27193967)
88. Neelakanta G, Sopher M, Chan S, Pregler J, Steadman R, Braunfeld M, Csete M,. Early tracheal extubation after liver transplantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1997; 11: 165-167.
89. Mandell MS, Lockrem J, Kelley SD,. Immediate tracheal extubation after liver transplantation: experience of two transplant centers. Anesth Analg 1997; 84: 249-253. (Pubitemid 27061385)
90. Biancofiore G, Romanelli AM, Bindi ML, Consani G, Boldrini A, Battistini M, et al. Very early tracheal extubation without predetermined criteria in a liver transplant recipient population. Liver Transpl 2001; 7: 777-782. (Pubitemid 32851298)
91. Biancofiore G, Bindi ML, Romanelli AM, Boldrini A, Bisa M, Esposito M, et al. Fast track in liver transplantation: 5 years' experience. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005; 22: 584-590. (Pubitemid 41097860)
92. Findlay JY, Jankowski CJ, Vasdev GM, Chantigian RC, Gali B, Kamath GS, et al. Fast track anesthesia for liver transplantation reduces postoperative ventilation time but not intensive care unit stay. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 670-675.
93. Yang KL, Tobin MJ,. A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1445-1450.
94. Esteban A, Frutos F, Tobin MJ, Alia I, Solsona JF, Valverdu I, et al. A comparison of four methods of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 345-350.
95. Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, Hall JB,. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1471-1477. (Pubitemid 30318270)
96. Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT, et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 371: 126-134.
97. Burns KE, Adhikari NK, Keenan SP, Meade M,. Use of non-invasive ventilation to wean critically ill adults off invasive ventilation: meta-analysis and systematic review. BMJ 2009; 338: b1574.
98. Squadrone V, Coha M, Cerutti E, Schellino MM, Biolino P, Occella P, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for treatment of postoperative hypoxemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 293: 589-595. (Pubitemid 40171241)
99. Feng S, Goodrich NP, Bragg-Gresham JL, Dykstra DM, Punch JD, DebRoy MA, et al. Characteristics associated with liver graft failure: the concept of a donor risk index. Am J Transplant 2006; 6: 783-790. (Pubitemid 43345017)
100. Bekker J, Ploem S, de Jong KP,. Early hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence, outcome and risk factors. Am J Transplant 2009; 9: 746-757.
101. Gordon SA, Carmody I,. Arterial complications after liver transplantation. In:, Busuttil RW, Klintmalm GB, eds. Transplantation of the Liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2005: 953-961.
102. Stewart ZA, Locke JE, Segev DL, Dagher NN, Singer AL, Montgomery RA, Cameron AM,. Increased risk of graft loss from hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation with older donors. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 1688-1695.
103. Cheng YF, Chen CL, Huang TL, Chen TY, Chen YS, Wang CC, et al. 3DCT angiography for detection of vascular complications in pediatric liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 248-252. (Pubitemid 38240124)
104. Wiesner RH,. MELD/PELD and the allocation of deceased donor livers for status 1 recipients with acute fulminant hepatic failure, primary nonfunction, hepatic artery thrombosis, and acute Wilson's disease. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: S17-S22. (Pubitemid 39406097)
105. Otte JB,. History of pediatric liver transplantation. Where are we coming from? Where do we stand? Pediatr Transplant 2002; 6: 378-387. (Pubitemid 35276512)
106. Cheng YF, Chen CL, Huang TL, Chen TY, Chen YS, Takatsuki M, et al. Risk factors for intraoperative portal vein thrombosis in pediatric living donor liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2004; 18: 390-394. (Pubitemid 39077072)
107. Duffy JP, Hong JC, Farmer DG, Ghobrial RM, Yersiz H, Hiatt JR, Busuttil RW,. Vascular complications of orthotopic liver transplantation: experience in more than 4,200 patients. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 208: 896-903.
108. Borsa JJ, Daly CP, Fontaine AB, Patel NH, Althaus SJ, Hoffer EK, et al. Treatment of inferior vena cava anastomotic stenoses with the Wallstent endoprosthesis after orthotopic liver transplantation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1999; 10: 17-22. (Pubitemid 29058458)
109. Bonney GK, Aldersley MA, Asthana S, Toogood GJ, Pollard SG, Lodge JP, Prasad KR,. Donor risk index and MELD interactions in predicting long-term graft survival: a single-centre experience. Transplantation 2009; 87: 1858-1863.
110. Ferraz-Neto BH, Moraes-Junior JM, Hidalgo R, Zurstrassen MP, Lima IK, Novais HS, et al. Total hepatectomy and liver transplantation as a two-stage procedure for toxic liver: case reports. Transplant Proc 2008; 40: 814-816. (Pubitemid 351608647)
111. Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, Nuremberg P, Horton JD, Cohen JC, et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1387-1395. (Pubitemid 39657013)
112. Fiorentino M, Vasuri F, Ravaioli M, Ridolfi L, Grigioni WF, Pinna AD, D'Errico-Grigioni A,. Predictive value of frozen-section analysis in the histological assessment of steatosis before liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 1821-1825.
113. Noujaim HM, de Ville de Goyet J, Montero EF, Ribeiro CM, Capellozzi VL, Crescentini F, et al. Expanding postmortem donor pool using steatotic liver grafts: a new look. Transplantation 2009; 87: 919-925.
114. Teoh NC, Farrell GC,. Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury: pathogenic mechanisms and basis for hepatoprotection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18: 891-902. (Pubitemid 37056167)
115. Totsuka E, Fung JJ, Hakamada K, Ohashi M, Takahashi K, Nakai M, et al. Synergistic effect of cold and warm ischemia time on postoperative graft function and outcome in human liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2004; 36: 1955-1958. (Pubitemid 39429467)
116. Tucker ON, Heaton N,. The 'small for size' liver syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005; 11: 150-155. (Pubitemid 40488615)
117. Troisi R, Cammu G, Militerno G, De Baerdemaeker L, Decruyenaere J, Hoste E, et al. Modulation of portal graft inflow: a necessity in adult living-donor liver transplantation? Ann Surg 2003; 237: 429-436. (Pubitemid 38176460)
118. Ploeg RJ, D'Alessandro AM, Knechtle SJ, Stegall MD, Pirsch JD, Hoffmann RM, et al. Risk factors for primary dysfunction after liver transplantationâa multivariate analysis. Transplantation 1993; 55: 807-813. (Pubitemid 23122053)
119. Fukazawa K, Nishida S, Volsky A, Tzakis AG, Pretto EA Jr,. Body surface area index predicts outcome in orthotopic liver transplantation. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci; doi:10.1007/s00534-010-0334-9.
120. Uemura T, Randall HB, Sanchez EQ, Ikegami T, Narasimhan G, McKenna GJ, et al. Liver retransplantation for primary nonfunction: analysis of a 20-year single-center experience. Liver Transpl 2007; 13: 227-233. (Pubitemid 46351648)
121. Strasberg SM, Howard TK, Molmenti EP, Hertl M,. Selecting the donor liver: risk factors for poor function after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 1994; 20: 829-838. (Pubitemid 24296488)
122. United Network for Organ Sharing. Accessed February 2011.
123. Randall HB, Klintmalm GB,. Postoperative intensive care unit management: adult liver transplant recipient. In:, Busuttil RW, Klintmalm GB, eds. Transplantation of the Liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2005: 833-852.
124. Della-Guardia B, Almeida MD, Meira-Filho SP, Torres MA, Venco F, Afonso RC, Ferraz-Neto BH,. Antibody-mediated rejection: hyperacute rejection reality in liver transplantation? A case report. Transplant Proc 2008; 40: 870-871. (Pubitemid 351608663)
125. Monteiro I, McLoughlin LM, Fisher A, de la Torre AN, Koneru B,. Rituximab with plasmapheresis and splenectomy in ABO-incompatible liver transplantation. Transplantation 2003; 76: 1648-1649. (Pubitemid 37549847)
126. Fisher LR, Henley KS, Lucey MR,. Acute cellular rejection after liver transplantation: variability, morbidity, and mortality. Liver Transpl Surg 1995; 1: 10-15.
127. Schmitt TM, Phillips M, Sawyer RG, Northup P, Hagspiel KD, Pruett TL, Bonatti HJ,. Anti-thymocyte globulin for the treatment of acute cellular rejection following liver transplantation. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 3224-3234.
128. Haverty TP, Sanders MK, Sheahan RG, Daniel DA, Spence SC,. OKT3 monoclonal antibody treatment of steroid-resistant liver transplantation rejection. Curr Ther Res 1994; 55: 382-395. (Pubitemid 24176116)
129. Williams HC, Pope CF, Siskind BN, Lange RC, Flye MW,. Vascular thrombosis in acute hepatic allograft rejection: scintigraphic appearance. J Nucl Med 1985; 26: 478-481. (Pubitemid 16192242)
130. Botha JF, Campos BD, Johanning J, Mercer D, Grant W, Langnas A,. Endovascular closure of a hemiportocaval shunt after small-for-size adult-to-adult left lobe living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 1671-1675.