Depression's multiple comorbidities explained by (neuro)inflammatory and oxidative & nitrosative stress pathways

Neuroendocrinology Letters

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 7-24

  Maes, Michael ^a   Kubera, Marta ^b   Obuchowiczwa, Ewa ^c   Goehler, Lisa ^d   Brzeszcz, Joanna ^e  

^a Maes Clinics at TRIA   (Thailand)

^b INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY   (Poland)

^c MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SILESIA   (Poland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^e INSTYTUT NAFTY I GAZU PA STWOWY INSTYTUT BADAWCZY   (Poland)

Author keywords

Comorbidity; Cytokines; Depression; Inflammation; Medical illness; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CELL ACTIVATION; CHRONIC DISEASE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; ENTERITIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MENTAL STRESS; MICROGLIA; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NERVE DEGENERATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; NITROSATIVE STRESS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PSORIASIS; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STROKE; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS;

EID: 79954989975     PISSN: 0172780X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (205)

1. Alcocer-Varela J, Aleman-Hoey D, Alarcon-Segovia D (1992). Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 activities are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with CNS lupus erythematosus and correlate with local late T-cell activation markers. Lupus 1(2):111-117.
2. Aleksandrovskii Iu A, Poiurovskii MV, Neznamov GG, Seredeniia SB, Krasova EA (1988). Lipid peroxidation in emotional stress and neurotic disorders. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 88(11):95-101.
3. Allen AD, Tilkian SM (1986). Depression correlated with cellular immunity in systemic immunodeficient Epstein-Barr virus syndrome (SIDES). J Clin Psychiatry. 47(3):133-135. (Pubitemid 16166355)
4. Al-Shukaili AK, Al-Jabri AA (2006). Rheumatoid arthritis, cytokines and hypoxia. What is the link? Saudi Med. J 27(11):1642-1649. Review.
5. Altindag O, Karakoc M, Kocyigit A, CeNk H, Soran N (2007). Increased DNA damage and oxidative stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Biochem. 40(3-4):167-171. (Pubitemid 46108704)
6. Alzoghaibi MA, Al Mofleh IA, Al-Jebreen AM (2007). Lipid peroxides in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 13(4): 187-190.
7. Amore M, Tagariello P, Laterza C, Savoia EM (2007). Subtypes of depression in dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 44 (Suppl 1): 23-33.
8. Anisman H, Merali Z (2002). Cytokines, stress, and depressive illness. Brain Behav Immun. 16:513-524.
9. Anisman H (2009). Cascading effects of stressors and inflammatory immune system activation: implications for major depressive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 34:4-20.
10. Bachen EA, Chesney MA, Criswell LA (2009). Prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 61(6):822-829.
11. Banks WA (2005). Blood-brain barrier transport of cytokines: a mechanism for neuropathology. Curr Pharm Des. 11:973-984.
12. Bhasin M, Wu M, Tsirka SE (2007). Modulation of microglial/ macrophage activation by macrophage inhibitory factor (TKP) or tuftsin (TKPR) attenuates the disease course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. BMC Immunol. 8:10.
13. Bonaccorso S, Puzella A, Marino V, Pasquini M, Biondi M, Artini M, Almerighi C, Levrero M, Egyed B, Bosmans E, Meltzer HY, Maes M (2001). Immunotherapy with interferon-alpha in patients affected by chronic hepatitis C induces an intercorrelated stimulation of the cytokine network and an increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 105(1-2):45-55. (Pubitemid 34015882)
14. Bonaccorso S, Marino V, Puzella A, Pasquini M, Biondi M, Artini M, Almerighi C, Verkerk R, Meltzer H, Maes M (2002). Increased depressive ratings in patients with hepatitis C receiving interferon-alpha-based immunotherapy are related to interferon-alpha-induced changes in the serotonergic system. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 22(1):86-90. (Pubitemid 34101297)
15. Bruce TO (2008). Comorbid depression in rheumatoid arthritis: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 10(3):258-264.
16. Cagnin A, Brooks DJ, Kennedy AM, Gunn RN, Myers R, Turkheimer FE, Jones T, Banati RB (2001). In-vivo measurement of activated microglia in dementia. Lancet 358(9280):461-467. (Pubitemid 32769854)
17. Caradonna L, Amati L, Magrone T, Pellegrino NM, Jirillo E, Caccavo D (2000). Enteric bacteria, lipopolysaccharides and related cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease: biological and clinical significance. J Endotoxin Res. 6(3):205-214.
18. Castex N, Fioramonti J, Fargeas MJ, Bueno L (1995). c-fos expression in specific rat brain nuclei after intestinal anaphylaxis: involvement of 5-HT3 receptors and vagal afferent fibers. Brain Res. 688:149-160.
19. Chakrabarti SK, Cole BK, Wen Y, Keller SR, Nadler JL (2009). 12/15-lipoxygenase products induce inflammation and impair insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Obesity (Silver Spring). 17(9):1657-1663.
20. Chaouat A, Savale L, Chouaid C, Tu L, Sztrymf B, Canuet M, Maitre B, Housset B, Brandt C, Le Corvoisier P, Weitzenblum E, Eddahibi S, Adnot S (2009). Role for interleukin-6 in COPD-related pulmonary hypertension. Chest 136(3):678-687.
21. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR (1987). A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 40(5):373-383. (Pubitemid 17055592)
22. Chen P, Kales HC, Weintraub D, Blow FC, Jiang L, Ignacio RV, Mellow AM (2007). Depression in veterans with Parkinson's disease: frequency, co-morbidity, and healthcare utilization. Int J Geriatr. Psychiatry 22(6):543-548. (Pubitemid 46951752)
23. Chwastiak LA, Elide DM (2007). Psychiatric issues in multiple sclerosis. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 30(4):803-817.
24. Coaccioli S, Panaccione A, Biondi R, Sabatini C, Landucci P, Del Giorno R, Fantera M, Monno Mondo A, Di Cato L, Paladini A, Fatati G, Puxeddu A (2009). Evaluation of oxidative stress in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis. Clin Ter. 160(6):467-472.
25. Creed F, Ratcliffe J, Fernandes L, Palmer S, Rigby C, Tomenson B, Guthrie E, Read N, Thompson DG; North of England IBS Research Group (2005). Outcome in severe irritable bowel syndrome with and without accompanying depressive, panic and neurasthenic disorders. Br J Psychiatry 186:507-515.
26. Dantzer R (2004). Cytokine-induced sickness behaviour: a neuroimmune response to activation of innate immunity. Eur J Pharmacol. 500:399-411.
27. Dasgupta S, Jana M, Liu X, Pahan K (2005). Myelin basic protein-primed T cells of female but not male mice induce nitric-oxide synthase and proinflammatory cytokines in microglia: implications for gender bias in multiple sclerosis. J Biol Chem. 280(38):32609-32617. (Pubitemid 41368303)
28. Dayas CV, Buller KM, Crane JW, Xu Y, Day TA (2001). Stressor categorization: acute physical and psychological stressors elicit distinctive recruitment patterns in the amygdala and in medullary noradrenergic cell groups. Eur J Neurosci. 14:1143-1152. (Pubitemid 35463758)
29. de Groot V, Beckerman H, Lankhorst GJ, Bouter LM (2003). How to measure comorbidity, a critical review of available methods. J Clin Epidemiol. 56(3):221-229. (Pubitemid 36513483)
30. De Marchi N, Mennella R (2000). Huntington's disease and its association with psychopathology. Harv Rev Psychiatry 7(5):278-289. (Pubitemid 30051668)
31. Dincer Y, Erzin Y, Himmetoglu S, Gunes KN, BalK, Akcay T (2007). Oxidative DNA damage and antioxidant activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 52(7):1636-1641. (Pubitemid 46870559)
32. Drevets WC (2001). Neuroimaging and neuropathological studies of depression: implications for the cognitive-emotional features of mood disorders. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 11:240-249.
33. Drevets WC, Price JL, Furey ML (2008). Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression. Brain Struct Funct. 213:93-118.
34. Dunbar JA, Reddy P, Davis-Lameloise N, Philpot B, Laatikainen T, Kilkkinen A, Bunker SJ, Best JD, Vartiainen E, Kai Lo S, Janus ED (2008). Depression: an important comorbidity with metabolic syndrome in a general population. Diabetes Care 31(12): 2368-2373.
35. Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Pankow JS, Ballantyne CM, Couper D, Vigo A, Hoogeveen R, Folsom AR, Heiss G, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (2003). Low-grade systemic inflammation and the development of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes 52(7): 1799-1805.
36. Eagan TM, Ueland T, Wagner PD, Hardie JA, Mollnes TE, Damås JK, Aukrust P, Bakke PS (2010). Systemic inflammatory markers in COPD: results from the Bergen COPD Cohort Study. Eur Respir J. 35(3): 540-548.
37. Egede LE, Ellis C (2010). Diabetes and depression: global perspectives. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 87(3): 302-312.
38. Espana RA, Berridge CW (2006). Organization of noradrenergic efferents to arousal-related basal forebrain structures. J Comp Neurol. 496: 668-683.
39. Esposito K, Giugliano D (2004). The metabolic syndrome and inflammation: association or causation? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc. Dis: 14(5), 228-232.
40. Feinstein AR (1970). The pre-therapeutic classification of comorbidity in chronic disease. J Chronic Dis. 23: 455-468.
41. Fenton WS, Stover ES (2006). Mood disorders: cardiovascular and diabetes comorbidity. Curr Opin Psychiatry 19(4): 421-427. Review.
42. Filakovićc P, Biljan D, Petek A (2008). Depression in dermatology: an integrative perspective. Psychiatr Danub. 20(3): 419-425.
43. First MB (2005). Mutually exclusive versus co-occurring diagnostic categories: the challenge of diagnostic comorbidity. Psychopathology. 38(4): 206-210.
44. Foschino Barbaro MP, Carpagnano GE, Spanevello A, Cagnazzo MG, Barnes PJ (2007). Inflammation, oxidative stress and systemic effects in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 20(4): 753-763.
45. Gardiner KR, Halliday Ml, Barclay GR, Milne L, Brown D, Stephens S, Maxwell RJ, Rowlands BJ (1995). Significance of systemic endotoxaemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 36(6): 897-901.
46. Gardner A, Boles RG (2010). Beyond the serotonin hypothesis: Mitochondria, inflammation and neurodegeneration in major depression and affective spectrum disorders. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20691744.
47. Gaykema RP, Chen CC, Goehler LE (2007). Organization of immune-responsive medullary projections to the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, central amygdala, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: evidence for parallel viscerosensory pathways in the rat brain. Brain Res. 1130: 130-145.
48. Gaykema RP, Park SM, McKibbin CR, Goehler LE (2008). Lipopolysaccharide suppresses activation of the tuberomammillary histaminergic system concomitant with behavior: a novel target of immune-sensory pathways. Neuroscience. 152: 273-287.
49. Gaykema RP, Daniels TE, Shapiro NJ, Thacker GC, Park SM, Goehler LE (2009). Immune challenge and satiety-related activation of both distinct and overlapping neuronal populations in the brainstem indicate parallel pathways for viscerosensory signaling. Brain Res. 1294: 61-79.
50. Geerlings Ml, Schoevers RA, Beekman AT, Jonker C, Deeg DJ, Schmand B, Adèr HJ, Bouter LM, Van Tilburg W (2000). Depression and risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Results of two prospective community-based studies in The Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry. 176: 568-575.
51. Gerhard A, Pavese N, Hotton G, Turkheimer F, Es M, Hammers A, Eggert K, Oertel W, Banati RB, Brooks DJ (2006). In vivo imaging of microglial activation with [11C](R)-PK11195 PET in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis. 21(2): 404-412.
52. Ghia JE, Blennerhassett P, Deng Y, Verdu EF, Khan Wl, Collins SM (2009). Reactivation of inflammatory bowel disease in a mouse model of depression. Gastroenterology. 136(7): 2280-2288.e1-4.
53. Glass CK, Saijo K, Winner B, Marchetto MC, Gage FH (2010). Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell. 140(6): 918-934.
54. Graff LA, Walker JR, Bernstein CN (2009). Depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of comorbidity and management. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 15(7): 1105-1118.
55. Greco CM, Kao AH, Sattar A, Danchenko N, Maksimowicz-McKinnon KM, Edmundowicz D, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Tracy RP, Kuller LH, Manzi S (2009). Association between depression and coronary artery calcification in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 48(5): 576-581.
56. Goehler LE, Gaykema RP, Anderson K, Hansen MK, Maier SF, Watkins LR (2000). Vagal immune-to-brain communication: a visceral chemosensory pathway. Auton Neurosci. 85: 49-59.
57. Goehler LE, Gaykema RP, Opitz N, Reddaway R, Badr N, Lyte M (2005). Activation in vagal afferents and central autonomic pathways: early responses to intestinal infection with Campylobacter jejuni. Brain Behav Immun. 19: 334-344.
58. Goehler LE, Lyte M, Gaykema RP (2007). Infection-induced viscerosensory signals from the gut enhance anxiety: implications for psychoneuroimmunology. Brain Behav Immun. 21: 721-726.
59. Goehler LE, Park SM, Opitz N, Lyte M, Gaykema RP (2008). Campylobacter jejuni infection increases anxiety-like behavior in the holeboard: possible anatomical substrates for viscerosensory modulation of exploratory behavior. Brain Behav Immun. 22: 354-366.
60. Grey M, Whittemore R, Tamborlane W (2002). Depression in type 1 diabetes in children: natural history and correlates. J Psychosom Res. 53(4): 907-911.
61. Guenther L, Gulliver W (2009). Psoriasis comorbidities. J Cutan Med Surg. 13 (Suppl 2): S77-87. Review.
62. Hajszán T, Zaborszky L (2002). Direct catecholaminergic- cholinergic interactions in the basal forebrain. III. Adrenergic innervation of choline acetyltransferase-containing neurons in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 449: 141-157.
63. Hayes J, Koo J (2010). Psoriasis: depression, anxiety, smoking, and drinking habits. Dermatol Ther. 23(2): 174-180.
64. Hillila MT, Hämäläinen J, Heikkinen ME, Färkkilä MA (2008). Gastrointestinal complaints among subjects with depressive symptoms in the general population. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 28(5): 648-654.
65. Hirsch EC (2007). Animal models in neurodegenerative diseases. J. Neural Transm Suppl. 72: 87-90. Review.
66. Hirsch EC, Höglinger G, Rousselet E, Breidert T, Parain K, Feger J, Ruberg M, Prigent A, Cohen-Salmon C, Launay JM (2003). Animal models of Parkinson's disease in rodents induced by toxins: an update. J Neural Transm. Suppl. 65: 89-100.
67. Holvoet P, De Keyzer D, Jacobs DR (2008). Oxidized LDL and the metabolic syndrome. Future Lipidol. 3(6): 637-649.
68. Huang TL, Lee CT (2007). Low serum albumin and high ferritin levels in chronic hemodialysis patients with major depression. Psychiatry Res. 152(2-3): 277-280.
69. Huang TL, Leu HS, Liu JW (2006). Lymphocyte subsets and viral load in male AIDS patients with major depression: naturalistic study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 60(6): 687-692.
70. Hudon C, Fortin M, Vanasse A (2005). Cumulative Illness Rating Scale was a reliable and valid index in a family practice context. J Clin Epidemiol. 58(6): 603-608.
71. Huehnchen P, Prozorovski T, Klaissle P, Lesemann A, Ingwersen J, Wolf SA, Kupsch A, Aktas O, Steiner B (2010). Modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis during myelin-directed autoimmune neuroinflammation. Glia. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20967885.
72. Huff W, Steckel R, Sitzer M (2003). Poststroke depression: risk factors and effects on the course of the stroke. Nervenarzt. 74(2): 104-114.
73. Hunter RL, Dragicevic N, Seifert K, Choi DY, Liu M, Kim HC, Cass WA, Sullivan PG, Bing G (2007). Inflammation induces mitochondrial dysfunction and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal system. J Neurochem. 100(5):1375-1386.
74. Huysman E, Mathieu C (2009). Diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. Acta Chir Belg. 109(5): 587-594. Review.
75. Ibrahim S, El Salamony O (2008). Depression, quality of life and malnutrition-inflammation scores in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol. 28(5):784-791.
76. Irie M, Asami S, Nagata S, Miyata M, Kasai H (2001). Relationships between perceived workload, stress and oxidative DNA damage. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 74(2):153-157.
77. Jennings JH, Digiovine B, Obeid D, Frank C (2009). The association between depressive symptoms and acute exacerbations of COPD. Lung. 187(2):128-135.
78. Jin R, Yang G, Li G (2010). Inflammatory mechanisms in ischemic stroke: role of inflammatory cells. J Leukoc Biol. 87(5):779-789.
79. Kagami S, Rizzo HL, Lee JJ, Koguchi Y, Blauvelt A (2010). Circulating Th17, Th22, and Th1 cells are increased in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 130(5):1373-1383.
80. Kalender B, Ozdemir AC, Koroglu G (2006). Association of depression with markers of nutrition and inflammation in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Nephron Clin Pract. 102(3-4):c115-21.
81. Kalpakcioglu B, Senel K (2008). The interrelation of glutathione reductase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glucose-6-phosphate in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 27(2):141-145.
82. Kaneto H, Katakami N, Matsuhisa M, Matsuoka TA (2010). Role of reactive oxygen species in the progression of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Mediators lnflamm. 2010:453892.
83. Kang JH, Chen YH, Lin HC (2010). Comorbidities amongst patients with multiple sclerosis: a population-based controlled study. Eur J Neurol. 17(9):1215-1219.
84. Kanner AM (2005). Should neurologists be trained to recognize and treat comorbid depression of neurologic disorders? Yes. Epilepsy Behav. 6(3):303-311.
85. Katon W, Lin EH, Kroenke K (2007). The association of depression and anxiety with medical symptom burden in patients with chronic medical illness. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 29(2):147-155.
86. Katon W, Russo J, Lin EH, Heckbert SR, Ciechanowski P, Ludman EJ, Von Korff M (2009). Depression and diabetes: factors associated with major depression at five-year follow-up. Psychosomatics. 50(6):570-579.
87. Kim YS, Joh TH (2006). Microglia, major player in the brain inflammation: their roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Exp Mol Med. 38(4):333-347.
88. Ko GJ, Kim MG, Yu YM, Jo SK, Cho WY, Kim HK (2010). Association between depression symptoms with inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Nephron Clin Pract. 116(1):c29-35.
89. Kolsum U, Roy K, Starkey C, Borrill Z, Truman N, Vestbo J, Singh D (2009). The repeatability of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein in COPD patients over one year. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 4:149-156.
90. Konsman JP, Blomqvist A (2005). Forebrain patterns of c-fos and FosB induction during cancer-associated anorexia-cachexia in rat. Eur J Neurosci. 21:2752-2766
91. Kovács Z, Kovács F (2007). Depressive and anxiety symptoms, dysfunctional attitudes and social aspects in irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Psychiatry Med. 37(3):245-255.
92. Kreutzberg GW (1995). Microglia, the first line of defence in brain pathologies. Arzneimittelforschung. 45(3A):357-360.
93. Kriz J (2006). Inflammation in ischemic brain injury: timing is important. Crit Rev Neurobiol. 18(1-2):145-157.
94. Krzystek-Korpacka M, Neubauer K, Berdowska I, Zielinski B, Paradowski L, Gamian A (2010). Impaired erythrocyte antioxidant defense in active inflammatory bowel disease: impact of anemia and treatment, lnflamm Bowel Dis. 16(9):1467-1475.
95. Ku IA, Imboden JB, Hsue PY, Ganz P (2009). Rheumatoid arthritis: model of systemic inflammation driving atherosclerosis. Circ J. 73(6):977-985.
96. Kubera M, Obuchowicz E, Goehler L, Brzeszcz J, Maes M (2010). In animal models, psychosocial stress-induced (neuro)inflammation, apoptosis and reduced neurogenesis are associated to the onset of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20828592.
97. Laudisio A, Marzetti E, Pagano F, Pozzi G, Bernabei R, Zuccalà G (2009). Depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome: selective association in older women. J. Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 22(4):215-222.
98. LeMay LG, Vander AJ, Kluger MJ (1990). The effects of psychological stress on plasma interleukin-6 activity in rats. Physiol Beh. 47:957-961.
99. Leonard BE, Myint A (2006). Inflammation and depression: is there a causal connection with dementia? Neurotox Res. 10(2):149-160.
100. Leonard BE, Myint A-M (2009).The psychoneuroimmunology of depression. Hum Psychopharmacol. 24:165-175.
101. Leppävuori A (2010). Depression and diabetes. Duodecim. 126(5): 521-527.
102. Linn BS, Linn MW, Gurel L (1968). Cumulative illness rating scale. J Am Geriatr Soc. 16(5):622-626.
103. Luppino FS, de Wit LM, Bouvy PF, Stijnen T, Cuijpers P, Penninx BW, Zitman FG (2010). Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(3):220-229.
104. Lustman PJ, Clouse RE (2005). Depression in diabetic patients: the relationship between mood and glycemic control. J Diabetes Complications. 19(2):113-122.
105. Lyte M, Li W, Opitz N, Gaykema RP, Goehler LE (2006). Induction of anxiety-like behavior during initial stages of infection with the agent of murine colonic hyperplasia Citrobacter rodentium. Physiol Behav. 89:350-357.
106. Maes M (1995). Evidence for an immune response in major depression: a review and hypothesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 19:11-38.
107. Maes M (1999). Editorial Review: Psychological stress, cytokines and the inflammatory response system. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 12(6):695-700.
108. Maes M (2001). Editorial Board. Psychological stress and the inflammatory response system. Clin Sci. (Lond) 101(2): 193-194.
109. Maes M (2009). "Functional" or "psychosomatic" symptoms, e.g. a flu-like malaise, aches and pain and fatigue, are major features of major and in particular of melancholic depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 30(5):564-573.
110. Maes M (2010a). Depression is an inflammatory disease, but cell-mediated immune activation is the key component of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20599581.
111. Maes M (2010b). An intriguing and hitherto unexplained cooccurrence: Depression and chronic fatigue syndrome are manifestations of shared inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative (IO&NS) pathways. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20609377.
112. Maes M, Schotte C, Maes L, Cosyns P (1990). Clinical subtypes of unipolar depression: Part II. Quantitative and qualitative clinical differences between the vital and nonvital depression groups. Psychiatry Res. 34(1):43-57.
113. Maes M, Smith R, Schärpe S (1995). The monocyte-T-lymphocyte hypothesis of major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 20:111-116.
114. Maes M, Song C, Lin A, De Jongh R, Van Gastel A, Kenis G, Bosmans E, De Meester I, Benoy I, Neels H, Demedts P, Janca A, Scharpé S, Smith RS (1998a). The effects of psychological stress on humans: increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a Th1 -like response in stress-induced anxiety. Cytokine. 10(4):313-318.
115. Maes M, Song C, Lin A, DeJong R, Van Gastel A, Kenis G, Bosmans E, DeMeester I, Neels H, Janca A, Scharpe S, Smith RS (1998b). Immune and clinical correlates of psychological stress-induced production of interferon-γ and IL-10 in humans. In: Cytokines, Stress and Immunity; Editors: Plotnikoff NP, Faith RE, Murgo AJ, Good RA. pp. 39-50.
116. Maes M, Lin AH, Ombelet W, Stevens K, Kenis G, De Jongh R, Cox J, Bosmans E (2000). Immune activation in the early Puerperium is related to postpartum anxiety and depressive symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 25(2): 121-137.
117. Maes M, Verkerk R, Bonaccorso S, Ombelet W, Bosmans E, Scharpé S (2002). Depressive and anxiety symptoms in the early Puerperium are related to increased degradation of tryptophan into kynurenine, a phenomenon which is related to immune activation. Life Sci. 71(16): 1837-1848
118. Maes M, Kubera M, Leunis JC (2008). The gut-brain barrier in major depression: intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 29(1): 117-124.
119. Maes M, Yirmyia R, Noraberg J, Brene S, Hibbeln J, Perini G, Kubera M, Bob P, Lerer B, Maj M (2009). The inflammatory & neurodegenerative (I&ND) hypothesis of depression: leads for future research and new drug developments in depression. Metab Brain Dis. 24(1): 27-53.
120. Maes M, Galecki P, Chang YS, Berk M (2010a). A review on the oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways in major depression and their possible contribution to the (neuro) degenerative processes in that illness. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20471444.
121. Maes M, Leonard BE, Myint AM, Kubera M, Verkerk R (2010b). The new '5-HT' hypothesis of depression: cell-mediated immune activation induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which leads to lower plasma tryptophan and an increased synthesis of detrimental tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), both of which contribute to the onset of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.
122. Maes M, Ruckoanich P, Chang YS, Mahanonda N, Berk M (2010c). Multiple aberrations in shared inflammatory and oxidative & nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways explain the co-association of depression and cardiovascular disorder (CVD), and the increased risk for CVD and due mortality in depressed patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20561554.
123. Maj M (2005). "Psychiatric comorbidity": an artefact of current diagnostic systems? Br J Psychiatry 186:182-184.
124. Mearin F, Perelló A, Balboa A (2009). Irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease: Is there a connection? Gastroenterol Hepatol. 32(5): 364-372.
125. Menza MA, Robertson-Hoffman DE, Bonapace AS (1993). Parkinson's disease and anxiety: comorbidity with depression. Biol Psychiatry 34(7): 465-470.
126. Menza M, Dobkin RD, Marin H (2006). Treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 8(3): 234-240.
127. Mezuk B, Eaton WW, Albrecht S, Golden SH (2008). Depression and type 2 diabetes over the lifespan: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 31(12): 2383-2390.
128. Michaud K, Wolfe F (2007). Comorbidities in rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 21(5): 885-906.
129. Micozkadioglu H, Micozkadioglu I, Zumrutdal A, Erdem A, Ozdemir FN, Sezer S, Haberal M (2006). Relationship between depressive affect and malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology (Carlton). 11(6): 502-505.
130. Mikkelsen RL, Middelboe T, Pisinger C, Stage KB (2004). Anxiety and depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A review. Nord J Psychiatry. 58(1): 65-70.
131. Mikocka-Walus AA, Turnbull DA, Moulding NT, Wilson IG, Andrews JM, Holtmann GJ (2007). Controversies surrounding the comorbidity of depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a literature review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 13(2): 225-234.
132. Miller MD, Paradis CF, Houck PR, Mazumdar S, Stack JA, Rifai AH, Mulsant B, Reynolds CF (1992). 3rd. Rating chronic medical illness burden in geropsychiatric practice and research: application of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Psychiatry Res. 41(3): 237-248.
133. Minami M, Kuraishi Y, Yamaguchi T, et al (1991). Immobilization stress induces interleukin-1 mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett. 123: 254-256.
134. Miskulin DC, Athienites NV, Yan G, Martin AA, Ornt DB, Kusek JW, Meyer KB, Levey AS; Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study Group (2001). Comorbidity assessment using the Index of Coexistent Diseases in a multicenter clinical trial. Kidney Int. 60(4): 1498-1510.
135. Modrego PJ, Fernandez J (2004). Depression in patients with mild cognitive impairment increases the risk of developing dementia of the Alzheimer type: a prospective study. Arch Neurol. 61: 1290-1293.
136. Montinaro V, Iaffaldano GP, Granata S, Porcelli P, Todarello O, Schena FP, Pertosa G (2010). Emotional symptoms, quality of life and cytokine profile in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol. 73(1): 36-43.
137. Naldi L, Mercuri SR (2010). Epidemiology of comorbidities in psoriasis. Dermatol Ther. 23(2): 114-118.
138. Ng TP, Niti M, Fones C, Yap KB, Tan WC (2009). Co-morbid association of depression and COPD: a population-based study. Respir Med. 103(6): 895-901.
139. Nguyen KT, Deak T, Owens SM, Kohno T, Fleshner M, Watkins LR, Maier SF (1998). Exposure to acute stress induces brain interleukin-1 beta protein in the rat. J Neurosci. 18: 2239-2246.
140. Neumann H (2001). Control of glial immune function by neurons. Glia. 36(2): 191-199.
141. Norwood R, Balkissoon R (2005). Current perspectives on management of co-morbid depression in COPD. COPD. 2(1): 185-193.
142. Owe-Larsson B, Säll L, Salamon E, Allgulander C (2009). HIV infection and psychiatric illness. Afr J Psychiatry. (Johannesbg) 12(2): 115-128.
143. Ownby RL, Crocco E, Acevedo A, John V, Loewenstein D (2006). Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 63(5): 530-538.
144. Pavlov VA, Tracey KJ (2005). The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun. 19: 493-499.
145. Pertsov SS, Balashova TS, Kubatieva AA, Sosnovskii AS, Pirogova GV, Abramov VM (1995). Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat brain in acute emotional stress: effect of interleukin-1 beta. Biull Eksp Biol Med. 120(9): 244-247.
146. Pinteaux-Jones F, Sevastou IG, Fry VA, Heales S, Baker D, Pocock JM (2008). Myelin-induced microglial neurotoxicity can be controlled by microglial metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Neurochem. 106(1): 442-454.
147. Poewe W, Luginger E (1999). Depression in Parkinson's disease: impediments to recognition and treatment options. Neurology. 52(7 Suppl 3): S2-6.
148. Potter GG, Steffens DC (2007). Contribution of depression to cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults. Neurologist. 13(3): 105-117.
149. Poynter B, Shuman M, Diaz-Granados N, Kapral M, Grace SL, Stewart DE (2009). Sex differences in the prevalence of post-stroke depression: a systematic review. Psychosomatics. 50(6): 563-569.
150. Qin L, Wu X, Block ML, Liu Y, Breese GR, Hong JS, Knapp DJ, Crews FT (2007). Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. GNa. 55(5): 453-462.
151. Ramirez G, Rey S, von Bernhardi R (2008). Proinflammatory stimuli are needed for induction of microglial cell-mediated AbetaPP-{244-C} and Abeta-neurotoxicity in hippocampal cultures. J Alzheimers Dis. 15(1): 45-59.
152. Rashmi R, Rao KS, Basavaraj KH (2009). A comprehensive review of biomarkers in psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 34(6): 658-663.
153. Rocha-Pereira P, Santos-Silva A, Rebelo I, Figneiredo A, Quintanilha A, Teixeira F (2004a). Erythrocyte damage in mild and severe psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 150(2): 232-244.
154. Rocha-Pereira P, Santos-Silva A, Rebelo I, Figueiredo A, Quintanilha A, Teixeira F (2004b). The inflammatory response in mild and in severe psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 150(5): 917-928.
155. Rogers J, Mastroeni D, Leonard B, Joyce J, Grover A (2007). Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: are microglia pathogenic in either disorder? Int Rev Neurobiol. 82:235-246.
156. Rossi-George A, Urbach D, Colas D, Goldfarb Y, Kusnecov AW (2005). Neuronal, endocrine and anorexic responses to the T-cell superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A: dependence on tumor necrosis factor-alfa. J Neurosci. 25:5314-5322.
157. Sabry A, Sheashaa H, El-Husseini A, Mahmoud K, Eldahshan KF, George SK, Abdel-Khalek E, El-Shafey EM, Abo-Zenah H (2006). Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6) in Egyptian patients with SLE: its correlation with disease activity. Cytokine. 35(3-4): 148-153.
158. Sawchenko PE, Li HY, Ericsson A (2000). Circuits and mechanisms governing hypothalamic responses to stress: a tale of two paradigms. Prog Brain Res. 122:61-78.
159. Schmitt J, Ford DE (2010). Psoriasis is independently associated with psychiatric morbidity and adverse cardiovascular risk factors, but not with cardiovascular events in a population-based sample. J. Eur. Acad Dermatol Venereol. 24(8):885-892.
160. Schnydrig S, Korner L, Landweer S, Ernst B, Walker G, Otten U, Kunz D (2007). Peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration transiently affects expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, corticotropin and
161. Shaker SB, von Wachenfeldt KA, Larsson S, Mile I, Persdotter S, Dahlbäck M, Broberg P, Stoel B, Bach KS, Hestad M, Fehniger TE, Dirksen A (2008). Identification of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by measurement of plasma biomarkers. Clin Respir J. 2(1):17-25.
162. Shintani F, Nakaki T, Kanba S, Kato R, Asai M (1995a). Role of interleukin-1 in stress responses. A putative neurotransmitter. Mol Neurobiol. 10:47-71.
163. Shintani F, Nakaki T, Kanba S, Sato K, Yagi G, Shiozawa M, Aiso S, Kato R, Asai M (1995b). Involvement of interleukin-1 in immobilization stress-induced increase in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and in release of hypothalamic monoamines in the rat. J Neurosci. 15:1961-1970.
164. Shizuya K, Komori T, Fujiwara R, Miyahara S, Ohmori M, Nomura J (1997). The influence of restraint stress on the expression of mRNAs for IL-6 and the IL-6 receptor in the hypothalamus and midbrain of the rat. Life Sci. 61, PL.
165. Sivonova M, Zitnanova I, Hlincikova L, Skodacek I, Trebaticka J, Durackova Z (2004). Oxidative stress in university students during examinations. Stress. 7(3):183-188.
166. Skapinakis P, Lewis G, Mavreas V (2003). Unexplained fatigue syndromes in a multinational primary care sample: specificity of definition and prevalence and distinctiveness from depression and generalized anxiety. Am J Psychiatry. 160(4):785-787.
167. Skapinakis P, Lewis G, Mavreas V (2004). Temporal relations between unexplained fatigue and depression: longitudinal data from an international study in primary care. Psychosom Med. 66(3):330-335.
168. Song C, Wang H (2010). Cytokines mediated inflammation and decreased neurogenesis in animal models of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20600462.
169. Sosnovskiǐi AS, Kozlov AV (1992). Increased lipid peroxidation in the rat hypothalamus after short-term emotional stress. Biull Eksp Biol Med. 113(5):486-488.
170. Steffens DC, Plassman BL, Helms MJ, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Saunders AM, Breitner JC (1997). A twin study of late-onset depression and apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 41(8):851-856.
171. Stockley RA (2009). Progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impact of inflammation, comorbidities and therapeutic intervention. Curr Med Res Opin. 25(5):1235-1245.
172. Stoll G, Jander S, Schroeter M (1998). Inflammation and glial responses in ischemic brain lesions. Prog Neurobiol. 56(2):149-171.
173. Sugama S, Takenouchi T, Cho BP, Joh TH, Hashimoto M, Kitani H (2009). Possible roles of microglial cells for neurotoxicity in clinical neurodegenerative diseases and experimental animal models, Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 8(4):277-284.
174. Syrenicz A, Garanty-Bogacka B, Syrenicz M, Gebala A, Walczak M (2006). Low-grade systemic inflammation and the risk of type 2 diabetes in obese children and adolescents. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 27(4):453-458.
175. Szewczyk B, Kubera M, Nowak G (2010). The role of zinc in neurodegenerative inflammatory pathways in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20156515.
176. Spiller RC (2009). Overlap between irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis. 27 (Suppl 1 ):48-54.
177. Tai YF, Pavese N, Gerhard A, Tabrizi SJ, Barker RA, Brooks DJ, Piccini P (2007). Microglial activation in presymptomatic Huntington's disease gene carriers. Brain. 130(Pt 7):1759-1766.
178. Takaki A, Huang QH, Somogyvari-Vigh A, Arimura A (1994). Immobilization stress may increase plasma interleukin-6 via central and peripheral catecholamines. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1:335-342.
179. Tharwani HM, Yerramsetty P, Mannelli P, Patkar A, Masand P (2007). Recent advances in poststroke depression. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 9(3):225-231.
180. Thiel A, Radlinska BA, Paquette C, Sidel M, Soucy JP, Schirrmacher R, Minuk J (2010). The temporal dynamics of poststroke neuroinflammation: a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging-guided PET study with 11C-PK11195 in acute subcortical stroke. J Nucl Med. 51(9):1404-1412.
181. Town T, Nikolic V, Tan J (2005). The microglial "activation" continuum: from innate to adaptive responses. J Neuroinflammation. 2:24.
182. Tsui H, Razavi R, Chan Y, Yantha J, Dosch HM (2007). 'Sensing' autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. Trends MoI Med. 13(10):405-413.
183. Turrin NP, Rivest S (2004). Unraveling the molecular details involved in the intimate link between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Exp Biol Med. (Maywood) 229:996-1006.
184. Unützer J, Schoenbaum M, Katon WJ, Fan MY, Pincus HA, Hogan D, Taylor J (2009). Healthcare costs associated with depression in medically ill fee-for-service medicare participants. J Am Geriatr Soc. 57(3):506-510.
185. Valderas JM, Starfield B, Sibbald B, Salisbury C, Roland M (2009). Defining comorbidity: implications for understanding health and health services. Ann Fam Med. 7(4):357-363.
186. van den Bemt L, Schemer T, Bor H, Smink R, van Weel-Baumgarten E, Lucassen P, van Weel C (2009). The risk for depression comorbidity in patients with COPD. Chest. 135(1): 108-114.
187. van der Merwe MT (2007). Psychological correlates of obesity in women. Int J Obes. (Lond) 31 (Suppl 2): S14-8: discussion S31-2.
188. Van Dyke K, Jabbour N, Hoeldtke R, Van Dyke C, Van Dyke M (2010). Oxidative/nitrosative stresses trigger type I diabetes: preventable in streptozotocin rats and detectable in human disease. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1203:138-145.
189. Vanhala M, Jokelainen J, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Kumpusalo E, Koponen H (2009). Depressive symptoms predispose females to metabolic syndrome: a 7-year follow-up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 119(2):137-142.
190. van Manen JG, Bindeis PJ, Dekker FW, IJzermans CJ, van der Zee JS, Schadé E (2002). Risk of depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its determinants. Thorax. 57(5):412-416.
191. Vas A, Shchukin Y, Karrenbauer VD, Cselényi Z, Kostulas K, Hillert J, Savic I, Takano A, Halldin C, Gulyás B (2008). Functional neuroimaging in multiple sclerosis with radiolabeled glia markers: preliminary comparative PET studies with [11C]vinpocetine and [11C]PK11195 in patients. J Neurol Sci. 264(1-2):9-17.
192. Viinamäki H, Heiskanen T, Lehto SM, Niskanen L, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Tolmunen T, Honkalampi K, Saharinen T, Haatainen K, Hintikka J (2009). Association of depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome in men. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 120(1):23-29.
193. Visser PJ, Verhey FR, Ponds RW, Kester A, Jolies J (2000). Distinction between preclinical Alzheimer's disease and depression. J Am Geriatr Soc. 48(5):479-484.
194. Vukic V, Callaghan D, Walker D, Lue LF, Liu QY, Couraud PO, Romero IA, Weksler B, Stanimirovic DB, Zhang W (2009). Expression of inflammatory genes induced by beta-amyloid peptides in human brain endothelial cells and in Alzheimer's brain is mediated by the JNK-AP1 signaling pathway. Neurobiol Dis. 34(1):95-106.
195. Waheed A, Hameed K, Khan AM, Syed JA, Mirza Al (2006). The burden of anxiety and depression among patients with chronic rheumatologic disorders at a tertiary care hospital clinic in Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 56(5):243-247.
196. Wang G, Pierangeli SS, Papalardo E, Ansari GA, Khan MF (2010). Markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress in systemic lupus erythematosus: correlation with disease activity. Arthritis Rheum. 62(7):2064-2072.
197. Wekking EM (1993). Psychiatric symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus: an update. Psychosom Med. 55(2):219-228.
198. Wichers MC, Koek GH, Robaeys G, Verkerk R, Schärpe S, Maes M (2005). IDO and interferon-alpha-induced depressive symptoms: a shift in hypothesis from tryptophan depletion to neurotoxicity. Mol Psychiatry. 10(6):538-544.
199. Widner B, Sepp N, Kowald E, Kind S, Schmuth M, Fuchs D (1999). Degradation of tryptophan in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Adv Exp Med Biol. 467:571-577.
200. Widner B, Sepp N, Kowald E, Ortner U, Wirleitner B, Fritsch P, Baier-Bitterlich G, Fuchs D (2000). Enhanced tryptophan degradation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunobiology. 201(5):621-630.
201. Wilken JA, Sullivan C (2007). Recognizing and treating common psychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis. Neurologist. 13(6):343-354.
202. Wolfe F, Michaud K, Li T, Katz RS (2010). Chronic conditions and health problems in rheumatic diseases: comparisons with rheumatoid arthritis, noninflammatory rheumatic disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, and fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 37(2):305-315.
203. Xu W, Collet JP, Shapiro S, Lin Y, Yang T, Piatt RW, Wang C, Bourbeau J (2008). Independent effect of depression and anxiety on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations and hospitalizations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 178(9):913-920.
204. Yohannes AM (2005). Depression and COPD in older people: a review and discussion. Br J Community Nurs. 10(1):42-46.
205. Zunszain PA, Anacker C, Cattaneo A, Carvalho LA, Pariante CM (2010). Glucocorticoids, cytokines and brain abnormalities in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20406665.