Are we ready for novel detection methods to treat respiratory pathogens in hospital-acquired pneumonia?

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 52, Issue SUPPL. 4, 2011, Pages

  Endimiani, Andrea ^a,c   Hujer, Kristine M ^a,c   Hujer, Andrea M ^a,c   Kurz, Sebastian ^a,c   Jacobs, Michael R ^a   Perlin, David S ^d,e   Bonomo, Robert A ^a,b,c  

^a Department of Medicine ^*  (United States)

^b CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c LOUIS STOKES CLEVELAND VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; BACTERIAL DNA; BETA LACTAMASE AMPC; BETA LACTAMASE SHV; BETA LACTAMASE TEM 1; CEFEPIME; CEFTAZIDIME; CIPROFLOXACIN; DORIPENEM; GENTAMICIN; IMIPENEM; LEVOFLOXACIN; LINEZOLID; MEROPENEM; PIPERACILLIN; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; RIBOSOME RNA; TOBRAMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN;

ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII; ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; ELECTROSPRAY MASS SPECTROMETRY; ENTEROBACTER; ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM; ESCHERICHIA COLI; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTIOUS PNEUMONIA; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE; MATRIX ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; MICROORGANISM DETECTION; MOLECULAR BEACON; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS; NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

CROSS INFECTION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HUMANS; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES; PNEUMONIA, BACTERIAL; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SPECTROMETRY, MASS, MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION-IONIZATION; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 79953787256     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: 15376591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir054     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-ac-quired, ventilatorassociated, and healthcareassociated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:388-416.
2. Esperatti M, Ferrer M, Theessen A, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit acquired by mechanically ventilated versus nonventilated patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:1533-9.
3. Ferrer M, Liapikou A, Valencia M, et al. Validation of the American Thoracic SocietyInfectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for hospitalacquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:945-52.
4. Torres A, Ferrer M, Badia JR. Treatment guidelines and outcomes of hospitalacquired and ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51(suppl 1):S48-53.
5. Greenberg D, Broides A, Blancovich I, Peled N, Givon-Lavi N, Dagan R. Relative importance of nasopharyngeal versus oropha-ryngeal sampling for isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae from healthy and sick individuals varies with age. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4604-9. (Pubitemid 39362378)
6. Bartlett JG, Breiman RF, Mandell LA, File TM Jr. Communityacquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for management. The Infectious Dis-eases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:811-38.
7. Houck PM, Bratzler DW, Nsa W, Ma A, Bartlett JG. Timing ofantibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with communityacquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:637-44. (Pubitemid 38392978)
8. Mandell LA, Niederman MS. Communityacquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:861.
9. Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:665-71. (Pubitemid 32183583)
10. Mizgerd JP. Acute lower respiratory tract infection. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:716-27.
11. Niederman MS. Review of treatment guidelines for community acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2004; 117(suppl 3A):51S-7S.
12. Iregui M, Ward S, Sherman G, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Clinical im-portance ofdelays in the initiation ofappropriate antibiotic treatment for ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Chest 2002; 122:262-8. (Pubitemid 34754172)
13. Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:1-12.
14. Rice LB. Federal funding for the study ofantimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: no ESKAPE. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:1079-81. (Pubitemid 351590040)
15. Ritchie DJ, Alexander BT, Finnegan PM. New antimicrobial agents for use in the intensive care unit. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009; 23:665-81.
16. Endimiani A, Paterson DL. Optimizing therapy for infections caused by enterobacteriaceae producing extendedspectrum betalactamases. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 28:646-55.
17. Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. Extendedspectrum betalactamases: a clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18:657-86.
18. Queenan AM, Bush K. Carbapenemases: the versatile betalactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:440-58.
19. Bratu S, Mooty M, Nichani S, et al. Emergence of KPC-possessing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brooklyn, New York: epidemiology and recommendations for detection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:3018-20. (Pubitemid 40917631)
20. Endimiani A, Carias LL, Hujer AM, et al. Presence ofplasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates possessing blaKPC in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:2680-2. (Pubitemid 351915709)
21. Nordmann P, Cuzon G, Naas T. The real threat of Klebsiella pneu-moniae carbapenemaseproducing bacteria. Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9:228-36.
22. Rice LB, Carias LL, Hutton RA, Rudin SD, Endimiani A, Bonomo RA. The KQ element, a complex genetic region conferring transferable re-sistance to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones in Klebsiellapneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:3427-9.
23. Villegas MV, Lolans K, Correa A, Kattan JN, Lopez JA, Quinn JP. First identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates producing a KPC-type carbapenemhydrolyzing betalactamase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1553-5. (Pubitemid 46586851)
24. Woodford N, Tierno PM Jr., Young K, et al. Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing a new carbapenemhydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase, KPC3, in a New York Medical Center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:4793-9. (Pubitemid 39577686)
25. Yigit H, Queenan AM, Anderson GJ, et al. Novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing betalactamase, KPC1, from a carbapenem-resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:1151-61. (Pubitemid 32230996)
26. Yigit H, Queenan AM, Rasheed JK, et al. Carbapenemresistant strain ofKlebsiella oxytoca harboring carbapenemhydrolyzing betalactamase KPC2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:3881-9.
27. Falagas ME, Grammatikos AP, Michalopoulos A. Potential of old-generation antibiotics to address current need for new antibiotics. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008; 6:593-600.
28. Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Matthaiou DK, Virtzili S, Nikita D, Michalopoulos A. Pandrugresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudo-monas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii infections: charac-teristics and outcome in a series of 28 patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 32:450-4.
29. Giamarellou H, Poulakou G. Multidrugresistant Gramnegative infections: what are the treatment options? Drugs 2009; 69: 1879-901.
30. Michalopoulos A, Falagas ME. Colistin and polymyxin B in critical care. Crit Care Clin 2008; 24:377-91, x. (Pubitemid 351400615)
31. Pappas G, Saplaoura K, Falagas ME. Current treatment ofpseudo-monal infections in the elderly. Drugs Aging 2009; 26:363-79.
32. Howden BP, Davies JK, Johnson PD, Stinear TP, Grayson ML. Reduced vancomycin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus, including vancomycinintermediate and heterogeneous vancomycinintermediate strains: resistance mechanisms, laboratory detection, and clinical im-plications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:99-139.
33. Appelbaum PC MRSA-the tip of the iceberg. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12(suppl 2):3-10.
34. Cosgrove SE, Carroll KC, Perl TM. Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:539-45. (Pubitemid 39120931)
35. Sievert DM, Rudrik JT, Patel JB, McDonald LC, Wilkins MJ, Hageman JC. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2002-2006. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:668-74. (Pubitemid 351321548)
36. Tenover FC, Weigel LM, Appelbaum PC, et al. Vancomycinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient in Pennsylvania. Anti-microb Agents Chemother 2004; 48:275-80. (Pubitemid 38040208)
37. Whitener CJ, Park SY, Browne FA, et al. Vancomycinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in the absence of vancomycin exposure. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:1049-55. (Pubitemid 38951246)
38. Brauers J, Kresken M, Hafner D, Shah PM. Surveillance of linezolid resistance in Germany, 2001-2002. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:39-46. (Pubitemid 40227820)
39. Endimiani A, Blackford M, Dasenbrook EC, et al. Emergence of linezolidresistant clonal complex 5 Staphylococcus aureus with unique ribosomal mutations among cystic fibrosis patients. Antimicrob agents Chemother 2011.
40. Gales AC, Sader HS, Andrade SS, Lutz L, Machado A, Barth AL. Emergence of linezolidresistant Staphylococcus aureus during treat-ment of pulmonary infection in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 27:300-2.
41. Hill RL, Kearns AM, Nash J, et al. Linezolidresistant ST36 methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with prolonged linezolid treatment in two paediatric cystic fibrosis patients. J Anti-microb Chemother 2010; 65:442-5.
42. Kola A, Kirschner P, Gohrbandt B, et al. An infection with linezolid-resistant S. aureus in a patient with left ventricular assist system. Scand J Infect Dis 2007; 39:463-5. (Pubitemid 46705760)
43. Morales G, Picazo JJ, Baos E, et al. Resistance to linezolid is mediated by the cfr gene in the first report of an outbreak oflinezolidresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:821-5.
44. Peeters MJ, Sarria JC. Clinical characteristics of linezolidresistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Am J Med Sci 2005; 330: 102-4. (Pubitemid 41140465)
45. Pillai SK, Sakoulas G, Wennersten C, et al. Linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: characterization and stability of resistant phe-notype. J Infect Dis 2002; 186:1603-7. (Pubitemid 35379637)
46. Roberts SM, Freeman AF, Harrington SM, Holland SM, Murray PR, Zelazny AM. Linezolidresistant Staphylococcus aureus in two pedi-atric patients receiving lowdose linezolid therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:562-4. (Pubitemid 43863372)
47. Trevino M, MartinezLamas L, Romero-Jung PA, Giraldez JM, Alvarez-Escudero J, Regueiro BJ. Endemic linezolidresistant Staph-ylococcus epidermidis in a critical care unit. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28:527-33.
48. Yoshida K, Shoji H, Hanaki H, et al. Linezolidresistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated after longterm, repeated use oflinezolid. J Infect Chemother 2009; 15:417-9.
49. Kollef MH. Moving towards realtime antimicrobial management of ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:388-90. (Pubitemid 46147622)
50. Stager CE, Davis JR. Automated systems for identification of micro-organisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992; 5:302-27.
51. Doern GV, Brueggemann AB, Perla R, et al. Multicenter laboratory evaluation of the bioMerieux Vitek antimicrobial susceptibility testing system with 11 antimicrobial agents versus members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:2115-9. (Pubitemid 27318716)
52. Tenover FC, Swenson JM, O'Hara CM, Stocker SA. Ability of com-mercial and reference antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods to detect vancomycin resistance in enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:1524-7.
53. Tenover FC, Williams PP, Stocker S, et al. Accuracy of six antimi-crobial susceptibility methods for testing linezolid against staphylo-cocci and enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2917-22. (Pubitemid 47417334)
54. Torres E, Villanueva R, Bou G. Comparison of different methods of determining betalactam susceptibility in clinical strains of Pseudo-monas aeruginosa. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:625-9.
55. Luzzaro F, Gesu G, Endimiani A, et al. Performance in detection and reporting betalactam resistance phenotypes in Enterobacteriaceae: a nationwide proficiency study in Italian laboratories. Diagn Micro-biol Infect Dis 2006; 55:311-8. (Pubitemid 44128723)
56. Micek ST, Lloyd AE, Ritchie DJ, Reichley RM, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection: importance of ap-propriate initial antimicrobial treatment. Antimicrob Agents Che-mother 2005; 49:1306-11. (Pubitemid 40463352)
57. Steward CD, Rasheed JK, Hubert SK, et al. Characterization ofclinical isolates ofKlebsiella pneumoniae from 19 laboratories using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards extendedspectrum beta-lactamase detection methods.J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:2864-72. (Pubitemid 32744003)
58. Tenover FC, Emery SL, Spiegel CA, et al. Identification of plasmid-mediated AmpC betalactamases in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and proteus species can potentially improve reporting of cephalo-sporin susceptibility testing results.J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:294-9.
59. Tenover FC, Mohammed MJ, Gorton TS, Dembek ZF. Detection and reporting of organisms producing extendedspectrum betalactamases: survey of laboratories in Connecticut. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:4065-70.
60. Chakravorty S, Aladegbami B, Burday M, et al. Rapid universal identification of bacterial pathogens from clinical cultures by using a novel sloppy molecular beacon melting temperature signature technique. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:258-67.
61. Ecker DJ, Massire C, Blyn LB, et al. Molecular genotyping ofmicrobes by multilocus PCR and mass spectrometry: a new tool for hospital infection control and public health surveillance. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 551:71-87.
62. Ecker DJ, Sampath R, Massire C, et al. Ibis T5000: a universal bio-sensor approach for microbiology. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6:553-8. (Pubitemid 351850978)
63. Ecker DJ, Sampath R, Willett P, et al. The Microbial Rosetta Stone database: a common structure for microbial biosecurity threat agents. J Forensic Sci 2005; 50:1380-5. (Pubitemid 41643897)
64. Ecker DJ, Sampath R, Willett P, et al. The Microbial Rosetta Stone database: a compilation of global and emerging infectious micro-organisms and bioterrorist threat agents. BMC Microbiol 2005; 5:19.
65. Huletsky A, Giroux R, Rossbach V, et al. New realtime PCR assay for rapid detection of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus directly from specimens containing a mixture of staphylococci. J Clin Mi-crobiol 2004; 42:1875-84. (Pubitemid 38637796)
66. Rossney AS, Herra CM, Brennan GI, Morgan PM, O'Connell B. Evaluation of the Xpert methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) assay using the GeneXpert realtime PCR platform for rapid detection of MRSA from screening specimens.J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3285-90.
67. Hiramatsu K, Katayama Y, Yuzawa H, Ito T. Molecular genetics of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2002; 292:67-74. (Pubitemid 34842177)
68. Kuroda M, Ohta T, Uchiyama I, et al. Whole genome sequencing of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 2001; 357:1225-40. (Pubitemid 32539050)
69. Wolk DM, Picton E, Johnson D, et al. Multicenter evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) test as a rapid screening method for detection of MRSA in nares.J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:758-64.
70. Parta M, Goebel M, Matloobi M, Stager C, Musher DM. Identification of methicillinresistant or methicillinsusceptible Staphylococcus au-reus in blood cultures and wound swabs by Gene Xpert. J Clin Mi-crobiol 2009; 47:1609-10.
71. Hombach M, Pfyffer GE, Roos M, Lucke K. Detection ofmethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in specimens from various body sites: performance characteristics of the BD GeneOhm MRSA assay, the Xpert MRSA assay, and brothenriched culture in an area with a low prevalence of MRSA infections. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3882-7.
72. Malhotra-Kumar S, Van Heirstraeten L, Lee A, et al. Evaluation of molecular assays for rapid detection of methicillinresistant Staphy-lococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:4598-601.
73. Allaouchiche B, Meugnier H, Freney J, Fleurette J, Motin J. Rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using a DNA probe (Accuprobe). Intensive Care Med 1996; 22:683-7. (Pubitemid 26254279)
74. Finkelstein R, Brown P, Palutke WA, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of a DNA probe in pneumonia caused by Legionella species. J Med Microbiol 1993; 38:183-6. (Pubitemid 23087251)
75. Kaijalainen T, Rintamaki S, Herva E, Leinonen M. Evaluation ofgene-technological and conventional methods in the identification of Streptococcuspneumoniae. J Microbiol Methods 2002; 51:111-8. (Pubitemid 34628691)
76. Kleemola M, Jokinen C. Outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in-fection among hospital personnel studied by a nucleic acid hybrid-ization test. J Hosp Infect 1992; 21:213-21.
77. Grobner S, Dion M, Plante M, Kempf VA. Evaluation of the BD GeneOhm StaphSR assay for detection of methicillinresistant and methicillinsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates from spiked positive blood culture bottles.J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1689-94.
78. Paule SM, Hacek DM, Kufner B, et al. Performance of the BD Gen-eOhm methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus test before and during highvolume clinical use. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2993-8. (Pubitemid 47417345)
79. Wang XP, Ginocchio CC. Automation of the BD GeneOhm methi-cillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus assay for highthroughput screening ofnasal swab specimens.J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1546-8.
80. SventKucina N, Pirs M, Mueller-Premru M, Cvitkovic-Spik V, Kofol R, Seme K. Oneyear experience with modified BD GeneOhm MRSA assay for detection ofmethicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus from pooled nasal, skin, and throat samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 63:132-9.
81. Bartels MD, Boye K, Rohde SM, et al. A common variant ofstaphy-lococcal cassette chromosome mec type IVa in isolates from Copenhagen, Denmark, is not detected by the BD GeneOhm methi-cillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus assay. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1524-7.
82. Thomas L, van Hal S, O'Sullivan M, Kyme P, Iredell J. Failure of the BD GeneOhm StaphS/R assay for identification of Australian methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus strains: duplex assays as the "gold standard" in settings ofunknown SCCmec epidemiology.J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:4116-7.
83. Stamper PD, Cai M, Howard T, Speser S, Carroll KC. Clinical vali-dation of the molecular BD GeneOhm StaphSR assay for direct de-tection of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in positive blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2191-6. (Pubitemid 47203792)
84. Benson R, Tondella ML, Bhatnagar J, et al. Development and evalu-ation of a novel multiplex PCR technology for molecular differential detection of bacterial respiratory disease pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2074-7. (Pubitemid 351831846)
85. Winchell JM, Thurman KA, Mitchell SL, Thacker WL, Fields BS. Evaluation ofthree realtime PCR assays for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in an outbreak investigation. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3116-8.
86. Tang YW, Kilic A, Yang Q, et al. StaphPlex system for rapid and simultaneous identification of antibiotic resistance determinants and Panton-Valentine leukocidin detection ofstaphylococci from positive blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:1867-73. (Pubitemid 46933919)
87. Podzorski RP, Li H, Han J, Tang YW. MVPlex assay for direct de-tection of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in naris and other swab specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3107-9.
88. BaladaLlasat JM, Larue H, Kelly C, Rigali L, Pancholi P. Evaluation of commercial ResPlex II v2.0, MultiCode((R))PLx, and xTAG((R)) respiratory viral panels for the diagnosis of respiratory viral infections in adults. J Clin Virol 2011; 50:42-5.
89. Shrestha NK, Tuohy MJ, Padmanabhan RA, Hall GS, Procop GW. Evaluation of the LightCycler Staphylococcus M GRADE kits on positive blood cultures that contained grampositive cocci in clusters. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:6144-6. (Pubitemid 43100677)
90. Casalta JP, Gouriet F, Roux V, Thuny F, Habib G, Raoult D. Evalu-ation of the LightCycler SeptiFast test in the rapid etiologic diagnostic of infectious endocarditis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28:569-73.
91. Bittar F, Ouchenane Z, Smati F, Raoult D, Rolain JM. MALDI-TOF-MS for rapid detection ofstaphylococcal Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:467-70.
92. La Scola B, Raoult D. Direct identification of bacteria in positive blood culture bottles by matrixassisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8041.
93. Seng P, Drancourt M, Gouriet F, et al. Ongoing revolution in bac-teriology: routine identification of bacteria by matrixassisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:543-51.
94. Morozumi M, Nakayama E, Iwata S, et al. Simultaneous detection of pathogens in clinical samples from patients with communityacquired pneumonia by realtime PCR with pathogenspecific molecular bea-con probes. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:1440-6.
95. Endimiani A, Hujer AM, Hujer KM, et al. Evaluation of a commercial microarray system for detection ofSHV-, TEM-, CTX-M-, and KPC-type betalactamase genes in Gramnegative isolates.J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2618-22.
96. Naas T, Cuzon G, Truong H, Bernabeu S, Nordmann P. Evaluation of a DNA microarray, the check-points ESBL/KPC array, for rapid de-tection ofTEM, SHV, and CTX-M extendedspectrum betalactamases and KPC carbapenemases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54: 3086-92.
97. Hari KL, Goates AT, Jain R, et al. The Microbial Rosetta Stone: a database system for tracking infectious microorganisms. Int J Legal Med 2009; 123:65-9.
98. Ecker DJ, Sampath R, Blyn LB, et al. Rapid identification and strain-typing of respiratory pathogens for epidemic surveillance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102:8012-7. (Pubitemid 40781054)
99. Deyde VM, Sampath R, Garten RJ. Genomic signaturebased identification of influenza A viruses using RTPCR/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) technology. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13293.
100. Metzgar D, Baynes D, Myers CA, et al. Initial identification and characterization of an emerging zoonotic influenza virus prior to pandemic spread. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:4228-34.
101. Sampath R, Hall TA, Massire C, et al. Rapid identification ofemerging infectious agents using PCR and electrospray ionization mass spec-trometry. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1102:109-20. (Pubitemid 47084913)
102. Sampath R, Russell KL, Massire C, et al. Global surveillance of emerging influenza virus genotypes by mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2007; 2:e489.
103. Sauer S, Kliem M. Mass spectrometry tools for the classification and identification of bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:74-82.
104. Hujer KM, Hujer AM, Endimiani A, et al. Rapid determination of quinolone resistance in Acinetobacter spp. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1436-2.
105. Endimiani A, Hujer KM, Hujer AM, Sampath R, Ecker DJ, Bonomo RA. Rapid identification of blaKPCpossessing Enterobacteriaceae by PCR/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:1833-34.
106. Wolk DM, Blyn LB, Hall TA, et al. Pathogen profiling: rapid molec-ular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus by PCR/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and correlation with phenotype.J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3129-37.
107. Hall TA, Sampath R, Blyn LB, et al. Rapid molecular genotyping and clonal complex assignment of Staphylococcus aureus isolates by PCR coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. J Clin Micro-biol 2009; 47:1733-41.
108. Ecker JA, Massire C, Hall TA, et al. Identification of Acinetobacter species and genotyping ofAcinetobacter baumannii by multilocus PCR and mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:2921-32. (Pubitemid 44228591)
109. Whitman TJ, Qasba SS, Timpone JG, et al. Occupational transmis-sion of Acinetobacter baumannii from a United States serviceman wounded in Iraq to a health care worker. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:439-43.
110. Wortmann G, Weintrob A, Barber M, et al. Genotypic evolution of Acinetobacter baumannii strains in an outbreak associated with war trauma. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:553-5. (Pubitemid 351918036)
111. Perez F, Ray AJ, Endimiani A, et al. Carbapenemresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae across a hospital system: impact of postacute care facilities on dissemination. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65: 1807-13.
112. Jacobs MR, Bajaksouzian S, Bonomo RA, et al. Occurrence, distribution, and origins of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 6C, a recently recognized serotype. J Clin Microbiol 2009.; 47:64-72.