Goals, feedback, and self-regulation: Control theory as a natural framework for executive coaching

Consulting Psychology Journal

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 26-38

  Gregory, Jane Brodie ^a   Beck, James W ^b   Carr, Alison E ^c  

^a PROCTER AND GAMBLE COMPANY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AKRON   (United States)

Author keywords

Control theory; Executive coaching; Feedback; Goals

Indexed keywords

EID: 79954529908     PISSN: 10659293     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0023398     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Ashford S.J., Northcraft G. Robbing Peter to pay Paul: Feedback environments and enacted priorities in response to competing task demands. Human Resource Management Review 2003, 13:537-559.
2. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control 1997, Freeman, New York.
3. Bandura A., Locke E. Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, 88:87-99.
4. Bandura A., Wood R. Effect of perceived controllability and performance standards on self-regulation of complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1989, 56:805-814.
5. Beck J.W., Gregory J.B., Carr A.E. Balancing development with day-to-day task demands: A multiple-goal approach to executive coaching. Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2009, 2:293-296.
6. Beck, J. W., & Schmidt, A. M. (2010, April). Overall self-efficacy moderates within-person effects on performance. Poster presented at the 25th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, Atlanta, GA.
7. Beck, J. W., & Schmidt, A. M. (2011, April). Location-location-location! Between-person self-efficacy moderates within-person effects on effort and performance. Poster presented at the 26th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, Chicago.
8. Bell B.S., Kozlowski S.W.J. Adaptive guidance: Enhancing self-regulation, knowledge, and performance in technology-based training. Personnel Psychology 2002, 55:267-306.
9. Bell B.S., Kozlowski S.W.J. Active learning: Effects of core training design elements on self-regulatory processes, learning, and adaptability. Journal of Applied Psychology 2008, 93:292-316.
10. Bennett J.L. An agenda for coaching-related research: A challenge for researchers. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 2006, 58:240-249.
11. Campion M.A., Lord R.G. A control systems conceptualization of the goal-setting and changing process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 1982, 30:265-287.
12. Carver C.S., Scheier M.F. On the self-regulation of behavior 1998, Cambridge University Press, New York.
13. Colquitt J.A., Lepine J.A., Noe R.A. Toward an integrative theory of training motivation: A meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology 2000, 85:678-707.
14. DeShon R.P., Gillespie J.Z. A motivated action theory account of goal orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology 2005, 90:1096-1127.
15. DeShon R.P., Kozlowski S.W.J., Schmidt A.M., Milner K.R., Wiechmann D. A multiple-goal, multilevel model of feedback effects on the regulation of individual and team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 2004, 89:1035-1056.
16. Diefendorff J.M., Lord R.G. Goal-striving and self-regulation processes. Work motivation: Past, present, and future 2008, 151-196. Routledge, New York. R. Kanfer, G. Chen, R.D. Pritchard (Eds.).
17. Donovan J.J., Hafsteinsson L.G. The impact of goal-performance discrepancies, self-efficacy, and goal orientation on upward goal revision. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2006, 36:1046-1069.
18. Donovan J.J., Williams K.J. Missing the mark: Effects of time and causal attributions on goal revision in response to goal-performance discrepancies. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, 88:379-390.
19. Dragoni L. Understanding the emergence of state goal orientation in organizational work groups: The role of leadership and multilevel climate perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology 2005, 90:1084-1095.
20. Dweck C.S. Can personality be changed? The role of beliefs in personality and change. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2008, 17:391-394.
21. Ellinger A.D., Bostrom R.P. Managerial coaching behaviors in learning organizations. Journal of Management Development 1999, 18:752-771.
22. Ellis S., Ganzach Y., Castle E., Sekely G. The effect of filmed versus personal after-event reviews on task performance: The mediating and moderating role of self-efficacy. The Journal of Applied Psychology 2010, 95:122-131.
23. Gegner, C. (1997). Coaching: Theory and practice. Unpublished master's thesis, University of San Francisco.
24. Gollwitzer P.M. Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist 1999, 54:493-503.
25. Gregory J.B. Employee coaching: The importance of the supervisor/subordinate relationship and related constructs. Dissertation Abstracts International 2010, 71. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
26. Gregory J.B., Levy P.E., Jeffers M. Development of a model of the feedback process within executive coaching. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 2008, 60:42-56.
27. Hall D.T., Otazo K.L., Hollenbeck G.P. Behind closed doors: What really happens in executive coaching. Organizational Dynamics 1999, 27:39-52.
28. Hunt J.M., Weintraub J.R. The coaching manager: Developing top talent in business 2002, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
29. Ilgen D.R., Fisher C.D., Taylor M.S. Consequences of individual feedback on behavior in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology 1979, 64:349-371.
30. Johnson R.E., Chang C., Lord R.G. Moving from cognition to behavior: What the research says. Psychological Bulletin 2006, 132:381-415.
31. Joo B.K. Executive coaching: A conceptual framework from an integrative review of research and practice. Human Resource Development Review 2005, 4:462-488.
32. Kahneman D., Tversky A. Goals, values, and frames. American Psychologist 1984, 39:341-350.
33. Kanfer R., Ackerman P.L. Motivation and cognitive ability: An integrative/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology 1989, 74:657-690.
34. Keith N., Frese M. Effectiveness of error management training: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 2008, 93:59-69.
35. Kilburg R.R. Toward a conceptual understanding and definition of executive coaching. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 1996, 48:134-144.
36. Kluger A.N., DeNisi A. The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review: A meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin 1996, 119:254-284.
37. Kozlowski S.W.J., Toney R.J., Mullins M.E., Wessbein D.A., Brown K.G., Bell B.S. Developing adaptability: A theory of integrated-embedded training systems. Advances in human performance and cognitive engineering research 2001, 1:59-123. JAI/Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. E. Salas (Ed.).
38. Levy P.E., Albright M.D., Cawley B.D., Williams J.R. Situational and individual determinants of feedback seeking: A closer look at the process. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1995, 62:23-37.
39. Linderbaum B.G., Levy P.E. The development and validation of the Feedback Orientation Scale (FOS). Journal of Management 2010, 36:1372-1405.
40. Locke E.A., Latham G.P. Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist 2002, 57:705-717.
41. London M., Smither J.W. Feedback orientation, feedback culture, and the longitudinal performance management process. Human Resource Management Review 2002, 12:81-100.
42. Lord R.G., Diefendorff J.M., Schmidt A.M., Hall R.J. Self-regulation at work. Annual Review of Psychology 2010, 61:543-568.
43. Lord R.G., Levy P.E. Moving from cognition to action: A control theory perspective. Applied Psychology: An International Review 1994, 43:335-365.
44. Medvedeff M.E., Gregory J.B., Levy P.E. How attributes of the feedback message affect subsequent feedback seeking: The interactive effects of feedback sign and type on feedback seeking behavior. Psychologica Belgica 2008, 48:109-125.
45. Northcraft, G., Schmidt, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (in press). Feedback and the rationing of time and effort among competing tasks. Journal of Applied Psychology.
46. Park G., Schmidt A.M., Scheu C., DeShon R.P. A process model of goal orientation and feedback seeking. Human Performance 2007, 20:199-245.
47. Schmidt, A. M., & Beck, J. W. (2011, April). Goal difficulty moderating self-efficacy's relationship with effort and performance. Poster presented at the 26th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, Chicago.
48. Schmidt A.M., DeShon R.P. What to do? The effects of discrepancies, incentives, and time on dynamic goal prioritization. Journal of Applied Psychology 2007, 92:928-941.
49. Schmidt A.M., DeShon R.P. Prior performance and goal progress as moderators of the relationship between self-efficacy and performance. Human Performance 2009, 22:191-203.
50. Schmidt A.M., DeShon R.P. The moderating effects of performance ambiguity on the relationship between self-efficacy and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 2010, 95:572-581.
51. Schmidt A.M., Dolis C.M. Something's got to give: The effects of dual-goal difficulty, goal progress, and expectancies on resource allocation. Journal of Applied Psychology 2009, 94:678-691.
52. Schmidt A.M., Dolis C.M., Tolli A.P. A matter of time: Individual differences, contextual dynamics, and goal progress effects on multiple-goal self-regulation. Journal of Applied Psychology 2009, 94:692-709.
53. Schmidt A.M., Ford J.K. Learning within a learner control training environment: The interactive effects of goal orientation and metacognitive instruction on learning outcomes. Personnel Psychology 2003, 56:405-429.
54. Schmidt T. Unpublished study cited in Dembkowski, S. & Eldridge, F. (2004). The nine critical success factors in individual coaching. The International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching 2003, 2:1-11.
55. Seifert C.F., Yukl G., McDonald R.A. Effects of multisource feedback and a feedback facilitator on the influence behavior of managers toward subordinates. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, 88:561-569.
56. Sherman S., Freas A. The Wild West of executive coaching. Harvard Business Review 2004, 82:82-90.
57. Smither J.W., Reilly S.P. Coaching in organizations. How people evaluate others in organizations 2001, 221-252. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. M. London (Ed.).
58. Steel P. The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin 2007, 133:65-94.
59. Steele-Johnson D., Beauregard R.S., Hoover P.B., Schmidt A.M. Goal orientation and task demand effects on motivation, affect, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 2000, 85:724-738.
60. Ting S., Riddle D. A framework for leadership development coaching. The CCL handbook of coaching: A guide for the leader coach 2006, 34-62. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. S. Ting, P. Scisco (Eds.).
61. Tolli A.P., Schmidt A.M. The role of feedback, causal attributions, and self-efficacy in goal revision. Journal of Applied Psychology 2008, 93:692-701.
62. Tracey J.B., Tannenbaum S.I., Kavanagh M.J. Applying trained skills on the job: The importance of the work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology 1995, 80:239-252.
63. Utman C.H. Performance effects of motivational state: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review 1997, 1:170-182.
64. Vancouver J.B. The depth of history and explanation as benefit and bane for psychological control theories. Journal of Applied Psychology 2005, 90:38-52.
65. Vancouver J.B. Integrating self-regulation theories of work motivation into a dynamic process theory. Human Resource Management Review 2008, 18:1-18.
66. Vancouver J.B., Kendall L.N. When self-efficacy negatively relates to motivation and performance in a learning context. Journal of Applied Psychology 2006, 91:1146-1153.
67. Vancouver J.B., More K.M., Yoder R.J. Self-efficacy and resource allocation: Support for a nonmonotonic, discontinuous model. Journal of Applied Psychology 2008, 93:35-47.
68. Vancouver, J. B., Weinhardt, J. M., & Schmidt, A. M. (in press). A formal, computational theory of multiple-goal pursuit: Integrating goal choice and goal striving processes. Journal of Applied Psychology.
69. VandeWalle D. A goal orientation model of feedback seeking behavior. Human Resource Management Review 2003, 13:881-904.
70. Williams J.R., Miller C., Steelman L.A., Levy P.E. Increasing feedback seeking in public contexts: It takes two (or more) to tango. Journal of Applied Psychology 1999, 84:969-976.
71. Williams K.J., Donovan J.J., Dodge T.L. Self-regulation of performance: Goal establishment and goal revision processes in athletes. Human Performance 2000, 13:159-180.
72. Yeo G.B., Neal A. An examination of the dynamic relationships between self-efficacy and performance across levels of analysis and levels of specificity. Journal of Applied Psychology 2006, 91:1088-1101.