Eradication therapies for HIV infection: Time to begin again

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 347-353

  Margolis, David M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR;

ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; ERADICATION THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRAL CLEARANCE;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79953759647     PISSN: 08892229     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0017     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Chun T-W, Finzi D, Margolick J, Chadwick K, et al.: In vivo fate of HIV-1-infected T cells: Quantitative analysis of the transition to stable latency. Nature Med 1995;12:1284-1290.
2. Chun TW, Stuyver L, Mizell SB, et al.: Presence of an inducible HIV-1 latent reservoir during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:13193-13197. (Pubitemid 27518498)
3. Finzi D, Hermankova M, Pierson T, et al.: Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Science 1997;278:1295-1300. (Pubitemid 27495742)
4. Wong JK, Hezareh M, Gunthard HF, et al.: Recovery of replication- competent HIV despite prolonged suppression of plasma viremia. Science 1997;278:1291-1295. (Pubitemid 27495741)
5. Blankson JN, Finzi D, Pierson TC, et al.: Biphasic decay of latently infected CD4 + T cells in acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 2000;182:1636-1642.
6. Chun TW, Engel D, Berrey MM, et al.: Early establishment of a pool of latently infected, resting CD4(+) T cells during primary HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95: 8869-8873. (Pubitemid 28350581)
7. Lassen K, Han Y, Zhou Y, et al.: The multifactorial nature of HIV-1 latency. Trends Mol Med 2004;10:525-531. (Pubitemid 39433821)
8. Dornadula G, Zhang H, Van Uitert B, et al.: Residual HIV-1 RNA in blood plasma of patients taking suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy. JAMA 1999;282;1627-1632. (Pubitemid 29513968)
9. Gunthard HF, Havlir DV, Fiscus S, et al.: Residual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Type 1 RNA and DNA in lymph nodes and HIV RNA in genital secretions and in cerebrospinal fluid after suppression of viremia for 2 years. J Infect Dis 2001;183:1318-1327. (Pubitemid 32337113)
10. Zhang L, Ramratnam B, Tenner-Racz K, et al.: Quantifying residual HIV-1 replication in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1605-1613. (Pubitemid 29249429)
11. Palmer S, Wiegand AP, Maldarelli F, et al.: New real-time reverse transcriptase-initiated PCR assay with single-copy sensitivity for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:4531-4536. (Pubitemid 37259753)
12. Dinoso JB, Kim SY, Wiegand AM, et al.: Treatment intensification does not reduce residual HIV-1 viremia in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:9403-9408.
13. Gandhi RT, Zheng L, Bosch RJ, et al., on behalf of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5244 team: The effect of raltegravir intensification on low-level residual viremia in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 2010;7(8):e1000321.
14. Wightman F, Solomon A, Khoury G, et al.: Both CD31(+) and CD31 naive CD4(+) T cells are persistent HIV type 1-infected reservoirs in individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2010;202:1738-1748.
15. Collman R, Hassan NF, Walker R, et al.: Infection of monocyte-derived macrophages with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Monocyte-tropic and lymphocytetropic strains of HIV-1 show distinctive patterns of replication in a panel of cell types. J Exp Med 1989;170:1149-1163. (Pubitemid 19250685)
16. Orenstein JM, Fox C, and Wahl SM: Macrophages as a source of HIV during opportunistic infections. Science 1997;276:1857-1861.
17. Ellery PJ, Tippett E, Chiu YL, et al.: The CD16 + monocyte subset is more permissive to infection and preferentially harbors HIV-1 in vivo. J Immunol 2007;178:6581-6589. (Pubitemid 46717442)
18. Keele BF, Tazi L, Gartner S, et al.: Characterization of the follicular dendritic cell reservoir of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2008;82:5548-5561. (Pubitemid 351705262)
19. Carter C, Onafuwa-Nuga A, McNamara L, et al.: HIV-1 infects multipotent progenitor cells causing cell death and establishing latent cellular reservoirs. Nat Med 2010;16:446-445.
20. Zhang J and Crumpacker CS: Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in HIV/AIDS and immune reconstitution. Cell Res 2010;20:745-747.
21. Otero M, Nunnari G, Leto D, et al.: Peripheral blood dendritic cells are not a major reservoir for HIV type 1 in infected individuals on virally suppressive HAART. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003;19:1097-1103. (Pubitemid 38037379)
22. Palmer S, Maldarelli F, Wiegand A, et al.: Low-level viremia persists for at least 7 years in patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105:3879-3884. (Pubitemid 351723493)
23. Lambotte O, Chaix ML, Gasnault J, et al.: Persistence of replication-competent HIV in the central nervous system despite long-term effective highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2005;19:217-218. (Pubitemid 40409544)
24. Yukl SA, Shergill AK, McQuaid K, et al.: Effect of raltegravir-containing intensification on HIV burden and T-cell activation in multiple gut sites of HIV-positive adults on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2010;24:2451-2460.
25. Williams SA and Greene WC: Regulation of HIV-1 latency by T-cell activation. Cytokine 2007;39:63-74. (Pubitemid 47446257)
26. Huang J, Wang F, Argyris E, et al.: Cellular microRNAs contribute to HIV-1 latency in resting primary CD4+ T lymphocytes. Nat Med 2007;13:1241-1247. (Pubitemid 47530631)
27. Klase Z, Kale P, Winograd R, et al.: HIV-1 TAR element is processed by Dicer to yield a viral micro-RNA involved in chromatin remodeling of the viral LTR. BMC Mol Biol 2007;8:63.
28. Lassen KG, Ramyar KX, Bailey JR, et al.: Nuclear retention of multiply spliced HIV-1 RNA in resting CD4 + T cells. PLoS Pathog 2006;2:e68.
29. Han Y, Lassen K, Monie D, et al.: Resting CD4 + T cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals carry integrated HIV-1 genomes within actively transcribed host genes. J Virol 2004;78:6122-6133. (Pubitemid 38715910)
30. Han Y, Lin YB, An W, et al.: Orientation-dependent regulation of integrated HIV-1 expression by host gene transcriptional readthrough. Cell Host Microbe 2008;4:134-146.
31. Lenasi T, Contreras X, and Peterlin BM: Transcriptional interference antagonizes proviral gene expression to promote HIV latency. Cell Host Microbe 2008;4:123-133.
32. Weinberger LS, Burnett JC, Toettcher JE, et al.: Stochastic gene expression in a lentiviral positive-feedback loop: HIV-1 Tat fluctuations drive phenotypic diversity. Cell 2005;122:169-182. (Pubitemid 41032982)
33. Jenuwein T and Allis CD: Translating the histone code. Science 2001;293:1074-1080. (Pubitemid 32758077)
34. Smith KT and Workman JL: Introducing the acetylome. Nat Biotechnol 2009;27:917-919.
35. Smith E and Shilatifard A: The chromatin signaling pathway: Diverse mechanisms of recruitment of histone-modifying enzymes and varied biological outcomes. Mol Cell 2010;4:689-701.
36. Van Lint C, Emiliani S, Ott M, and Verdin E: Transcriptional activation and chromatin remodeling of the HIV-1 promoter in response to histone acetylation. EMBO J 1996;15:1112-1120. (Pubitemid 26077840)
37. Verdin E, Paras P Jr, and Van Lint C: Chromatin disruption in the promoter of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 during transcriptional activation. EMBO J 1993;12:3249-3259. (Pubitemid 23232756)
38. Coull J, Romerio F, Sun JM, et al.: The human factors YY1 and LSF repress the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 long terminal repeat via recruitment of histone deacetylase 1. J Virol 2000;74:6790-6799. (Pubitemid 30470662)
39. Ylisastigui L, Coull JJ, Rucker V, et al.: Polyamides reveal a role for repression in viral latency within HIV-infected donors' resting CD4 + T cells. J Infect Dis 2004;190:1429-1437. (Pubitemid 39332182)
40. Ylisastigui L, Archin NM, Lehrmann G, et al.: Coaxing HIV-1 from resting CD4 T cells: Histone deacetylase inhibition allows latent viral expression. AIDS 2004;18:1101-1108. (Pubitemid 38738509)
41. Imai K and Okamoto T: Transcriptional repression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by AP-4. J Biol Chem 2006;281(18):12495-12505. (Pubitemid 43855336)
42. Jiang G, Espeseth A, Hazuda DJ, and Margolis DM: c-Myc and Sp1 contribute to proviral latency by recruiting histone deacetylase 1 to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter. J Virol 2007;81:10914-10923. (Pubitemid 47536066)
43. Marban C, Suzanne S, Dequiedt F, et al.: Recruitment of chromatin-modifying enzymes by CTIP2 promotes HIV-1 transcriptional silencing. EMBO J 2007;26:412-423. (Pubitemid 46160942)
44. Tyagi M and Karn J: CBF-1 promotes transcriptional silencing during the establishment of HIV-1 latency. EMBO J 2007;26:4985-4995. (Pubitemid 350261291)
45. Williams SA, Chen LF, Kwon H, et al.: NF-kappaB p50 promotes HIV latency through HDAC recruitment and repression of transcriptional initiation. EMBO J 2006;25:139-149. (Pubitemid 43077303)
46. Archin NM, Keedy KS, Espeseth A, et al.: Expression of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is induced by novel and selective histone deacetylase inhibitors. AIDS 2009;23:1799-1806.
47. Keedy KS, Archin NM, Gates AT, et al.: A limited group of class I histone deacetylases acts to repress human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression. J Virol 2009;83:4749-4756.
48. Archin NM, Espeseth A, Parker D, et al.: Expression of latent HIV induced by the potent HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009;25:207-212.
49. Contreras X, Schweneker M, Chen CS, et al.: Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid reactivates HIV from latently infected cells. J Biol Chem 2009;284:6782-6789.
50. Edelstein LC, Micheva-Viteva S, Phelan BD, and Dougherty JP: Activation of latent HIV type 1 gene expression by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), an HDAC inhibitor approved for use to treat cutaneous T cell lymphoma. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009;25:883-887.
51. Matalon S, Palmer BE, Nold MF, et al.: The histone deacetylase inhibitor ITF2357 decreases surface CXCR4 and CCR5 expression on CD4(+) T-cells and monocytes and is superior to valproic acid for latent HIV-1 expression in vitro. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010;54:1-9.
52. Ying H, Zhang Y, Lin S, et al.: Histone deacetylase inhibitor Scriptaid reactivates latent HIV-1 promoter by inducing histone modification in in vitro latency cell lines. Int J Mol Med 2010;26:265-272.
53. du Chene I, Basyuk E, Lin YL, et al.: Suv39H1 and HP1gamma are responsible for chromatin-mediated V-1 transcriptional silencing and post-integration latency. EMBO J 2007;26:424-435.
54. Blazkova J, Trejbalova K, Gondois-Rey F, et al.: CpG methylation controls reactivation of HIV from latency. PLoS Pathog 2009;5:e1000554.
55. Kauder SE, Bosque A, Lindqvist A, et al.: Epigenetic regulation of HIV-1 latency by cytosine methylation. PLoS Pathog 2009;5:e1000495.
56. Friedman J, Pearson R, and Karn J: Direct evidence that histone trimethylation is required for HIV proviral silencing during the establishment of latency. Conf. Retrovir. Oppor. Infect., 2009. Abstract 264.
57. Pearson R, Kim YK, Hokello J, et al.: Epigenetic silencing of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transcription by formation of restrictive chromatin structures at the viral long terminal repeat drives the progressive entry of HIV into latency. J Virol 2008;82:12291-12303.
58. Pagans S, Kauder SE, Kaehlcke K, et al.: The cellular lysine methyltransferase Set7/9-KMT7 binds HIV-1 TAR RNA, monomethylates the viral transactivator Tat, and enhances HIV transcription. Cell Host Microbe 2010;7:234-244.
59. Pagans S, Pedal A, North BJ, et al.: SIRT1 regulates HIV transcription via Tat deacetylation. PLoS Biol 2005;3:e41.
60. Bailey JR, Sedaghat AR, Kieffer T, et al.: Residual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viremia in some patients on antiretroviral therapy is dominated by a small number of invariant clones rarely found in circulating CD4 + T cells. J Virol 2006;80:6441-6457. (Pubitemid 43927447)
61. Brennan TP, Woods JO, Sedaghat AR, et al.: Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viremia and provirus in resting CD4+ T cells reveals a novel source of residual viremia in patients on antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 2009; 83:8470-8481.
62. Sahu GK, Paar D, Frost SD, et al.: Low-level plasma HIVs in patients on prolonged suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy are produced mostly by cells other than CD4 T-cells. J Med Virol 2009;81:9-15.
63. Archin NM, Anderson J, Keedy KS, et al.: Persistent low-level viremia despite clinically successful antiretroviral therapy appears correlated with more frequent resting CD4+ T cell infection. XVIII International AIDS Conference, 2010. Abstract WEPDA101.
64. Chomont N, El-Far M, Ancuta P, et al.: HIV reservoir size and persistence are driven by T cell survival and homeostatic proliferation. Nat Med 2009;15:893-900.
65. Burnett JC, Lim KI, Calafi A, et al.: Combinatorial latency reactivation for HIV-1 subtypes and variants. J Virol 2010; 84:5958-5974.
66. Reuse S, Calao M, Kabeya K, et al.: Synergistic activation of HIV-1 expression by deacetylase inhibitors and prostratin: Implications for treatment of latent infection. PLoS One 2009;4:e6093.
67. Savarino A, Mai A, Norelli S, et al.: "Shock and kill" effects of class I-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors in combination with the glutathione synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine in cell line models for HIV-1 quiescence. Retrovirology 2009;6:52.
68. Mehla R, Bivalkar-Mehla S, Zhang R, et al.: Bryostatin modulates latent HIV-1 infection via PKC and AMPK signaling but inhibits acute infection in a receptor independent manner. PLoS One 2010;5:e11160.
69. Perez M, de Vinuesa AG, Sanchez-Duffhues G, et al.: Bryostatin-1 synergizes with histone deacetylase inhibitors to reactivate HIV-1 from latency. Curr HIV Res 2010;8:418-429.
70. Denton PW, Estes JD, Sun Z, et al.: Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis prevents vaginal transmission of HIV-1 in humanized BLT mice. PLoS Med 2008;5:e16.
71. Denton PW, Krisko JF, Powell DA, et al.: Systemic administration of antiretrovirals prior to exposure prevents rectal and intravenous HIV-1 transmission in humanized BLT mice. PLoS One 2010;5:e8829.
72. Choudhary SK, Rezk NL, Ince WL, et al.: Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viremia with reverse transcriptase and integrase inhibitors, CD4+ T-cell recovery, and viral rebound upon interruption of therapy in a new model for HIV treatment in the humanized Rag2-/-{gamma}c-/- mouse. J Virol 2009;83:8254-8258.
73. Shen, A, Zink MC, Mankowski JL, et al.: Resting CD4 + T lymphocytes but not thymocytes provide a latent viral reservoir in a simian immunodeficiency virus - Macaca nemestrina model of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 2003;77:4938-4949. (Pubitemid 36402842)
74. Dinoso JB, Rabi SA, Blankson JN, et al.: A simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaque model to study viral reservoirs that persist during highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 2009;83:9247-9257.
75. Zink MC, Brice AK, Kelly KM, et al.: Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy have reduced central nervous system viral replication and inflammation but persistence of viral DNA. J Infect Dis 2010;202:161-170.
76. Clements JE, Babas T, Mankowski JL, et al.: The central nervous system as a reservoir for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV): Steady-state levels of SIV DNA in brain from acute through asymptomatic infection. J Infect Dis 2002;186:905-9013.
77. North TW, Higgins J, Deere JD, et al.: Viral sanctuaries during highly active antiretroviral therapy in a nonhuman primate model for AIDS. J Virol 2010;84:2913-2922.