A review on microchannel heat exchangers and potential applications

International Journal of Energy Research

Volumn 35, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 553-582

  Khan, Mesbah G ^a   Fartaj, Amir ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

Author keywords

Crossflow; Energy; Microchannel heat exchanger; Multi port; Serpentine; Single phase; Test bench; Water glycol

Indexed keywords

CROSS FLOWS; ENERGY; MULTI-PORT; SINGLE-PHASE; TEST BENCH;

AIR QUALITY; ENERGY CONSERVATION; ENERGY CONVERSION; FLOW OF FLUIDS; FLUIDS; GLYCOLS; HEAT TRANSFER; MICROCHANNELS; RESEARCH; SERPENTINE; SILICATE MINERALS; THERMAL POLLUTION;

HEAT EXCHANGERS;

EID: 79954445543     PISSN: 0363907X     EISSN: 1099114X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/er.1720     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Zimparov V. Energy conservation through heat transfer enhancement techniques. International Journal of Energy Research 2002; 26:675-696.
2. Webb RL, Kim N-H. Principles of Enhanced Heat Transfer (2nd edn). Taylor & Francis: NY, 2005.
3. Webb RL. Advances in modeling enhanced heat transfer surfaces. Proceeding of the 10th Intertanional Heat Transfer Conference, Brighton, U.K., 14-18 August 1994.
4. Steinke ME, Kandlikar SG. Review of single-phase heat transfer enhancement techniques for application in microchannels, minichannels and microdevices. Heat and Technology 2004; 22:3-11.
5. Shah RK, Sekulic DP. Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. Wiley: NJ, 2003.
6. Shah RK, Webb RL. Compact and enhanced heat exchangers. In Heat Exchangers: Theory and Practice, Taborek J, Hewitt GF, Afgan N(eds). McGraw-Hill: NY, 1983.
7. Shah RK. Compact heat exchanger technology and applications. In Heat Exchange Engineering, Volume 2: Compact Heat Exchangers: Techniques of Size Reduction, Foumaeny EA, Heggs PJ(eds). Ellis Horwood: London, 1991.
8. Wang C-C. Recent progress on the air-side performance of fin-and-tube heat exchangers. International Journal of Heat Exchangers 2000; 1:49-76.
9. Rugh JP, Pearson JT, Ramadhyani S. A study of a very compact heat exchanger used for passenger compartment heating in automobiles. Compact Heat Exchangers for Power and Process Industries HTDS ASME 1992; 201:15-24.
10. Luo L, Fan Y, Tondeur D. Heat exchanger: from micro- to multi-scale design optimization. International Journal of Energy Research 2007; 30:1266-1274.
11. Kakac S, Liu H. Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating, and Thermal Design. CRC Press LLC: FL, 2002.
12. Detlef W, Kurt WR, James B. Microchannel heat exchangers-emerging technologies. ASHRAE Journal 2003:107-109.
13. Naterer GF. Guest editorial: recent advances in micro and nano energy systems. International Journal of Energy Research 2007; 31:547.
14. Glockner PS, Naterer GF. Recent advances in nano-electromechanical and microfluidic power generation. International Journal of Energy Research 2007; 31:603-618.
15. Morse JD. Micro-fuel cell power sources. International Journal of Energy Research 2007; 31:576-602.
16. Naterer GF. Reducing energy availability losses with open parallel microchannels embedded in a micropatterned surface. International Journal of Energy Research 2005; 29:1215-1229.
17. Chen K. Second-law analysis and optimization of microchannel flows subjected to different thermal boundary conditions. International Journal of Energy Research 2004; 29:249-263.
18. Kandlikar SG, Garimella S, Li Di, Colin S, King MR. Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Minichannels and Microchannels. Elsevier Ltd.: Oxford, UK, 2006.
19. Kandlikar SG. Microchannels and minichannels-History, terminology, classification and current research needs. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels ICMM2003. ASME Publications: NY, U.S.A., 24-25 April 2003; Paper {music sharp sign} ICMM2003-1000.
20. Kandlikar SG, Grande WJ. Evolution of microchannel flow passages-thermohydraulic performance and fabrication technology. Heat Transfer Engineering 2003; 24(1):3-17.
21. Hasan MI, Rageb AA, Yaghoubi M, Homayoni H. Influence of channel geometry on the performance of a counter flow microchannel heat exchanger. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 2009; 48:1607-1618.
22. Harris C, Despa M, Kelly K. Design and fabrication of a cross flow micro heat exchanger. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems IEEE 2000; 9(4):502-508.
23. Morini GL. Single-phase convective heat transfer in microchannels: a review of experimental results. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 2004; 43:631-651.
24. Wahib O, Bjorn P. Experimental investigation of single-phase convective heat transfer in circular microchannels. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 2004; 28:105-110.
25. Hetsroni G, Mosyak A, Pogrebnyak E, Yarin LP. Fluid flow in micro-channels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2005; 48:1982-1998.
26. Qi SL, Zhang P, Wang RZ, Xu LX. Single-phase pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of turbulent liquid nitrogen flow in micro-tubes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2007; 50:1993-2001.
27. Mokrani O, Bourouga B, Castelain C, Peerhossaini H. Fluid flow and convective heat transfer in flat microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2009; 52:1337-1352.
28. Garimella SV, Singhal V. Single-phase flow and heat transport and pumping considerations in microchannel heat sinks. Heat Transfer Engineering 2004; 25(1):15-25.
29. Harris C, Kelly K, Wang T, McCandless A, Motakef S. Fabrication, modeling, and testing of micro-cross-flow heat exchangers. IEEE Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 2002; 11(6):726-735.
30. Kim J, Groll E. Performance and reliability of microchannel heat exchangers in unitary equipment. NewsLetter 2003; 10(1): 2003. Ray W. Herrick Labs, Purdue University.
31. Ravi A, Tad D, Laura S. Microchannel heat exchangers improve LNG economics. HART (Velocys): Gas-to-Liquids News 2004; March 2004:5-2004:8.
32. Sparrow EM, Baliga BR, Patakkar SV. Forced convection heat transfer from a shrouded fin-array with and without tip clearance. Journal of Heat Transfer 1978; 100:572-579.
33. Tuckerman DB, Pease RFW. High-performance heat sinking for VLSI. IEEE Electron Device Letters 1981; EDL-2(5):126-129.
34. Tuckerman DB. Heat transfer microstructures for integrated circuits. Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, U.S.A., 1984.
35. Mundinger DR, Beach R, Benett W, Solarz R, Sperry V. Laser diode cooling for high average power applications. UCRL-100245, LLNL, 1989.
36. Goodling JS. Microchannel heat exchangers-a review. High Heat Flux Engineering II, Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers SPIE 1993, San Diego, CA, U.S.A., 1997; 66-82.
37. Steinke ME, Kandlikar SG. Single-phase liquid friction factors in microchannels. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 2006; 45:1073-1083.
38. Tang GH, Zhuo Li, He YL, Tao WQ. Experimental study of compressibility, roughness and rarefaction influences on microchannel flow. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2007; 50:2282.
39. Davies SJ, White CM. An experimental study of the flow of water in pipes of rectangular section. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A 1928; 119(781):92-107.
40. Gambill W, Bundy R. Heat transfer studies of turbulent water flow in the rectangular channels HFIR. ORNL-3079 UC-80-Reactor Technology, Oak Ridge, TN, U.S.A, 1961.
41. Wu PY, Little WA. Measurement of friction factors for the flow of gases in very fine channels used for microminiature Joule-Thompson refrigerators. Cryogenics 1983; 23(5):273-277.
42. Wu PY, Little WA. Measurement of the heat transfer characteristics of gas flow in fine channel heat exchangers used for microminiature refrigerators. Cryogenics 1984; 24(8):415-420.
43. Acosta R, Muller R, Tobias C. Transport processes in narrow (capillary) channels. Journal of AIChE 1985; 31:473-482.
44. Harley J, Bau HH, Zemel JN, Dominko V. Fluid flow in micron and submicron size channels. Proceedings of the IEEE 1989; MEMS:25-28.
45. Missaggia LJ, Walpole JN, Liau ZL, Phillips RJ. Microchannel heat sinks for two-dimensional high-power-density diode laser arrays. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 1989; 25(9):1988-1992.
46. Nakagawa S, Shoji S, Esashi M. A micro chemical analyzing system integrated on silicon chip. Proceedings of the IEEE, Napa Valley, CA, U.S.A., vol. MEMS, 1990; 89-94.
47. Pfahler J, Harley J, Bau HH. Liquid transport in micron and submicron channels. Sensors and Actors 1990; A21-A22:431-434.
48. Choi SB, Barron RF, Warrington RO. Fluid flow and heat transfer in microtubes. In Micromechanical Sensors, Actuators, and Systems, Cshoi SB et al. (eds), vol. DSC-32. ASME: NY, U.S.A., 1991; 123-134.
49. Lin S, Kwok CCK, Li RY, Chen ZH, Chen ZY. Local frictional pressure drop during vaporization of R-12 through capillary tubes. International Journal of Multiphase Flow 1991; 17:95-102.
50. Pfahler J, Harley J, Bau HH, Zamel JN. Gas and liquid flow in small channles. In Micromechanical Sensors, Actuators and Systems, Choi SB et al. (eds), vol. DSC-32, ASME: NY, U.S.A., 1991; 49-60.
51. Riddle RA, Contolini RJ, Bernhardt AF. Design calculations for the microchannel heat sink. Proceedings of the Technical Program-National Electronic Products Conference 1991; 1:161-171.
52. Weisberg A, Bau HH, Zamel JN. Analysis of microchannels for integrated cooling. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1992; 35(10):2465-2474.
53. Peng XF, Wang BX. Forced convection and flow boiling heat transfer for liquid flowing through microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1993; 36:3421-3427.
54. Rahman MM, Gui FJ. Design, fabrication, and testing of microchannel heat sinks for aircraft avionics cooling. Proceedings of the 28th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Atlanda, GA, U.S.A., 8-13 August 1993; 1-6.
55. Rahman MM, Gui FJ. Experimental measurements of fluid flow and heat transfer in microchannel cooling passages in a chip substrate. Advances in Electronic Packaging, ASME 1993; 199(4):685-692.
56. Urbanek W, Zemel JN, Bau HH. An investigation of the temperature dependence of Poiseuille numbers in microchannel flow. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 1993; 3:206-208.
57. Arkilic EB, Breuer KS, Schmidt MA. Gaseous flow in microchannels. Application of Microfabrication to Fluid Mechanics, ASME FED 1994; 197:57-66.
58. Bowers MB, Mudawar I. High flux boiling in low flow rate low pressure drop minichannel and microchannel heat sinks. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1994; 37(2):321-332.
59. Peng XF, Peterson GP, Wang BX. Heat transfer characteristics of water flowing through microchannels. Experimental Heat Transfer 1994; 7(4):265-283.
60. Pong K, Ho C, Liu J, Tai YC. Non-linear pressure distribution in uniform microchannels. Application of Microfabrication to Fluid Mechanics, ASME FED 1994; 197:51-56.
61. Wang BX, Peng XF. Experimental investigation on liquid forced convection heat transfer through microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1994; 37(1):73-82.
62. Wilding P, Pfahler J, Zemel JN, Bau HH, Kricka LJ. Manipulation and flow of biological fluids in straight channels micromachined in silicon. Clinical Chemistry 1994; 40(1):43-47.
63. Peng XF, Peterson GP, Wang BX. Frictional flow characteristics of water flowing through rectangular microchannels. Experimental Heat Transfer 1995; 7(4):249-264.
64. Gui FJ, Scaringe RP. Enhanced heat transfer in the entrance region of microchannels. Proceedings of the 30th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Orlando, FL, U.S.A., 30 July-4 August 1995; 289-294.
65. Harley J, Huang Y, Bau HH, Zemel JN. Gas flow in microchannels. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1995; 284:257-274.
66. Jiang XN, Zhou ZY, Yao J, Li Y, Ye XY. Micro-fluid flow in microchannel. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators and Eurosensors IX, Stockholm, Sweden, 25-29 June 1995; 317-320.
67. Liu J, Tai YC, Ho CM. MEMS for pressure distribution studies of gaseous flows in microchannels. Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Annual International Workshop on MEMS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 29 January-2 February 1995; 209-215.
68. Peng XF, Peterson GP. The effect of thermofluid and geometrical parameters on convection of liquids through rect. microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1995; 38(4):755-758.
69. Peng XF, Wang BX, Peterson GP, Ma HB. Experimental investigation of heat transfer in flat plates rectangular microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1995; 38(1):127-137.
70. Yu D, Warrington RO, Barron RF, Ameel TA. An experimental and theoretical investigation of fluid flow and heat transfer in micro-tubes. Proceedings of the ASME/JSME Thermal Engineering Joint Conference, Maui, HI, 1995; 1:523-530.
71. Cuta JM, McDonald CE, Shekarriz A. Forced convection heat transfer in parallel channel array microchannel heat exchanger. Advances in Energy Efficiency, Heat/Mass Transfer Enhancement, ASME-PID 1996; 33:17-23.
72. Nguyen NT, Bochnia D, Kiehnscherrf R, Dözel W. Investigation of forced convection in microfluid systems. Sensors and Actuators 1996; A55:49-55.
73. Peng XF, Peterson GP. Convective heat transfer and flow friction for water flow in microchannel structures. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1996; 39(12):2599-2608.
74. Peng XF, Peterson GP. Forced convection heat transfer of single-phase binary mixtures through microchannels. Experimental Thermal Fluid Science 1996; 12:98-104.
75. Ravigururajan TS, Cuta JM, McDonald CE, Dorst MK. Single-phase thermal performance characteristics of a parallel micro-channel heat exchanger. Proceeding of the US National Heat Transfer Conference, ASME-HTD 1996; 329:157-166.
76. Shih JC, Ho CM, Liu J, Tai YC. Monatomic and polyatomic gas flow through uniform microchannels. Proceedings of the ASME 1996; DSC-59:197-203.
77. Arkilic EB, Schmidt MA, Breuer KS. Gaseous slip flow in long microchannels. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 1997; 6(2):167-178.
78. Harms TM, Kazmierczak MJ, Gerner FM, Holke A, Henderson HT, Pilchowski J, Baker K. Experimental investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop through deep microchannels in a <110> silicon substrate. Proceedings of the ASME HTD 1997; 351(1):347-357.
79. Jiang XN, Zhou ZY, Huang XY, Liu CY. Laminar flow through microchannels used for microscale cooling systems. Proceedings of the IEEE/CPMT Electronic Packaging Technology Conference, Singapore, 1997; 119-122.
80. Mala GM, Li D, Dale JD. Heat transfer and fluid flow in microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1997; 40(13):3079-3088.
81. Richter M, Woias P, Weiss D. Microchannels for applications in liquid dosing and flow-rate measurement. Sensors and Actuators A 1997; A62:480-483.
82. Stanley RS, Barron RF, Ameel TA. Two-phase flow in microchannels. Proceedings of the Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), Nagoya, Japan, vol. DSC-62. ASME, 26-30 January 1997; 143-152.
83. Adams TM, Abdel-Khalik SI, Jeter SM, Qureshi ZH. An experimental investigation of single-phase forced convection in microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1998; 41(6-7):851-857.
84. Pfund DA, Shekarriz A, Popescu A, Welty JR. Pressure drops measurements in microchannels. Proceedings of the MEMS, Heidelburg, Germany, vol. DSC-66. ASME, 25-29 January 1998; 193-198.
85. Vidmar RJ, Barker RJ. Microchannel cooling for a high-energy particle transmission window, an RF transmission window, and VLSI heat dissipation. IEEE Transactions, Plasma Science 1998; 26(3):1031-1043.
86. Webb RL, Zhang M. Heat transfer and friction in small diameter channels. Microscale Thermophysical Engineering 1998; 2:189-202.
87. Adams TM, Ghiaasiaan SM, Abdel-Khalik SI. Enhancement of liquid forced convection heat transfer in microchannels due to the release of dissolved noncondensables. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1999; 42:3563-3573.
88. Adams TM, Dowling MF, Abdel-Khalik SI, Jeter SM. Applicability of traditional turbulent single-phase forced convection correlations to non-circular microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1999; 42:4411-4415.
89. Harms TM, Kazmierczak MJ, Gerner FM. Developing convective heat transfer in deep rectangular microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 1999; 20:149-157.
90. Mala GM, Li D. Flow characteristics of water in microtubes. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 1999; 20:142-148.
91. Papautsky I, Gale BK, Mohanty S, Ameel TA, Frazier AB. Effects of rectangular microchannel aspect ratio on laminar friction constant. Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) 1999; 3877:147-158.
92. Papautsky I, Brazzle J, Ameel TA, Frazier AB. Laminar fluid behavior in microchannels using micropolar fluid theory. Sensors and Actuators 1999; 73(2):101-108.
93. Xu B, Ooi KT, Wong NT, Liu CY, Choi WK. Liquid flow in microchannels. Proceedings of the 5th ASME/JSME Joint Thermal Engineering Conference, San Diego, CA, U.S.A., 1999; 150-158.
94. Araki T, Soo KM, Hiroshi I, Kenjiro S. An experimental investigation of gaseous flow characteristics in microchannels. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Heat Transfer and Transport Phenomena in Microscale, Celata GP et al. (eds). Begell House: NY, 2000; 155-161.
95. Celata GP, Cumo M, Guglielmi M, Zummo G. Experimental investigation of hydraulic and single-phase heat transfer in 0.130mm capillary tube. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Heat Transfer and Transport Phenomena in Microscale, Celata GP et al. (eds). Begell House: NY, 2000; 108-113.
96. Ding LS, Sun H, Sheng XL, Lee BD. Measurement of friction factors for R134a and R12 through microchannels. Proceedings of the Symposium on Energy Engineering in the 21st Century 2000; 2:650-657.
97. Judy J, Maynes D, Webb BW. Liquid flow pressure drop in microtubes. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Heat Transfer and Transport Phenomena in Microscale, Celata GP et al. (eds). Begell House: NY, 2000; 149-154.
98. Li ZX, Du DX, Guo ZY. Characteristics of frictional resistance for gas flow in microtubes. Proceedings of the Symposium on Energy Engineering in 21st Century 2000; 2:658-664.
99. Li ZX, Du DX, Guo ZY. Experimental study on flow characteristics of liquid in circular microtubes. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Heat Transfer and Transport Phenomena in Microscale, Celata et al. (eds). Begell House: NY, 2000; 162-167.
100. Pfund D, Rector D, Shekarriz A, Popescu A, Welty J. Pressure drop measurements in a microchannel. AIChE Journal 2000; 46(8):1496-1507.
101. Qu W, Mala M, Li D. Pressure-driven water flows in trapezoidal silicon microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2000; 43:353-364.
102. Qu W, Mala GM, Li D. Heat transfer for water flow in trapezoidal silicon microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2000; 43:3925-3936.
103. Rahman MM. Measurements of heat transfer in microchannel heat sinks. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 2000; 27(4):495-506.
104. Sharp KV, Adrian RJ, Beebe DJ. Anomalous transition to turbulence in microtubes. Proceedings of the International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 5th Microfluidic Symposeum, Orlando, FL, U.S.A., 2000; 150-158.
105. Tso CP, Mahulikar SP. Experimental verification of the role of Brinkman number in microchannels using local parameters. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2000; 43:1837-1849.
106. Xu B, Ooi KT, Wong NT, Choi WK. Experimental investigation of flow friction for liquid flow in microchannels. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 2000; 27(8):1165-1176.
107. Yang CY, Chien HT, Lu SR, Shyu RJ. Friction characteristics of water, R-134a and air in small tubes. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Heat Transfer and Transport Phenomena in Microscale, Celata et al. (eds). Begell House: NY, 2000; 168-174.
108. Debray F, Franc JP, Maitre T, Reynaud S. Mesure des coefficient de transfert thermique par convection forcée en mini-canaux. Mécanique and Industries 2001; 2(5):443-454.
109. Ghiaasiaan SM, Laker TS. Turbulent forced convection in mircotubes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2001; 44:2777-2782.
110. Jiang PX, Fan MH, Si GS, Ren ZP. Thermal-hydraulic performance of small scale micro-channel and porous-media heat-exchangers. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2001; 44:1039-1051.
111. Kandlikar SG, Joshi S, Tian S. Effect of channel roughness on heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics at low Reynolds numbers in small diameter tubes. Proceedings of the 35th National Heat Transfer Conference, vol. 2, Paper {music sharp sign}NHTC01-12134, 2001; 1609-1618.
112. Ren L, Qu W, Li D. Interfacial electrokinetic effects on liquid flow in microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2001; 44:3125-3134.
113. Chung PM-Y, Kawaji M, Kawahara A. Characteristics of single-phase flow in microchannels. Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Conference, ASME-FED 2002; 1(A-B):1219-1228.
114. Gao P, Le Person S, Favre-Marinet M. Hydrodynamics and heat transfer in a two dimensional microchannel. Proceedings of the 12th International Heat Transfer Conference 2002; 2:183-188.
115. Gao P, Le Person S, Favre MM. Scale effects on hydrodynamics and heat transfer in two-dimensional mini and microchannels. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 2002; 41:1017-1027.
116. Hegab HE, Bari A, Ameel T. Friction and convection studies of R-134A in microchannels within the transition and turbulent flow regimes. Experimental Heat Transfer 2002; 15:245-259.
117. Judy J, Maynes D, Webb BW. Characterization of frictional pressure drop for liquid flows through microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2002; 45:3477-3489.
118. Kandlikar SG. Fundamental issues related to flow boiling in minichannels and microchannels. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 2002; 26:389-407.
119. Kang S-W, Chen Y-T, Chang GS. The manufacture and test of (110) orientated silicon based micro heat exchanger. Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering 2002; 5(3):129-136.
120. Maynes D, Webb AR. Velocity profile characterization in sub-millimeter tubes using molecular tagging velocimetry. Experiments in Fluids 2002; 32:3-15.
121. Qu W, Mudawar I. Experimental and numerical study of pressure drop and heat transfer in a single-phase micro-channel heat sink. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2002; 45:2549-2565.
122. Toh KC, Chen XY, Chai JC. Numerical computation of fluid flow and heat transfer in microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2002; 45:5133-5141.
123. Turner SE, Sun H, Faghri M, Gregory OJ. Gas flow through smooth and rough microchannels. Proceedings of the 12th International Heat Transfer Conference 2002; 1:501-506.
124. Guo ZY, Li ZX. Size effect on microscale single-phase flow and heat transfer. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2003; 46:149-159.
125. Bucci A, Celata GP, Cumo M, Serra E, Zummo G. Fluid flow and single-phase flow heat transfer of water in capillary tubes. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels ICMM2003. ASME Publications: NY, U.S.A., 24-25 April 2003.
126. Jung JY, Kwak HY. Fluid flow and heat transfer in microchannels with rectangular cross section. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels ICMM2003; Paper {music sharp sign} 1032. ASME Publications: NY, U.S.A., 24-25 April 2003.
127. Kandlikar SG, Joshi S, Tian S. Effect of surface roughness on heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics at low Re in small diameter tubes. Heat Transfer Engineering 2003; 24:4-16.
128. Kim M-H, Lee SY, Mehendale SS, Webb RL. Microchannel heat exchanger design for evaporator and condenser applications. In Advances in Heat Transfer, Hartnett JP, Irvine TF, Cho YI, Greene GA (eds), vol. 37; 2003; 297-429.
129. Lee P-S, Garimella SV. Experimental investigation of heat transfer in microchannels. Proceedings of the ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference, 2003; 391-397.
130. Li ZX, Du DX, Guo ZY. Experimental study on flow characteristics of liquid in circular microtubes. Microscale Thermophysical Engineering 2003; 7(3):253-265.
131. Tu X, Hrnjak P. Experimental investigation of single-phase flow pressure drop through rectangular microchannels. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels ICMM2003; Paper {music sharp sign} 1028. ASME Publications: NY, U.S.A., 24-25 April 2003.
132. Wu HY, Cheng P. Friction factors in smooth trapezoidal silicon microchannels with different aspect ratios. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2003; 46:2519-2525.
133. Wu HY, Cheng P. An experimental study of convective heat transfer in silicon microchannels with different surface conditions. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2003; 46:2547-2556.
134. Baviere R, Ayela F, Le Person S, Favre-Marinet M. An experimental study of water flow in smooth and rough rectangular microchannels. Proceedings of 2nd the International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels ICMM2004, 2004, Later it appeared in Physics of Fluids 2005; 17.
135. Cui HH, Silber-Li ZH, Zhu SN. Flow characteristics of liquids in microtubes driven by high pressure. Physics of Fluids 2004; 16:1803-1810.
136. Hsieh S-S, Lin C-Y, Huang C-F, Tsai H-H. Liquid flow in a microchannel. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 2004; 14(4):436-445.
137. Lelea D, Nishio S, Takano K. The experimental research on microtube heat transfer and fluid flow of distilled water. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2004; 47:2817-2830.
138. Sharp KV, Adrian RJ. Transition from laminar to turbulent flow in liquid filled microtubes. Experiments in Fluids 2004; 36:741-747.
139. Jokar A, Hosni MH, Eckels SJ. Correlations for heat transfer and pressure drop of glycol-water and air flows in minichannel heat exchangers. ASHRAE Transactions: Research 2005; 111(2):213-224.
140. Kohl MJ, Abdel-Khalik SI, Jeter SM, Sadowski DL. An experimental investigation of microchannel flow with internal pressure measurements. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2005; 48:1518-1533.
141. Lee P-H, Garimella SV, Liu D. Investigation of heat transfer in rectangular microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2005; 48:1688-1704.
142. Yang W-H, Zhang J-Z, Cheng H-E. The study of flow characteristics of curved microchannel. Applied Thermal Engineering 2005; 25:1894-1907.
143. Bavie're R, Le Person S, Favre-Marinet M. Bias effects on heat transfer measurements in microchannel flows. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2006; 49:3325-3337.
144. Rands C, Webb BW, Maynes D. Characterization of transition to turbulence in microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2006; 49:2924-2930.
145. Caney N, Marty P, Bigot J. Friction losses and heat transfer of single-phase flow in a mini-channel. Applied Thermal Engineering 2007; 27:1715-1721.
146. Xiong R, Chung JN. Flow characteristics of water in straight and serpentine micro-channels with miter bends. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 2007; 31:805-812.
147. Celata GP, Cumo M, McPhail SJ, Tesfagabir L, Zummo G. Experimental study on compressible flow in microtubes. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 2007; 28:28-36.
148. Hrnjak P, Tu X. Single phase pressure drop in microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 2007; 28:2-14.
149. Kang S-W, Tseng S-C. Analysis of effectiveness and pressure drop in micro cross-flow heat exchanger. Applied Thermal Engineering 2007; 27:877-885.
150. Liu J-T, Peng X-F, Wei-Mon Yan W-M. Numerical study of fluid flow and heat transfer in microchannel cooling passages. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2007; 50:1855-1864.
151. Wang L, Liu F. Forced convection in slightly curved microchannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2007; 50:881-896.
152. Park HS, Punch J. Friction factor and heat transfer in multiple microchannels with uniform flow distribution. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2008; 51:4535-4543.
153. Jiang J, Hao Y, Shi M. Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in rectangular microchannels. Heat Transfer-Asian Research, 2008; 37(4):197-207.
154. Naphon P, Khonseur O. Study on the convective heat transfer and pressure drop in the micro-channel heat sink. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 2009; 36:39-44.
155. Shah RK, Bhatti MS. Laminar convective heat transfer in ducts. In Handbook of Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer, Kakac S, Shah RK, Aung W (eds). Wiley: NY, 1987.
156. Bhatti MS, Shah RK. Turbulent and transition convective heat transfer in ducts. In Handbook of Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer, Kakac et al. (eds). Wiley: NY, 1987.
157. Sadik K, Shah RK, Aung W. Handbook of Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer. Wiley: NY, 1987.
158. Phillips RJ. Forced convection liquid cooled microchannel heat sinks. MSME Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A., 1987.
159. Dittus FW, Boelter LMK. Heat transfer in automobile radiators of the tubular type. University of California Publications in Engineering 1930; 2(13):443-461.
160. Gnielinski V. New equations for heat and mass transfer in turbulent pipe and channel flow. International Journal of Chemical Engineering 1976; 16(2):359-368.
161. Gruss J-A, Bouzon C, Thonon B. Extruded microchannel-structured heat exchangers. Heat Transfer Engineering 2005; 26(3):56-63.
162. Kasagi N, Suzuki Y, Shikazono S, Oku T. Optimal design and assessment of high performance micro bare-tube heat exchangers. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Compact Heat Exchangers and Enhancement Technologies for the Process Industries, Crete, 2003; 241-246.
163. Kasagi N, Shikazono N, Suzuki Y, Oku T. Assessment of high-performance compact micro bare-tube heat exchangers for electronic equipment cooling. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Process Intensification and Miniaturization, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2003.
164. Hantz D, Pra P, Bensafi A. Microchannel and finned coils: performance comparison in single phase and in condensation. Proceedings of the International Congress of Refrigeration, Washington, 2003.
165. Yin JM, Bullard CW, Hrnjak PS. Single-phase pressure drop measurements in a microchannel heat exchanger. Heat Transfer Engineering 2002; 23(4):3-12.
166. Ferguson AD, Bahrami M, Culham JR. Review of experimental procedure for determining liquid flow in microchannels. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels ICMM2005; Paper {music sharp sign}ICMM2005-75126, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 13-15 June 2005.
167. Oosthuizen PH, Austin M. Channel-to-channel pressure differences in serpentine minichannel flow systems. Microscale Thermophysical Engineering 2005; 9:49-61.
168. Steinke ME, Kandlikar SG, Magerlein J, Colgan E, Raisanen A. 2005. Development of an experimental facility for investigating single-phase liquid flow in microchannels. Heat Transfer Engineering 2006; 27(4):41-52.
169. Mesbah GK, Fartaj A, Ting DS-K. An experimental characterization of cross-flow cooling of air via an in-line elliptical tube array. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 2004; 25(4):636-648.
170. Mesbah GK, Fartaj A, Ting DS-K. Study of cross-flow cooling and heating of air via an elliptical tube array. ASHRAE Transactions 2005; 111(Part-1):423-433. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc. (Paper {music sharp sign}TECH-00077-2004).
171. ASHRAE Standard 111-1988. Practices for measurement, testing, adjusting and balancing of building heating, ventilation, air-conditioning and refrigeration systems, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A., 1988.
172. ASME. Air Cooled Heat Exchangers. An American National Standard, Performance Test Code (PTC) 30-1991. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME): NY, 1991.