Early hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation: A systematic review of the incidence, outcome and risk factors

American Journal of Transplantation

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 746-757

  Bekker, J ^a   Ploem, S ^a   De Jong, K P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Complications; Hepatic artery; Hepatic artery thrombosis; Liver graft survival; Liver transplantation; Mortality; Outcomes; Risk factor; Risk factors; Solid organ transplantation; Systematic review; Thrombosis; Thrombotic complications; Thrombus

Indexed keywords

ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ARTICLE; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; GRAFT FAILURE; HEPATIC ARTERY THROMBOSIS; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MORTALITY; OPERATION DURATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETRANSPLANTATION; RISK FACTOR; SCREENING; SEROLOGY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; CHILD; GRAFT REJECTION; HEPATIC ARTERY; HUMANS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; REOPERATION; RISK FACTORS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; SURVIVORS; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 63349097851     PISSN: 16006135     EISSN: 16006143     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02541.x     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Wozney P, Zajko AB, Bron KM, Point S, Starzl TE. Vascular complications after liver transplantation: A 5-year experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986 147 : 657 663.
2. Oh CK, Pelletier SJ, Sawyer RG et al. Uni- and multi-variate analysis of risk factors for early and late hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2001 71 : 767 772.
3. Silva MA, Jambulingam PS, Gunson BK et al. Hepatic artery thrombosis following orthotopic liver transplantation: A 10-year experience from a single centre in the United Kingdom. Liver Transpl 2006 12 : 146 151.
4. Kok T, Slooff MJ, Thijn CJ et al. Routine Doppler ultrasound for the detection of clinically unsuspected vascular complications in the early postoperative phase after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transpl Int 1998 11 : 272 276.
5. Pastacaldi S, Teixeira R, Montalto P, Rolles K, Burroughs AK. Hepatic artery thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation: A review of nonsurgical causes. Liver Transpl 2001 7 : 75 81.
6. Crossin JD, Muradali D, Wilson SR. US of liver transplants: Normal and abnormal. Radiographics 2003 23 : 1093 1114.
7. Moore FA, Moore EE, Seagraves A. Nonresectional management of major hepatic trauma. An evolving concept. Am J Surg 1985 150 : 725 729.
8. Pearce W, Dunn EL, Moore EE. Hepatic artery ligation for delayed hepatic hemorrhage. Arch Surg 1980 115 : 92.
9. Flint LM, Jr., Polk HC, Jr. Selective hepatic artery ligation: Limitations and failures. J Trauma 1979 19 : 319 323.
10. Raby N, Karani J, Thomas S, O'Grady J, Williams R. Stenoses of vascular anastomoses after hepatic transplantation: Treatment with balloon angioplasty. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1991 157 : 167 171.
11. Segel MC, Zajko AB, Bowen A et al. Hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation: Radiologic evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986 146 : 137 141.
12. Matsuda H, Yagi T, Sadamori H et al. Complications of arterial reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation: A single-center experience. Surg Today 2006 36 : 245 251.
13. Dodd GD, III., Memel DS, Zajko AB, Baron RL, Santaguida LA. Hepatic artery stenosis and thrombosis in transplant recipients: Doppler diagnosis with resistive index and systolic acceleration time. Radiology 1994 192 : 657 661.
14. Abbasoglu O, Levy MF, Testa G et al. Does intraoperative hepatic artery flow predict arterial complications after liver transplantation? Transplantation 1998 66 : 598 601.
15. Heffron TG, Emond JC, Whitington PF, et al. Biliary complications in pediatric liver transplantation. A comparison of reduced-size and whole grafts. Transplantation 1992 53 : 391 395.
16. Sheiner PA, Varma CV, Guarrera JV et al. Selective revascularization of hepatic artery thromboses after liver transplantation improves patient and graft survival. Transplantation 1997 64 : 1295 1299.
17. Sieders E, Peeters PM, TenVergert EM et al. Early vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2000 6 : 326 332.
18. Pacheco D, Barrera A, Marcos JL et al. Liver transplantation: Experience with our first 100 cases. Transplant Proc 2006 38 : 2478 2479.
19. Melada E, Maggi U, Rossi G et al. Back-table arterial reconstructions in liver transplantation: Single-center experience. Transplant Proc 2005 37 : 2587 2588.
20. Emre S, Soejima Y, Altaca G et al. Safety and risk of using pediatric donor livers in adult liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2001 7 : 41 47.
21. Drazan K, Shaked A, Olthoff KM et al. Etiology and management of symptomatic adult hepatic artery thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Am Surg 1996 62 : 237 240.
22. Ohdan H, Tashiro H, Ishiyama K et al. Microsurgical hepatic artery reconstruction during living-donor liver transplantation by using head-mounted surgical binocular system. Transpl Int 2007 20 : 970 973.
23. Tzakis AG, Gordon RD, Shaw BW, Jr., Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE. Clinical presentation of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation in the cyclosporine era. Transplantation 1985 40 : 667 671.
24. Atkison PR, Ross BC, Williams S et al. Long-term results of pediatric liver transplantation in a combined pediatric and adult transplant program. Can Med Assoc J 2002 166 : 1663 1671.
25. Pomposelli JJ, Verbesey JE, Simpson MA et al. Hepatic artery thrombosis after live donor adult liver transplantation (ldalt) using right lobe grafts. Transplantation 2006 82 (1 Suppl 2 705 706.
26. Wong LL, Limm W, Cheung A, Noguchi H. Liver transplant in Hawaii: The survival of a small centre. Clin Transplant 2006 20 : 55 61.
27. Zhou J, Fan J, Wang JH et al. Continuous transcatheter arterial thrombolysis for early hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2005 37 : 4426 4429.
28. Okazaki M, Asato H, Takushima A et al. Hepatic artery reconstruction with double-needle microsuture in living-donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2006 12 : 46 50.
29. Uzochukwu LN, Bluth EI, Smetherman DH et al. Early postoperative hepatic sonography as a predictor of vascular and biliary complications in adult orthotopic liver transplant patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005 185 : 1558 1570.
30. Varotti G, Grazi GL, Vetrone G et al. Causes of early acute graft failure after liver transplantation: Analysis of a 17-year single-centre experience. Clin Transplant 2005 19 : 492 500.
31. Stell D, Downey D, Marotta P et al. Prospective evaluation of the role of quantitative Doppler ultrasound surveillance in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004 10 : 1183 1188.
32. Meneu-Diaz JC, Moreno-Gonzalez E, Garcia Garcia I et al. Hepatic allograft arterialization by means of the gastroduodenal bifurcation (branch patch) as a prognostic factor. Transplantation 2004 77 : 1513 1517.
33. Soliman T, Bodingbauer M, Langer F et al. The role of complex hepatic artery reconstruction in orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2003 9 : 970 975.
34. Mas VR, Fisher RA, Maluf DG, Wilkinson DS, Garrett CT, Ferreira-Gonzalez A. Hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation and genetic factors: Prothrombin G20210A polymorphism. Transplantation 2003 76 : 247 249.
35. Stange BJ, Glanemann M, Nuessler NC, Settmacher U, Steinmuller T, Neuhaus P. Hepatic artery thrombosis after adult liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2003 9 : 612 620.
36. Gunsar F, Rolando N, Pastacaldi S et al. Late hepatic artery thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2003 9 : 605 611.
37. Marcos A, Killackey M, Orloff MS, Mieles L, Bozorgzadeh A, Tan HP. Hepatic arterial reconstruction in 95 adult right lobe living donor liver transplants: Evolution of anastomotic technique. Liver Transpl 2003 9 : 570 574.
38. Shi LW, Stewart GJ, Verran D, Maley M, McCaughan G. Cytomegalovirus serology status and early hepatic artery thrombosis following adult liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2003 35 : 421 422.
39. Pungpapong S, Manzarbeitia C, Ortiz J et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased incidence of vascular complications after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2002 8 : 582 587.
40. Turrion VS, Alvira LG, Jimenez M, Lucena JL, Ardaiz J. Incidence and results of arterial complications in liver transplantation: Experience in a series of 400 transplants. Transplant Proc 2002 34 : 292 293.
41. Zamboni F, Franchello A, Ricchiuti A, Fop F, Rizzetto M, Salizzoni M. Use of arterial conduit as an alternative technique in arterial revascularization during orthotopic liver transplantation. Dig Liver Dis 2002 34 : 122 126.
42. Uchiyama H, Hashimoto K, Hiroshige S et al. Hepatic artery reconstruction in living-donor liver transplantation: A review of its techniques and complications. Surgery 2002 131 (Suppl 1 S200 S204.
43. Abou El-Ella K, Al Sebayel M, Ramirez C, Hussien R. Outcome and risk factors of hepatic artery thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation in adults. Transplant Proc 2001 33 : 2712 2713.
44. Andorno E, Genzone A, Morelli N et al. Split liver transplantation: Need for arterial reconstruction in adult patients. Transplant Proc 2001 33 : 1333 1334.
45. Garcia-Criado A, Gilabert R, Nicolau C et al. Early detection of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation by Doppler ultrasonography: Prognostic implications. J Ultrasound Med 2001 20 : 51 58.
46. Pinna AD, Smith CV, Furukawa H, Starzl TE, Fung JJ. Urgent revascularization of liver allografts after early hepatic artery thrombosis. Transplantation 1996 62 : 1584 1587.
47. Valente JF, Alonso MH, Weber FL, Hanto DW. Late hepatic artery thrombosis in liver allograft recipients is associated with intrahepatic biliary necrosis. Transplantation 1996 61 : 61 65.
48. Harms J, Chavan A, Ringe B, Galanski M, Pichlmayr R. Vascular complications in adult patients after orthotopic liver transplantation: Role of color duplex sonography in the diagnosis and management of vascular complications. Bildgebung 1994 61 : 14 19.
49. Hidalgo E, Cantarell C, Charco R et al. Risk factors for late hepatic artery thrombosis in adult liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1999 31 : 2416 2417.
50. Bhattacharjya S, Gunson BK, Mirza DF et al. Delayed hepatic artery thrombosis in adult orthotopic liver transplantation-a 12-year experience. Transplantation 2001 71 : 1592 1596.
51. Uchida Y, Sakamoto S, Egawa H, Ogawa K, Takada Y, Uemoto S. Impact of early and meticulous management for hepatic artery thrombosis on long-term outcome after pediatric living donor liver transplantation. Transplantation 2006 82 (1 Suppl 2 839.
52. Shirouzu Y, Kasahara M, Morioka D et al. Vascular reconstruction and complications in living donor liver transplantation in infants weighing less than 6 kilograms: The Kyoto experience. Liver Transpl 2006 12 : 1224 1232.
53. Broniszczak D, Szymczak M, Kaminski A et al. Vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation from the living donors. Transplant Proc 2006 38 : 1456 1458.
54. Darwish AA, Bourdeaux C, Kader HA et al. Pediatric liver transplantation using left hepatic segments from living related donors: Surgical experience in 100 recipients at Saint-Luc University clinics. Pediatr Transplant 2006 10 : 345 353.
55. Heffron TG, Welch D, Pillen T et al. Low incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis after pediatric liver transplantation without the use of intraoperative microscope or parenteral anticoagulation. Pediatr Transplant 2005 9 : 486 490.
56. Tiao GM, Alonso M, Bezerra J et al. Liver transplantation in children younger than 1 year-the Cincinnati experience. J Pediatr Surg 2005 40 : 268 273.
57. Zanotelli ML, Vieira S, Alencastro R et al. Management of vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2004 36 : 945 946.
58. Martin SR, Atkison P, Anand R, Lindblad AS. Studies of pediatric liver transplantation 2002: Patient and graft survival and rejection in pediatric recipients of a first liver transplant in the United States and Canada. Pediatr Transplant 2004 8 : 273 283.
59. Nishida S, Kato T, Levi D et al. Effect of protocol Doppler ultrasonography and urgent revascularization on early hepatic artery thrombosis after pediatric liver transplantation. Arch Surg 2002 137 : 1279 1283.
60. Stringer MD, Marshall MM, Muiesan P et al. Survival and outcome after hepatic artery thrombosis complicating pediatric liver transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 2001 36 : 888 891.
61. Yamanaka J, Lynch SV, Ong TH et al. Surgical complications and long-term outcome in pediatric liver transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology 2000 47 : 1371 1374.
62. Reding R, Goyet Jde V, Delbeke I et al. Pediatric liver transplantation with cadaveric or living related donors: Comparative results in 90 elective recipients of primary grafts. J Pediatr 1999 134 : 280 286.
63. Massault PP, Soubrane O, Cardoso J et al. Graft saving management of hepatic artery thrombosis in pediatric liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1997 29 : 439.
64. Rela M, Muiesan P, Bhatnagar V et al. Hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation in children under 5 years of age. Transplantation 1996 61 : 1355 1357.
65. Lallier M, St Vil D, Dubois J et al. Vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 1995 30 : 1122 1126.
66. Vazquez J, Santamaria ML, Murcia J et al. Our first 100 consecutive pediatric liver transplants. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1995 5 : 67 71.
67. Lomas DJ, Britton PD, Farman P et al. Duplex Doppler ultrasound for the detection of vascular occlusion following liver transplantation in children. Clin Radiol 1992 46 : 38 42.
68. Stevens LH, Emond JC, Piper JB et al. Hepatic artery thrombosis in infants. A comparison of whole livers, reduced-size grafts, and grafts from living-related donors. Transplantation 1992 53 : 396 399.
69. Busuttil RW, Seu P, Millis JM et al. Liver transplantation in children. Ann Surg 1991 213 : 48 57.
70. Pariente D, Riou JY, Schmit P et al. Variability of clinical presentation of hepatic artery thrombosis in pediatric liver transplantation: Role of imaging modalities. Pediatr Radiol 1990 20 : 253 257.
71. Ikegami T, Hashikura Y, Nakazawa Y et al. Risk factors contributing to hepatic artery thrombosis following living-donor liver transplantation. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2006 13 : 105 109.
72. Jain A, Costa G, Marsh W et al. Thrombotic and nonthrombotic hepatic artery complications in adults and children following primary liver transplantation with long-term follow-up in 1000 consecutive patients. Transpl Int 2006 19 : 27 37.
73. Alper M, Gundogan H, Tokat C, Ozek C. Microsurgical reconstruction of hepatic artery during living donor liver transplantation. Microsurgery 2005 25 : 378 383.
74. Lin CC, Chuang FR, Wang CC et al. Early postoperative complications in recipients of living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2004 36 : 2338 2341.
75. Gutierrez J, Guzman C, Correa G et al. Liver transplantation in Medellin, Colombia: Initial experience. Transplant Proc 2004 36 : 1677 1680.
76. Wei WI, Lam LK, Ng RW et al. Microvascular reconstruction of the hepatic artery in live donor liver transplantation: Experience across a decade. Arch Surg 2004 139 : 304 307.
77. Sugawara Y, Kaneko J, Akamatsu N, Imamura H, Kokudo N, Makuuchi M. Anticoagulant therapy against hepatic artery thrombosis in living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2002 34 : 3325 3326.
78. De Gaetano AM, Cotroneo AR, Maresca G et al. Color Doppler sonography in the diagnosis and monitoring of arterial complications after liver transplantation. J Clin Ultrasound 2000 28 : 373 380.
79. Sanchez-Bueno F, Hernandez Q, Ramirez P et al. Vascular complications in a series of 300 orthotopic liver transplants. Transplant Proc 1999 31 : 2409 2410.
80. Eid A, Lyass S, Venturero M et al. Vascular complications post orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1999 31 : 1903 1904.
81. Madalosso C, de Souza NF, Jr., Ilstrup DM, Wiesner RH, Krom RA. Cytomegalovirus and its association with hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1998 66 : 294 297.
82. Karatzas T, Lykaki-Karatzas E, Webb M et al. Vascular complications, treatment, and outcome following orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1997 29 : 2853 2855.
83. Nolten A, Sproat IA. Hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation: Temporal accuracy of diagnosis with duplex US and the syndrome of impending thrombosis. Radiology 1996 198 : 553 559.
84. Hellinger A, Roll C, Stracke A, Erhard J, Eigler FW. Impact of colour Doppler sonography on detection of thrombosis of the hepatic artery and the portal vein after liver transplantation. Langenbecks Arch Chir 1996 381 : 182 185.
85. Langnas AN, Marujo W, Stratta RJ, Wood RP, Shaw BW, Jr. Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Surg 1991 161 : 76 82.
86. Bell R, Sheil AG, Thompson JF et al. Vascular complications following orthotopic liver transplantation. Aust N Z J Surg 1990 60 : 193 198.
87. Torras J, Llado L, Figueras J et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic management of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1999 31 : 2405.
88. Bucuvalas JC, Ryckman FC, Atherton H, Alonso MP, Balistreri WF, Kotagal U. Predictors of cost of liver transplantation in children: A single center study. J Pediatr 2001 139 : 66 74.
89. Dimick JB, Pronovost PJ, Cowan JA, Lipsett PA. Complications and costs after high-risk surgery: Where should we focus quality improvement initiatives? J Am Coll Surg 2003 196 : 671 678.
90. Mori K, Nagata I, Yamagata S et al. The introduction of microvascular surgery to hepatic artery reconstruction in living-donor liver transplantation - its surgical advantages compared with conventional procedures. Transplantation 1992 54 : 263 268.
91. Marcos A. Right-lobe living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2000 6 (6 Suppl 2 S59 S63.
92. Wolf DC, Freni MA, Boccagni P et al. Low-dose aspirin therapy is associated with few side effects but does not prevent hepatic artery thrombosis in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl Surg 1997 3 : 598 603.
93. Staras SA, Dollard SC, Radford KW, Flanders WD, Pass RF, Cannon MJ. Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in the United States, 1988-1994. Clin Infect Dis 2006 43 : 1143 1151.
94. Tookey PA, Ades AE, Peckham CS. Cytomegalovirus prevalence in pregnant women: The influence of parity. Arch Dis Child 1992 67 : 779 783.
95. Bispo M, Marcelino P, Freire A, Martins A, Mourao L, Barroso E. High incidence of thrombotic complications early after liver transplantation for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Transpl Int 2009 22 : 165 171.
96. Nakazato PZ, Cox KL, Concepcion W, Berquist WE, Esquivel CO. Revascularization technique for reduced-size liver transplantation for infants weighing less than 10 kg. J Pediatr Surg 1993 28 : 923 926.
97. D'Alessandro AM, Ploeg RJ, Knechtle SJ et al. Retransplantation of the liver - a seven-year experience. Transplantation 1993 55 : 1083 1087.
98. Tan KC, Yandza T, de Hemptinne B, Clapuyt P, Claus D, Otte JB. Hepatic artery thrombosis in pediatric liver transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 1988 23 : 927 930.
99. Mazzaferro V, Esquivel CO, Makowka L et al. Hepatic artery thrombosis after pediatric liver transplantation - a medical or surgical event? Transplantation 1989 47 : 971 977.
100. Birkmeyer JD, Stukel TA, Siewers AE, Goodney PP, Wennberg DE, Lucas FL. Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med 2003 349 : 2117 2127.
101. Salvalaggio PR, Modanlou KA, Edwards EB, Harper AM, Abecassis MM. Hepatic artery thrombosis after adult living donor liver transplantation: The effect of center volume. Transplantation 2007 84 : 926 928.
102. Goss JA, Shackleton CR, McDiarmid SV et al. Long-term results of pediatric liver transplantation: An analysis of 569 transplants. Ann Surg 1998 228 : 411 420.
103. Millis JM, Cronin DC, Brady LM et al. Primary living-donor liver transplantation at the University of Chicago: Technical aspects of the first 104 recipients. Ann Surg 2000 232 : 104 111.
104. Tanaka K, Uemoto S, Tokunaga Y et al. Living related liver transplantation in children. Am J Surg 1994 168 : 41 48.
105. Furuta S, Ikegami T, Nakazawa Y et al. Hepatic artery reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation from the microsurgeon's point of view. Liver Transpl Surg 1997 3 : 388 393.
106. Inomoto T, Nishizawa F, Sasaki H et al. Experiences of 120 microsurgical reconstructions of hepatic artery in living related liver transplantation. Surgery 1996 119 : 20 26.
107. Tanaka K, Uemoto S, Tokunaga Y et al. Surgical techniques and innovations in living related liver transplantation. Ann Surg 1993 217 : 82 91.
108. Shackleton CR, Goss JA, Swenson K et al. The impact of microsurgical hepatic arterial reconstruction on the outcome of liver transplantation for congenital biliary atresia. Am J Surg 1997 173 : 431 435.
109. Dawwas MF, Watson CJ, Gimson AE. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is an independent predictor of early hepatic artery thrombosis following primary liver transplantation: A cohort multi-centre study. Hepatology 2007 : 46 : 542A.
110. Available from : http://www.eurotransplant.nl. Accessed January 25, 2008.
111. Ghobrial RM, Farmer DG, Baquerizo A et al. Orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatitis C: Outcome, effect of immunosuppression, and causes of retransplantation during an 8-year single-center experience. Ann Surg 1999 229 : 824 831.
112. Yoong KF, Gunson BK, Buckels JA, McMaster P, Mayer AD. Repeat orthotopic liver transplantation in the 1990s: Is it justified? Transpl Int 1998 11 (Suppl 1 S221 S223.
113. Washburn WK, Bradley J, Cosimi AB et al. A regional experience with emergency liver transplantation. Transplantation 1996 61 : 235 239.
114. Sieders E, Peeters PM, TenVergert EM et al. Retransplantation of the liver in children. Transplantation 2001 71 : 90 95.
115. Kim BW, Won JH, Lee BM, Ko BH, Wang HJ, Kim MW. Intraarterial thrombolytic treatment for hepatic artery thrombosis immediately after living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2006 38 : 3128 3131.
116. Langnas AN, Marujo W, Stratta RJ, Wood RP, Li SJ, Shaw BW. Hepatic allograft rescue following arterial thrombosis. Role of urgent revascularization. Transplantation 1991 51 : 86 90.
117. Rogers J, Chavin KD, Kratz JM et al. Use of autologous radial artery for revascularization of hepatic artery thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation: Case report and review of indications and options for urgent hepatic artery reconstruction. Liver Transpl 2001 7 : 913 917.
118. Kaneko J, Sugawara Y, Akamatsu N, Kishi Y, Kokudo N, Makuuchi M. Implantable Doppler probe for continuous monitoring of blood flow after liver transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology 2005 52 : 194 196.
119. Cronin DC, Schechter L, Lohman RF et al. Advances in pediatric liver transplantation: Continuous monitoring of portal venous and hepatic artery flow with an implantable Doppler probe. Transplantation 2002 74 : 887 890.
120. Yokoyama I, Tabuchi Y, Negita M et al. Measurement of portal venous flow velocity with an implantable miniature Doppler probe in pig liver transplantation. Transpl Int 1997 10 : 116 120.
121. Payen DM, Fratacci MD, Dupuy P et al. Portal and hepatic arterial blood flow measurements of human transplanted liver by implanted Doppler probes: Interest for early complications and nutrition. Surgery 1990 107 : 417 427.
122. Houssin D, Fratacci M, Dupuy P et al. One week of monitoring of portal and hepatic arterial blood flow after liver transplantation using implantable pulsed Doppler microprobes. Transplant Proc 1989 21 : 2277 2278.
123. Kind GM, Buntic RF, Buncke GM, Cooper TM, Siko PP, Buncke HJ, Jr. The effect of an implantable Doppler probe on the salvage of microvascular tissue transplants. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998 101 : 1268 1273.