Update of uremic toxin research by mass spectrometry

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 510-521

  Niwa, Toshimitsu ^a  

^a NAGOYA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

chronic kidney disease; mass spectrometry; uremia; uremic toxin

Indexed keywords

BINDING PROPERTIES; CARDIO-VASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; INDOXYL SULFATE; LOW-MOLECULAR WEIGHT SOLUTES; MODIFIED PROTEINS; RECENT PROGRESS; UREMIA; UREMIC TOXINS;

BINDING ENERGY; DIALYSIS; DIALYSIS MEMBRANES; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METABOLITES; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; PROTEINS;

TOXIC MATERIALS;

3-CARBOXY-4-METHYL-5-PROPYL-2-FURANPROPIONIC ACID; FURAN DERIVATIVE; INDICAN; PROPIONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PROTEIN; TOXIN; UROFURAN ACID;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMAL; HUMAN; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; REVIEW; UREMIA;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; FURANS; HUMANS; INDICAN; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PROPIONIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL; UREMIA;

EID: 79954517343     PISSN: 02777037     EISSN: 10982787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mas.20323     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Aslam S, Santha T, Leone A, Wilcox C,. 2006. Effects of amlodipine and valsartan on oxidative stress and plasma methylarginines in end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis. Kidney Int 70: 2109-2115. (Pubitemid 44871373)
2. Aucella F, Maas R, Vigilante M, Tripepi G, Schwedhelm E, Margaglione M, Gesualdo L, Boeger R, Zoccali C,. 2009. Methylarginines and mortality in patients with end stage renal disease: A prospective cohort study. Atherosclerosis 207: 541-545.
3. Brandenburg VM, Schlieper G, Heussen N, Holzmann S, Busch B, Evenepoel P, Vanholder R, Meijers B, Meert N, Fassbender WJ, Floege J, Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M,. 2010. Serological cardiovascular and mortality risk predictors in dialysis patients receiving sevelamer: A prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25 (8): 2672-2679.
4. Bruschi M, Petretto A, Candiano G, Musante L, Movilli E, Santucci L, Urbani A, Gusmano R, Verrina E, Cancarini G, Scolari F, Ghiggeri GM,. 2008. Determination of the oxido-redox status of plasma albumin in hemodialysis patients. J Chromatogr B 864: 29-37.
5. Carrey EA, Smolenski RT, Edbury SM, Laurence A, Marinaki AM, Duley JA, Zhu L, Goldsmith DJ, Simmonds HA,. 2003. Origin and characteristics of an unusual pyridine nucleotide accumulating in erythrocytes: Positive correlation with degree of renal failure. Clin Chim Acta 335: 117-129. (Pubitemid 37338316)
6. Carrey EA, Smolenski RT, Edbury SM, Laurence A, Marinaki AM, Duley JA, Zhu LM, Goldsmith DJ, Simmonds HA,. 2004. An unusual pyridine nucleotide accumulating in erythrocytes: Its identity and positive correlation with degree of renal failure. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 23: 1135-1139. (Pubitemid 39625883)
7. Chang JW, Lee EK, Kim TH, Min WK, Chun S, Lee KU, Kim SB, Park JS,. 2007. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on the plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in diabetic end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis: A pilot study. Am J Nephrol 27: 70-74. (Pubitemid 46364543)
8. Chu J, Yuan Z, Liu X, Wu Q, Mi H, He B,. 2001. Separation of six uremic middle molecular compounds by high performance liquid chromatography and analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 311: 95-107. (Pubitemid 32889695)
9. Cupisti A, Saba A, D'Alessandro C, Meola M, Panicucci E, Panichi V, Raffaelli A, Barsotti G,. 2009. Dimethylarginine levels and nutritional status in hemodialysis patients. J Nephrol 22: 623-629.
10. de Loor H, Bammens B, Evenepoel P, De Preter V, Verbeke K,. 2005. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis for measurement of p-cresol and its conjugated metabolites in uremic and normal serum. Clin Chem 51: 1535-1538. (Pubitemid 41060897)
11. De Smet R, Dhondt A, Eloot S, Galli F, Waterloos MA, Vanholder R,. 2007. Effect of the super-flux cellulose triacetate dialyser membrane on the removal of non-protein-bound and protein-bound uraemic solutes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 2006-2012. (Pubitemid 47244774)
12. De Vecchi AF, Bamonti F, Novembrino C, Ippolito S, Guerra L, Lonati S, Salini S, Aman CS, Scurati-Manzoni E, Cighetti G,. 2009. Free and total plasma malondialdehyde in chronic renal insufficiency and in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 2524-2529.
13. Donadio E, Piccolomini F, Dimuccio V, Felicioli A, Balestreri E, Cianti R, Armini A, Bini L, Felicioli R, Donadio C,. 2009. Serum albumin fragmentation in end-stage renal disease patients - a pilot study. Clin Chem Lab Med 47: 1373-1379.
14. Eiselt J, Rajdl D, Racek J, Siroká R, Trefil L, Opatrná S,. 2010. Asymmetric dimethylarginine in hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration, and peritoneal dialysis. Artif Organs 34: 420-425.
15. Fagugli RM, De Smet R, Buoncristiani U, Lameire N, Vanholder R,. 2002. Behavior of non-protein-bound and protein-bound uremic solutes during daily hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 40: 339-347. (Pubitemid 34827652)
16. Fricke K, Schulz A, John H, Forssmann WG, Maronde E,. 2005. Isolation and characterization of a novel proopiomelanocortin-derived peptide from hemofiltrate of chronic renal failure patients. Endocrinology 146: 2060-2068. (Pubitemid 40396917)
17. Glass RL, Krick TP, Sand DM, Rahn CH, Schlenk H,. 1975. Furanoid fatty acids from fish lipids. Lipids 10: 695-702.
18. Godfrey AR, Williams CM, Dudley E, Newton RP, Willshaw P, Mikhail A, Bastin L, Brenton AG,. 2009. Investigation of uremic analytes in hemodialysate and their structural elucidation from accurate mass maps generated by a multi-dimensional liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry approach. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 23: 3194-3204.
19. Goto S, Fujii H, Hamada Y, Yoshiya K, Fukagawa M,. 2010. Association between indoxyl sulfate and skeletal resistance in hemodialysis patients. Ther Apher Dial 14: 417-423.
20. Grooteman MP, Wauters IM, Teerlink T, Twisk JW, Nubé MJ,. 2007. Plasma dimethylarginine levels in chronic hemodialysis patients are independent of the type of dialyzer applied. Blood Purif 25: 281-289. (Pubitemid 47074644)
21. Hannemann K, Puchta V, Simon E, Ziegler H, Ziegler G, Spiteller G,. 1989. The common occurrence of furan fatty acids in plants. Lipids 24: 296-298.
22. Hasuike Y, Nakanishi T, Otaki Y, Nanami M, Tanimoto T, Taniguchi N, Takamitsu Y,. 2002. Plasma 3-deoxyglucosone elevation in chronic renal failure is associated with increased aldose reductase in erythrocytes. Am J Kidney Dis 40: 464-471. (Pubitemid 34971273)
23. Huang Y, Sun H, Frassetto L, Benet LZ, Lin ET,. 2006. Liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric assay for the uremic toxin 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid in human plasma. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20: 1611-1614.
24. Ishikawa I, Chikazawa Y, Sato K, Nakagawa M, Imamura H, Hayama S, Yamaya H, Asaka M, Tomosugi N, Yokoyama H, Matsumoto K,. 2006. Proteomic analysis of serum, outflow dialysate and adsorbed protein onto dialysis membranes (polysulfone and PMMA) during hemodialysis treatment using SELDI-TOF-MS. Am J Nephrol 26: 372-380. (Pubitemid 44394156)
25. Jankowski J, van der Giet M, Jankowski V, Schmidt S, Hemeier M, Mahn B, Giebing G, Tolle M, Luftmann H, Schluter H, Zidek W, Tepel M,. 2003. Increased plasma phenylacetic acid in patients with end-stage renal failure inhibits iNOS expression. J Clin Invest 112: 256-264. (Pubitemid 38056361)
26. John H, Radtke K, Ständker L, Forssmann WG,. 2005. Identification and characterization of novel endogenous proteolytic forms of the human angiogenesis inhibitors restin and endostatin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1747: 161-170. (Pubitemid 40215157)
27. Jourde-Chiche N, Dou L, Cerini C, Dignat-George F, Vanholder R, Brunet P,. 2009. Protein-bound toxins-update 2009. Semin Dial 22: 334-339.
28. Kaplan B, Cojocaru M, Unsworth E, Knecht A, Martin BM,. 2003. Search for peptidic "middle molecules" in uremic sera: Isolation and chemical identification of fibrinogen fragments. J Chromatogr B 796: 141-153. (Pubitemid 38352718)
29. Karg E, Papp F, Tassi N, Janáky T, Wittmann G, Túri S,. 2009. Enhanced methylglyoxal formation in the erythrocytes of hemodialyzed patients. Metabolism 58: 976-982.
30. Kielstein JT, Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, Schäffer J, Barbey M, Koch KM, Frölich JC,. 1999. Asymmetric dimethylarginine plasma concentrations differ in patients with end-stage renal disease: Relationship to treatment method and atherosclerotic disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 10: 594-600. (Pubitemid 29117641)
31. Kielstein JT, Fliser D, Veldink H,. 2009. Asymmetric dimethylarginine and symmetric dimethylarginine: Axis of evil or useful alliance? Semin Dial 22: 346-350.
32. Kikuchi K, Itoh Y, Tateoka R, Ezawa A, Murakami K, Niwa T,. 2010a. Metabolomic analysis of uremic toxins by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 878: 1662-1668.
33. Kikuchi K, Itoh Y, Tateoka R, Ezawa A, Murakami K, Niwa T,. 2010b. Metabolomic search for uremic toxins as indicators of the effect of an oral sorbent AST-120 by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 878: 2997-3002.
34. Kislinger T, Humeny A, Pischetsrieder M,. 2004. Analysis of protein glycation products by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Curr Med Chem 11: 2185-2193. (Pubitemid 38967738)
35. Îμ- (carboxyethyl)lysine. Perit Dial Int 25: 591-595. (Pubitemid 43109263)
36. Koyama K, Ito A, Yamamoto J, Nishio T, Kajikuri J, Dohi Y, Ohte N, Sano A, Nakamura H, Kumagai H, Itoh T,. 2010. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of short-term coadministration of methylcobalamin and folate on serum ADMA concentration in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 55: 1069-1078.
37. Kumagai H, Sakurai M, Takita T, Maruyama Y, Uno S, Ikegaya N, Kato A, Hishida A,. 2006. Association of homocysteine and asymmetric dimethylarginine with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 48: 797-805. (Pubitemid 44740047)
38. Lal S, Kappler F, Walker M, Orchard TJ, Beisswenger PJ, Szwergold BS, Brown TR,. 1997. Quantitation of 3-deoxyglucosone levels in human plasma. Arch Biochem Biophys 342: 254-260. (Pubitemid 27251246)
39. Langlois RG, Trebes JE, Dalmasso EA, Ying Y, Davies RW, Curzi MP, Colston BW, Jr., Turteltaub KW, Perkins J, Chromy BA, Choi MW, Murphy GA, Fitch JP, McCutchen-Maloney SL,. 2004. Serum protein profile alterations in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 24: 268-274. (Pubitemid 38456638)
40. Lesaffer G, De Smet R, Lameire N, Dhondt A, Duym P, Vanholder R,. 2000. Intradialytic removal of protein-bound uraemic toxins: Role of solute characteristics and of dialyser membrane. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15: 50-57. (Pubitemid 30037930)
41. Li G, Chu J, Liu X, Yuan Z,. 2004. Separation, identification of uremic middle molecules, and preliminary study on their toxicity. Clin Chim Acta 350: 89-98. (Pubitemid 39458250)
42. Lin WT, Tsai CC, Chen CY, Lee WJ, Su CC, Wu YJ,. 2008. Proteomic analysis of peritoneal dialysate fluid in patients with dialysis-related peritonitis. Ren Fail 30: 772-777.
43. Lin CJ, Wu CJ, Pan CF, Chen YC, Sun FJ, Chen HH,. 2010. Serum protein-bound uraemic toxins and clinical outcomes in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25: 3693-3700.
44. Luo FJ, Patel KP, Marquez IO, Plummer NS, Hostetter TH, Meyer TW,. 2009. Effect of increasing dialyzer mass transfer area coefficient and dialysate flow on clearance of protein-bound solutes: A pilot crossover trial. Am J Kidney Dis 53: 1042-1049.
45. Mabuchi H, Nakahashi H,. 1987. Determination of 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5- propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid, a major endogenous ligand substance in uremic serum, by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr 415: 110-117. (Pubitemid 17041790)
46. Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Cutrupi S, Malatino LS, Zoccali C,. 2005. Prognostic value of combined use of biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and myocardiopathy in patients with ESRD. Kidney Int 67: 2330-2337. (Pubitemid 41623394)
47. Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Krug O, Bode-Böger SM,. 2004. Determination of arginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in human plasma by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with the isotope dilution technique. J Mass Spectrom 39: 1287-1294. (Pubitemid 39545978)
48. Martinez AW, Recht NS, Hostetter TH, Meyer TW,. 2005. Removal of P-cresol sulfate by hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 3430-3436. (Pubitemid 46187553)
49. Meijers BK, De Loor H, Bammens B, Verbeke K, Vanrenterghem Y, Evenepoel P,. 2009. p-Cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 1932-1938.
50. Mironova R, Niwa T,. 2001. Molecular heterogeneity of amyloid beta-microglobulin and modification with advanced glycation end products. J Chromatogr B 758: 109-115. (Pubitemid 32510858)
51. Mischak H, Massy ZA, Jankowski J,. 2009. Proteomics in uremia and renal disease. Semin Dial 22: 409-416.
52. Miyazaki K, Nagai R, Horiuchi S,. 2002. Creatine plays a direct role as a protein modifier in the formation of a novel advanced glycation end product. J Biochem 132: 543-550. (Pubitemid 35238907)
53. Molina H, Bunkenborg J, Reddy GH, Muthusamy B, Scheel PJ, Pandey A,. 2005. A proteomic analysis of human hemodialysis fluid. Mol Cell Proteomics 4: 637-650. (Pubitemid 40862242)
54. Musante L, Candiano G, Petretto A, Bruschi M, Dimasi N, Caridi G, Pavone B, Del Boccio P, Galliano M, Urbani A, Scolari F, Vincenti F, Ghiggeri GM,. 2007. Active focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is associated with massive oxidation of plasma albumin. J Am Soc Nephrol 18: 799-810. (Pubitemid 46434497)
55. Nakayama K, Nakayama M, Iwabuchi M, Terawaki H, Sato T, Kohno M, Ito S,. 2008. Plasma alpha-oxoaldehyde levels in diabetic and nondiabetic chronic kidney disease patients. Am J Nephrol 28: 871-878.
56. Naseeb U, Shafqat J, Jägerbrink T, Zarina S, Alvestrand A, Jörnvall H, Axelsson J,. 2008. Proteome patterns in uremic plasma. Blood Purif 26: 561-568.
57. N'Gankam V, Uehlinger D, Dick B, Frey BM, Frey FJ,. 2002. Increased cortisol metabolites and reduced activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in patients on hemodialysis. Kidney Int 61: 1859-1866. (Pubitemid 34437942)
58. Niwa T,. 1986. Metabolic profiling with GC-MS and its application to clinical medicine. J Chromatogr 379: 313-345. (Pubitemid 16094057)
59. Niwa T,. 1997. Mass spectrometry in the search for uremic toxins. Mass Spectrom Rev 16: 307-332. (Pubitemid 127656255)
60. Niwa T,. 1999. 3-Deoxyglucosone: Metabolism, analysis, biological activity, and clinical implication. J Chromatogr B 731: 23-36. (Pubitemid 29376410)
61. Niwa T,. 2006. Mass spectrometry for the study of protein glycation in disease. Mass Spectrom Rev 25: 713-723.
62. Niwa T,. 2007. Protein glutathionylation and oxidative stress. J Chromatogr B 855: 59-65. (Pubitemid 47077719)
63. Niwa T,. 2008. Biomarker discovery for kidney diseases by mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 870: 148-153. (Pubitemid 351992935)
64. Niwa T,. 2009. Recent progress in the analysis of uremic toxins by mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 877: 2600-2606.
65. Niwa T,. 2010. Uremic toxicity of indoxyl sulfate. Nagoya J Med Sci 72: 1-11.
66. Niwa T,. 2010. Indoxyl sulfate is a nephro-vascular toxin. J Ren Nutr 20 (Suppl 1): S2-S6.
67. Niwa T, Ise M,. 1994. Indoxyl sulfate, a circulating uremic toxin, stimulates the progression of glomerular sclerosis. J Lab Clin Med 124: 96-104. (Pubitemid 2125685)
68. Niwa T, Ohki T, Maeda K, Saito A, Ota K, Kobayashi K,. 1979a. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay for nine hydroxyphenolic acids in uremic serum. Clin Chim Acta 96: 247-254. (Pubitemid 9254851)
69. Niwa T, Ohki T, Maeda K, Saito A, Kobayashi K,. 1979b. Pattern of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids in uremic serum including a new organic acid, 2,4-dimethyladipic acid. Clin Chim Acta 99: 71-83. (Pubitemid 10191879)
70. Niwa T, Asada H, Tsutsui S, Miyazaki T,. 1995. Efficient removal of albumin-bound furancarboxylic acid by protein-leaking hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol 15: 463-467.
71. Niwa T, Katsuzaki T, Momoi T, Miyazaki T, Ogawa H, Saito A, Miyazaki S, Maeda K, Tatemichi N, Takei Y,. 1996a. Modification of β2m with advanced glycation end products as observed in dialysis-related amyloidosis by 3-DG accumulating in uremic serum. Kidney Int 49: 861-867.
72. Niwa T, Miyazaki T, Tsukushi S, Tsubakihara Y, Owada A, Shiigai T,. 1996b. Accumulation of indoxyl-β-D-glucuronide in uremic serum: Suppression of its production by oral sorbent and efficient removal by hemodialysis. Nephron 74: 72-78. (Pubitemid 26300652)
73. Niwa T, Takeda N, Yoshizumi H,. 1998. RNA metabolism in uremic patients: Accumulation of modified ribonucleosides in uremic serum. Kidney Int 53: 1801-1806. (Pubitemid 28243768)
74. Oberdoerster J, Guizzetti M, Costa LG,. 2000. Effect of phenylalanine and its metabolites on the proliferation and viability of neuronal and astroglial cells: Possible relevance in maternal phenylketonuria. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 295: 295-301.
75. Odani H, Shinzato T, Matsumoto Y, Usami J, Maeda K,. 1999. Increase in three alpha, beta-dicarbonyl compound levels in human uremic plasma: Specific in vivo determination of intermediates in advanced Maillard reaction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 256: 89-93. (Pubitemid 29298922)
76. Peng J, Gygi SP,. 2001. Proteomics: The move to mixtures. J Mass Spectrom 36: 1083-1091. (Pubitemid 33040761)
77. Pickert A, Bäuerle A, Liebich HM,. 1989. Determination of hippuric acid and furanic acid in serum of dialysis patients and control persons by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 495: 95-104. (Pubitemid 19270551)
78. Raida M, Schulz-Knappe P, Heine G, Forssmann WG,. 1999. Liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometric mapping of peptides from human plasma filtrate. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 10: 45-54. (Pubitemid 34450235)
79. Rhee EP, Souza A, Farrell L, Pollak MR, Lewis GD, Steele DJ, Thadhani R, Clish CB, Greka A, Gerszten RE,. 2010. Metabolite profiling identifies markers of uremia. J Am Soc Nephrol 21: 1041-1051.
80. Rutkowski B, Slominska E, Szolkiewicz M, Smolenski RT, Striley C, Rutkowski P, Swierczynski J,. 2003. N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide: A novel uremic toxin? Kidney Int 63 (Suppl 84): S19-S21. (Pubitemid 36513366)
81. Rutkowski P, Slominska EM, Wołyniec W, Smoleński RT, Szolkiewicz M, Swierczyński J, Rutkowski B,. 2008. Nicotinamide metabolites accumulate in the tissues of uremic rats. J Ren Nutr 18: 56-59. (Pubitemid 350251829)
82. Rutkowski B, Rutkowski P, Słomińska E, Swierczyński J,. 2010. Distribution of purine nucleotides in uremic fluids and tissues. J Ren Nutr 20 (Suppl 1): S7-S10.
83. Sassa T, Matsuno H, Niwa M, Kozawa O, Takeda N, Niwa T, Kumada T, Uematsu T,. 2000. Measurement of furancarboxylic acid, a candidate for uremic toxin, in human serum, hair, and sweat, and analysis of pharmacological actions in vitro. Arch Toxicol 73: 649-654. (Pubitemid 30117227)
84. Sato M, Koyama M, Miyazaki T, Niwa T,. 1996. Reduced renal clearance of furancarboxylic acid, a major albumin-bound organic acid, in undialyzed uremic patients. Nephron 74: 419-421. (Pubitemid 26326721)
85. Schiffer E, Mischak H, Vanholder RC,. 2008. Exploring the uremic toxins using proteomic technologies. Contrib Nephrol 160: 159-171.
86. Schroeder JC, Dinatale BC, Murray IA, Flaveny CA, Liu Q, Laurenzana EM, Lin JM, Strom SC, Omiecinski CJ, Amin S, Perdew GH,. 2010. The uremic toxin 3-indoxyl sulfate is a potent endogenous agonist for the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochemistry 49: 393-400.
87. Slominska EM, Smolenski RT, Szolkiewicz M, Leaver N, Rutkowski B, Simmonds HA, Swierczynski J,. 2002. Accumulation of plasma N-methyl-2-pyridone- 5-carboxamide in patients with chronic renal failure. Mol Cell Biochem 231: 83-88. (Pubitemid 34257226)
88. Soveri I, Lind L, Wikstrom B, Zilmer M, Zilmer K, Fellström B,. 2007. Improvement in central arterial pressure waveform during hemodialysis is related to a reduction in asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels. Nephron Clin Pract 106: c180-c186. (Pubitemid 47172278)
89. Takayama F, Taki K, Niwa T,. 2003. Bifidobacterium in gastro-resistant seamless capsule reduces serum levels of indoxyl sulfate in patients on hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 41 (3 Suppl 1): S142-S145. (Pubitemid 36278365)
90. Takeda N, Niwa T, Tatematsu A, Suzuki M,. 1987. Identification and quantification of a major protein-bound ligand accumulated in uremic serum. Clin Chem 33: 682-685. (Pubitemid 17155695)
91. Takeda N, Yoshizumi H, Niwa T,. 2000. Detection and characterization of modified nucleosides in serum and urine of uremic patients using capillary liquid chromatography-frit-fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 746: 51-62.
92. Taki K, Takayama F, Tsuruta Y, Niwa T,. 2006. Oxidative stress, advanced glycation end product, and coronary artery calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 70: 218-224. (Pubitemid 44000142)
93. Tao X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Lin J, Zhao A, Su M, Jia W,. 2008. GC-MS with ethyl chloroformate derivatization for comprehensive analysis of metabolites in serum and its application to human uremia. Anal Bioanal Chem 391: 2881-2889.
94. Thornalley PJ,. 2005. Measurement of protein glycation, glycated peptides, and glycation free adducts. Perit Dial Int 25: 522-533. (Pubitemid 43109250)
95. Thornalley PJ, Argirova M, Ahmed N, Mann VM, Argirov O, Dawnay A,. 2000. Mass spectrometric monitoring of albumin in uremia. Kidney Int 58: 2228-2234.
96. Thornalley PJ, Battah S, Ahmed N, Karachalias N, Agalou S, Babaei-Jadidi R, Dawnay A,. 2003. Quantitative screening of advanced glycation endproducts in cellular and extracellular proteins by tandem mass spectrometry. Biochem J 375: 581-592. (Pubitemid 37433506)
97. Tomosugi N, Kawabata H, Wakatabe R, Higuchi M, Yamaya H, Umehara H, Ishikawa I,. 2006. Detection of serum hepcidin in renal failure and inflammation by using ProteinChip System. Blood 108: 1381-1387. (Pubitemid 44232041)
98. Torremans A, Marescau B, Vanholder R, De Smet R, Billiouw JM, De Deyn PP,. 2003. The low nanomolar levels of N G-monomethylarginine in serum and urine of patients with chronic renal insufficiency are not significantly different from control levels. Amino Acids 24: 375-381. (Pubitemid 36745622)
99. Toyohara T, Suzuki T, Morimoto R, Akiyama Y, Souma T, Shiwaku HO, Takeuchi Y, Mishima E, Abe M, Tanemoto M, Masuda S, Kawano H, Maemura K, Nakayama M, Sato H, Mikkaichi T, Yamaguchi H, Fukui S, Fukumoto Y, Shimokawa H, Inui K, Terasaki T, Goto J, Ito S, Hishinuma T, Rubera I, Tauc M, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Yabuuchi H, Moriyama Y, Soga T, Abe T,. 2009. SLCO4C1 transporter eliminates uremic toxins and attenuates hypertension and renal inflammation. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 2546-2555.
100. Toyohara T, Akiyama Y, Suzuki T, Takeuchi Y, Mishima E, Tanemoto M, Momose A, Toki N, Sato H, Nakayama M, Hozawa A, Tsuji I, Ito S, Soga T, Abe T,. 2010. Metabolomic profiling of uremic solutes in CKD patients. Hypertens Res 33: 944-952.
101. Tsukushi S, Shimokata K, Niwa T,. 1999. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of erythrocyte 3-deoxyglucosone in hemodialysis patients. J Chromatogr B 731: 37-44. (Pubitemid 29376411)
102. Vanholder R, De Smet R, Glorieux G, Argilés A, Baurmeister U, Brunet P, Clark W, Cohen G, De Deyn PP, Deppisch R, Descamps-Latscha B, Henle T, Jörres A, Lemke HD, Massy ZA, Passlick-Deetjen J, Rodriguez M, Stegmayr B, Stenvinkel P, Tetta C, Wanner C, Zidek W, European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox). 2003. Review on uremic toxins: Classification, concentration, and interindividual variability. Kidney Int 63: 1934-1943. (Pubitemid 36513344)
103. Vishwanathan K, Tackett RL, Stewart JT, Bartlett MG,. 2000. Determination of arginine and methylated arginines in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 748: 157-166.
104. Weiss G, Theurl I, Eder S, Koppelstaetter C, Kurz K, Sonnweber T, Kobold U, Mayer G,. 2009. Serum hepcidin concentration in chronic haemodialysis patients: Associations and effects of dialysis, iron and erythropoietin therapy. Eur J Clin Invest 39: 883-890.
105. Weissinger EM, Kaiser T, Meert N, De Smet R, Walden M, Mischak H, Vanholder RC,. 2004. Proteomics: A novel tool to unravel the patho-physiology of uraemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 3068-3077. (Pubitemid 40057630)
106. Wu MY, Chen BG, Chang CD, Huang MH, Wu TG, Chang DM, Lee YJ, Wang HC, Lee CI, Chern CL, Liu RH,. 2008. A novel derivatization approach for simultaneous determination of glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 3-deoxyglucosone in plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1204: 81-86.
107. Zoccali C, Bode-Böger S, Mallamaci F, Benedetto F, Tripepi G, Malatino L, Cataliotti A, Bellanuova I, Fermo I, Frölich J, Böger R,. 2001. Plasma concentration of asymmetrical dimethylarginine and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease: A prospective study. Lancet 358: 2113-2117. (Pubitemid 34094901)
108. Zoccali C, Benedetto FA, Maas R, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Malatino LS, Böger R,. 2002. Asymmetric dimethylarginine, C-reactive protein, and carotid intima-media thickness in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 13: 490-496. (Pubitemid 34106292)