Trypanosoma brucei: A model micro-organism to study eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis

FEBS Journal

Volumn 278, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 1035-1046

  Serricchio, Mauro ^a   Bütikofer, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

biosynthesis; eukaryote; glycerophospholipid; phospholipid; RNAi; sphingophospholipid; trypanosome

Indexed keywords

CARDIOLIPIN; GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL; PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE; PHOSPHOLIPID; SPHINGOMYELIN; SPHINGOPHOSPHOLIPID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE; DECARBOXYLATION; DOWN REGULATION; EUKARYOTE; LIPID METABOLISM; MAMMAL CELL; MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR DIVISION; PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN LIPID INTERACTION; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; RNA INTERFERENCE; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI;

ANIMALS; CARDIOLIPINS; CERAMIDES; HUMANS; MITOCHONDRIA; MODELS, ANIMAL; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES; PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINES; PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROLS; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS; PHOSPHATIDYLSERINES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; SPHINGOLIPIDS; SPHINGOMYELINS; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI BRUCEI;

EUKARYOTA; PROTOZOA; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI;

EID: 79952846845     PISSN: 1742464X     EISSN: 17424658     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08012.x     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Blum B, Bakalara N, &, Simpson L, (1990) A model for RNA editing in kinetoplastid mitochondria: "guide" RNA molecules transcribed from maxicircle DNA provide the edited information. Cell 60, 189-198.
2. Ferguson MA, Homans SW, Dwek RA, &, Rademacher TW, (1988) The glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor of Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein. Biochem Soc Trans 16, 265-268.
3. Sutton RE, &, Boothroyd JC, (1986) Evidence for trans splicing in trypanosomes. Cell 47, 527-535. (Pubitemid 17215344)
4. Cross GA, (1977) Antigenic variation in trypanosomes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 26, 240-244. (Pubitemid 8265281)
5. Berriman M, Ghedin E, Hertz-Fowler C, Blandin G, Renauld H, Bartholomeu DC, Lennard NJ, Caler E, Hamlin NE, Haas B, et al. (2005) The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei. Science 309, 416-422. (Pubitemid 40994676)
6. Roditi I, &, Lehane MJ, (2008) Interactions between trypanosomes and tsetse flies. Curr Opin Microbiol 11, 345-351.
7. Fenn K, &, Matthews KR, (2007) The cell biology of Trypanosoma brucei differentiation. Curr Opin Microbiol 10, 539-546. (Pubitemid 350186135)
8. Schneider A, (2001) Unique aspects of mitochondrial biogenesis in trypanosomatids. Int J Parasitol 31, 1403-1415. (Pubitemid 32946994)
9. He CY, (2007) Golgi biogenesis in simple eukaryotes. Cell Microbiol 9, 566-572. (Pubitemid 46231964)
10. Vaughan S, &, Gull K, (2008) The structural mechanics of cell division in Trypanosoma brucei. Biochem Soc Trans 36, 421-424. (Pubitemid 351839346)
11. Smith TK, &, Bütikofer P, (2010) Lipid metabolism in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 172, 66-79.
12. Li Z, &, Vance DE, (2008) Phosphatidylcholine and choline homeostasis. J Lipid Res 49, 1187-1194.
13. van Meer G, Voelker DR, &, Feigenson GW, (2008) Membrane lipids: where they are and how they behave. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9, 112-124. (Pubitemid 351158912)
14. Kennedy EP, &, Weiss SB, (1956) The function of cytidine coenzymes in the biosynthesis of phospholipides. J Biol Chem 222, 193-214.
15. Vance JE, &, Vance DE, (2004) Phospholipid biosynthesis in mammalian cells. Biochem Cell Biol 82, 113-128. (Pubitemid 38580878)
16. Sundler R, &, Akesson B, (1975) Regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Effect of different substrates. J Biol Chem 250, 3359-3367.
17. Bremer J, &, Greenberg DM, (1960) Biosynthesis of choline in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta 37, 173-175.
18. Noga AA, Zhao Y, &, Vance DE, (2002) An unexpected requirement for phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in the secretion of very low density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 277, 42358-42365. (Pubitemid 35257557)
19. Robichaud JC, Francis GA, &, Vance DE, (2008) A role for hepatic scavenger receptor class B, type I in decreasing high density lipoprotein levels in mice that lack phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. J Biol Chem 283, 35496-35506.
20. DeLong CJ, Shen YJ, Thomas MJ, &, Cui Z, (1999) Molecular distinction of phosphatidylcholine synthesis between the CDP-choline pathway and phosphatidylethanolamine methylation pathway. J Biol Chem 274, 29683-29688.
21. Boumann HA, Damen MJ, Versluis C, Heck AJ, de Kruijff B, &, de Kroon AI, (2003) The two biosynthetic routes leading to phosphatidylcholine in yeast produce different sets of molecular species. Evidence for lipid remodeling. Biochemistry 42, 3054-3059. (Pubitemid 36331550)
22. Jacobs RL, Zhao Y, Koonen DP, Sletten T, Su B, Lingrell S, Cao G, Peake DA, Kuo MS, Proctor SD, et al. (2010) Impaired de novo choline synthesis explains why phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice are protected from diet-induced obesity. J Biol Chem 285, 22403-22413.
23. Lykidis A, (2007) Comparative genomics and evolution of eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 46, 171-199. (Pubitemid 46962122)
24. Aoyama C, Liao H, &, Ishidate K, (2004) Structure and function of choline kinase isoforms in mammalian cells. Prog Lipid Res 43, 266-281. (Pubitemid 38299195)
25. Wu G, &, Vance DE, (2010) Choline kinase and its function. Biochem Cell Biol 88, 559-564.
26. Gibellini F, &, Smith TK, (2010) The Kennedy pathway-de novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. IUBMB Life 62, 414-428.
27. Lykidis A, Baburina I, &, Jackowski S, (1999) Distribution of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) isoforms. Identification of a new CCTbeta splice variant. J Biol Chem 274, 26992-27001.
28. Cornell RB, &, Northwood IC, (2000) Regulation of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase by amphitropism and relocalization. Trends Biochem Sci 25, 441-447. (Pubitemid 30662412)
29. Henneberry AL, &, McMaster CR, (1999) Cloning and expression of a human choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase: synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochem J 339, 291-298. (Pubitemid 29209959)
30. Henneberry AL, Wistow G, &, McMaster CR, (2000) Cloning, genomic organization, and characterization of a human cholinephosphotransferase. J Biol Chem 275, 29808-29815. (Pubitemid 32045651)
31. Henneberry AL, Wright MM, &, McMaster CR, (2002) The major sites of cellular phospholipid synthesis and molecular determinants of fatty acid and lipid head group specificity. Mol Biol Cell 13, 3148-3161. (Pubitemid 35034252)
32. Henneberry AL, Lagace TA, Ridgway ND, &, McMaster CR, (2001) Phosphatidylcholine synthesis influences the diacylglycerol homeostasis required for SEC14p-dependent Golgi function and cell growth. Mol Biol Cell 12, 511-520. (Pubitemid 33052008)
33. Boumann HA, de Kruijff B, Heck AJ, &, de Kroon AI, (2004) The selective utilization of substrates in vivo by the phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic enzymes Ept1p and Cpt1p in yeast. FEBS Lett 569, 173-177. (Pubitemid 38844613)
34. Gibellini F, Hunter WN, &, Smith TK, (2008) Biochemical characterization of the initial steps of the Kennedy pathway in Trypanosoma brucei: the ethanolamine and choline kinases. Biochem J 415, 135-144.
35. Young SA, &, Smith TK, (2010) The essential neutral sphingomyelinase is involved in the trafficking of the variant surface glycoprotein in the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 76, 1461-1482.
36. Signorell A, Rauch M, Jelk J, Ferguson MA, &, Bütikofer P, (2008) Phosphatidylethanolamine in Trypanosoma brucei is organized in two separate pools and is synthesized exclusively by the Kennedy pathway. J Biol Chem 283, 23636-23644.
37. Signorell A, Gluenz E, Rettig J, Schneider A, Shaw MK, Gull K, &, Bütikofer P, (2009) Perturbation of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis affects mitochondrial morphology and cell-cycle progression in procyclic-form Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 72, 1068-1079.
38. Gibellini F, Hunter WN, &, Smith TK, (2009) The ethanolamine branch of the Kennedy pathway is essential in the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 73, 826-843.
39. Vance JE, (2008) Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine in mammalian cells: two metabolically related aminophospholipids. J Lipid Res 49, 1377-1387.
40. Dowhan W, &, Bogdanov M, (2009) Lipid-dependent membrane protein topogenesis. Annu Rev Biochem 78, 515-540.
41. Emoto K, &, Umeda M, (2000) An essential role for a membrane lipid in cytokinesis. Regulation of contractile ring disassembly by redistribution of phosphatidylethanolamine. J Cell Biol 149, 1215-1224. (Pubitemid 30399675)
42. Ichimura Y, Kirisako T, Takao T, Satomi Y, Shimonishi Y, Ishihara N, Mizushima N, Tanida I, Kominami E, Ohsumi M, et al. (2000) A ubiquitin-like system mediates protein lipidation. Nature 408, 488-492.
43. Menon AK, Eppinger M, Mayor S, &, Schwarz RT, (1993) Phosphatidylethanolamine is the donor of the terminal phosphoethanolamine group in trypanosome glycosylphosphatidylinositols. EMBO J 12, 1907-1914. (Pubitemid 23157706)
44. Signorell A, Jelk J, Rauch M, &, Bütikofer P, (2008) Phosphatidylethanolamine is the precursor of the ethanolamine phosphoglycerol moiety bound to eukaryotic elongation factor 1A. J Biol Chem 283, 20320-20329.
45. Kuge O, Nishijima M, &, Akamatsu Y, (1985) Isolation of a somatic-cell mutant defective in phosphatidylserine biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82, 1926-1930. (Pubitemid 15060814)
46. Voelker DR, &, Frazier JL, (1986) Isolation and characterization of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line requiring ethanolamine or phosphatidylserine for growth and exhibiting defective phosphatidylserine synthase activity. J Biol Chem 261, 1002-1008. (Pubitemid 16144756)
47. Stone SJ, &, Vance JE, (2000) Phosphatidylserine synthase-1 and -2 are localized to mitochondria-associated membranes. J Biol Chem 275, 34534-34540.
48. Bergo MO, Gavino BJ, Steenbergen R, Sturbois B, Parlow AF, Sanan DA, Skarnes WC, Vance JE, &, Young SG, (2002) Defining the importance of phosphatidylserine synthase 2 in mice. J Biol Chem 277, 47701-47708. (Pubitemid 36159293)
49. Steenbergen R, Nanowski TS, Nelson R, Young SG, &, Vance JE, (2006) Phospholipid homeostasis in phosphatidylserine synthase-2-deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta 1761, 313-323.
50. Arikketh D, Nelson R, &, Vance JE, (2008) Defining the importance of phosphatidylserine synthase-1 (PSS1): unexpected viability of PSS1-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 283, 12888-12897.
51. Letts VA, Klig LS, Bae-Lee M, Carman GM, &, Henry SA, (1983) Isolation of the yeast structural gene for the membrane-associated enzyme phosphatidylserine synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80, 7279-7283. (Pubitemid 14208841)
52. Zinser E, Sperka-Gottlieb CD, Fasch EV, Kohlwein SD, Paltauf F, &, Daum G, (1991) Phospholipid synthesis and lipid composition of subcellular membranes in the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 173, 2026-2034.
53. Kanfer JN, &, Kennedy EP, (1962) Synthesis of phosphatidylserine by Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 237, PC270-PC271.
54. Louie K, Chen YC, &, Dowhan W, (1986) Substrate-induced membrane association of phosphatidylserine synthase from Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 165, 805-812. (Pubitemid 16071408)
55. Matsumoto K, (1997) Phosphatidylserine synthase from bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1348, 214-227. (Pubitemid 27467097)
56. Okada M, Matsuzaki H, Shibuya I, &, Matsumoto K, (1994) Cloning, sequencing, and expression in Escherichia coli of the Bacillus subtilis gene for phosphatidylserine synthase. J Bacteriol 176, 7456-7461. (Pubitemid 24382022)
57. Koonin EV, (1996) A duplicated catalytic motif in a new superfamily of phosphohydrolases and phospholipid synthases that includes poxvirus envelope proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 21, 242-243. (Pubitemid 26228270)
58. Vance JE, &, Steenbergen R, (2005) Metabolism and functions of phosphatidylserine. Prog Lipid Res 44, 207-234. (Pubitemid 40973811)
59. Raetz CR, &, Dowhan W, (1990) Biosynthesis and function of phospholipids in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 265, 1235-1238.
60. Choi JY, Wu WI, &, Voelker DR, (2005) Phosphatidylserine decarboxylases as genetic and biochemical tools for studying phospholipid traffic. Anal Biochem 347, 165-175. (Pubitemid 41683142)
61. Schuiki I, &, Daum G, (2009) Phosphatidylserine decarboxylases, key enzymes of lipid metabolism. IUBMB Life 61, 151-162.
62. Steenbergen R, Nanowski TS, Beigneux A, Kulinski A, Young SG, &, Vance JE, (2005) Disruption of the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase gene in mice causes embryonic lethality and mitochondrial defects. J Biol Chem 280, 40032-40040. (Pubitemid 41779137)
63. Zhou J, &, Saba JD, (1998) Identification of the first mammalian sphingosine phosphate lyase gene and its functional expression in yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 242, 502-507. (Pubitemid 28412556)
64. Horibata Y, &, Hirabayashi Y, (2007) Identification and characterization of human ethanolaminephosphotransferase1. J Lipid Res 48, 503-508.
65. Bleijerveld OB, Brouwers JF, Vaandrager AB, Helms JB, &, Houweling M, (2007) The CDP-ethanolamine pathway and phosphatidylserine decarboxylation generate different phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species. J Biol Chem 282, 28362-28372. (Pubitemid 47606037)
66. Fullerton MD, Hakimuddin F, &, Bakovic M, (2007) Developmental and metabolic effects of disruption of the mouse CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase gene (Pcyt2). Mol Cell Biol 27, 3327-3336. (Pubitemid 46685211)
67. Dechamps S, Wengelnik K, Berry-Sterkers L, Cerdan R, Vial HJ, &, Gannoun-Zaki L, (2010) The Kennedy phospholipid biosynthesis pathways are refractory to genetic disruption in Plasmodium berghei and therefore appear essential in blood stages. Mol Biochem Parasitol 173, 69-80.
68. Patnaik PK, Field MC, Menon AK, Cross GA, Yee MC, &, Bütikofer P, (1993) Molecular species analysis of phospholipids from Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream and procyclic forms. Mol Biochem Parasitol 58, 97-105. (Pubitemid 223039627)
69. Richmond GS, Gibellini F, Young SA, Major L, Denton H, Lilley A, &, Smith TK, (2010) Lipidomic analysis of bloodstream and procyclic form Trypanosoma brucei. Parasitology 137, 1357-1392.
70. Zhang K, Pompey JM, Hsu FF, Key P, Bandhuvula P, Saba JD, Turk J, &, Beverley SM, (2007) Redirection of sphingolipid metabolism toward de novo synthesis of ethanolamine in Leishmania. EMBO J 26, 1094-1104.
71. Ardail D, Privat JP, Egret-Charlier M, Levrat C, Lerme F, &, Louisot P, (1990) Mitochondrial contact sites. Lipid composition and dynamics. J Biol Chem 265, 18797-18802.
72. Lewis RN, &, McElhaney RN, (2009) The physicochemical properties of cardiolipin bilayers and cardiolipin-containing lipid membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1788, 2069-2079.
73. Klingenberg M, (2009) Cardiolipin and mitochondrial carriers. Biochim Biophys Acta 1788, 2048-2058.
74. Schlame M, &, Ren M, (2009) The role of cardiolipin in the structural organization of mitochondrial membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1788, 2080-2083.
75. Bogdanov M, Mileykovskaya E, &, Dowhan W, (2008) Lipids in the assembly of membrane proteins and organization of protein supercomplexes: implications for lipid-linked disorders. Subcell Biochem 49, 197-239.
76. Mileykovskaya E, &, Dowhan W, (2009) Cardiolipin membrane domains in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1788, 2084-2091.
77. Houtkooper RH, &, Vaz FM, (2008) Cardiolipin, the heart of mitochondrial metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 65, 2493-2506.
78. Cronan JE, (2003) Bacterial membrane lipids: where do we stand? Annu Rev Microbiol 57, 203-224. (Pubitemid 37392941)
79. Schlame M, (2008) Cardiolipin synthesis for the assembly of bacterial and mitochondrial membranes. J Lipid Res 49, 1607-1620.
80. Icho T, &, Raetz CR, (1983) Multiple genes for membrane-bound phosphatases in Escherichia coli and their action on phospholipid precursors. J Bacteriol 153, 722-730. (Pubitemid 13163552)
81. Osman C, Haag M, Wieland FT, Brugger B, &, Langer T, (2010) A mitochondrial phosphatase required for cardiolipin biosynthesis: the PGP phosphatase Gep4. EMBO J 29, 1976-1987.
82. Jackson M, Crick DC, &, Brennan PJ, (2000) Phosphatidylinositol is an essential phospholipid of mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 275, 30092-30099.
83. Koga Y, &, Morii H, (2007) Biosynthesis of ether-type polar lipids in archaea and evolutionary considerations. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 71, 97-120. (Pubitemid 46456685)
84. Michell RH, (2008) Inositol derivatives: evolution and functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9, 151-161. (Pubitemid 351158916)
85. Orlean P, &, Menon AK, (2007) Thematic review series: lipid posttranslational modifications. GPI anchoring of protein in yeast and mammalian cells, or: how we learned to stop worrying and love glycophospholipids. J Lipid Res 48, 993-1011. (Pubitemid 46708667)
86. Hong Y, &, Kinoshita T, (2009) Trypanosome glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis. Korean J Parasitol 47, 197-204.
87. Reynolds TB, (2009) Strategies for acquiring the phospholipid metabolite inositol in pathogenic bacteria, fungi and protozoa: making it and taking it. Microbiology 155, 1386-1396.
88. Gardocki ME, Jani N, &, Lopes JM, (2005) Phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis: biochemistry and regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1735, 89-100. (Pubitemid 40961965)
89. Martin KL, &, Smith TK, (2006) Phosphatidylinositol synthesis is essential in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei. Biochem J 396, 287-295. (Pubitemid 43837244)
90. Martin KL, &, Smith TK, (2006) The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthetic pathway of bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei is dependent on the de novo synthesis of inositol. Mol Microbiol 61, 89-105.
91. Güther ML, Lee S, Tetley L, Acosta-Serrano A, &, Ferguson MA, (2006) GPI-anchored proteins and free GPI glycolipids of procyclic form Trypanosoma brucei are nonessential for growth, are required for colonization of the tsetse fly, and are not the only components of the surface coat. Mol Biol Cell 17, 5265-5274. (Pubitemid 44907367)
92. Menon AK, Mayor S, Ferguson MA, Duszenko M, &, Cross GA, (1988) Candidate glycophospholipid precursor for the glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor of Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoproteins. J Biol Chem 263, 1970-1977. (Pubitemid 18052158)
93. Masterson WJ, Doering TL, Hart GW, &, Englund PT, (1989) A novel pathway for glycan assembly: biosynthesis of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor of the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein. Cell 56, 793-800. (Pubitemid 19082515)
94. Masterson WJ, (1990) Biosynthesis of the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor of Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein. Biochem Soc Trans 18, 722-724. (Pubitemid 20359278)
95. Buxbaum LU, Milne KG, Werbovetz KA, &, Englund PT, (1996) Myristate exchange on the Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93, 1178-1183. (Pubitemid 26052861)
96. Bütikofer P, Greganova E, Liu YC, Edwards IJ, Lehane MJ, &, Acosta-Serrano A, (2010) Lipid remodelling of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) glycoconjugates in procyclic-form trypanosomes: biosynthesis and processing of GPIs revisited. Biochem J 428, 409-418.
97. Bosson R, &, Conzelmann A, (2007) Multiple functions of inositolphosphorylceramides in the formation and intracellular transport of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in yeast. Biochem Soc Symp 74, 199-209.
98. Fujita M, &, Kinoshita T, (2010) Structural remodeling of GPI anchors during biosynthesis and after attachment to proteins. FEBS Lett 584, 1670-1677.
99. Merrill AH Jr, Sullards MC, Wang E, Voss KA, &, Riley RT, (2001) Sphingolipid metabolism: roles in signal transduction and disruption by fumonisins. Environ Health Perspect 109, 283-289. (Pubitemid 32492789)
100. Cowart LA, &, Obeid LM, (2007) Yeast sphingolipids: recent developments in understanding biosynthesis, regulation, and function. Biochim Biophys Acta 1771, 421-431. (Pubitemid 46428614)
101. Rao RP, Yuan C, Allegood JC, Rawat SS, Edwards MB, Wang X, Merrill AH Jr, Acharya U, &, Acharya JK, (2007) Ceramide transfer protein function is essential for normal oxidative stress response and lifespan. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104, 11364-11369. (Pubitemid 47175146)
102. Malgat M, Maurice A, &, Baraud J, (1986) Sphingomyelin and ceramide-phosphoethanolamine synthesis by microsomes and plasma membranes from rat liver and brain. J Lipid Res 27, 251-260. (Pubitemid 16097323)
103. Smith SW, &, Lester RL, (1974) Inositol phosphorylceramide, a novel substance and the chief member of a major group of yeast sphingolipids containing a single inositol phosphate. J Biol Chem 249, 3395-3405.
104. Kaneshiro ES, Jayasimhulu K, &, Lester RL, (1986) Characterization of inositol lipids from Leishmania donovani promastigotes: identification of an inositol sphingophospholipid. J Lipid Res 27, 1294-1303. (Pubitemid 17009491)
105. Bertello LE, Goncalvez MF, Colli W, &, de Lederkremer RM, (1995) Structural analysis of inositol phospholipids from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote forms. Biochem J 310, 255-261.
106. Markham JE, Li J, Cahoon EB, &, Jaworski JG, (2006) Separation and identification of major plant sphingolipid classes from leaves. J Biol Chem 281, 22684-22694.
107. Sutterwala SS, Hsu FF, Sevova ES, Schwartz KJ, Zhang K, Key P, Turk J, Beverley SM, &, Bangs JD, (2008) Developmentally regulated sphingolipid synthesis in African trypanosomes. Mol Microbiol 70, 281-296.
108. Pewzner-Jung Y, Ben-Dor S, &, Futerman AH, (2006) When do Lasses (longevity assurance genes) become CerS (ceramide synthases)? Insights into the regulation of ceramide synthesis. J Biol Chem 281, 25001-25005. (Pubitemid 44401887)
109. Levy M, &, Futerman AH, (2010) Mammalian ceramide synthases. IUBMB Life 62, 347-356.
110. Tafesse FG, Huitema K, Hermansson M, van der Poel S, van den Dikkenberg J, Uphoff A, Somerharju P, &, Holthuis JC, (2007) Both sphingomyelin synthases SMS1 and SMS2 are required for sphingomyelin homeostasis and growth in human HeLa cells. J Biol Chem 282, 17537-17547. (Pubitemid 47100300)
111. Ternes P, Brouwers JF, van den Dikkenberg J, &, Holthuis JC, (2009) Sphingomyelin synthase SMS2 displays dual activity as ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase. J Lipid Res 50, 2270-2277.
112. Vacaru AM, Tafesse FG, Ternes P, Kondylis V, Hermansson M, Brouwers JF, Somerharju P, Rabouille C, &, Holthuis JC, (2009) Sphingomyelin synthase-related protein SMSr controls ceramide homeostasis in the ER. J Cell Biol 185, 1013-1027.
113. Malgat M, Maurice A, &, Baraud J, (1987) Sidedness of ceramide-phosphoethanolamine synthesis on rat liver and brain microsomal membranes. J Lipid Res 28, 138-143. (Pubitemid 17036821)
114. Nagiec MM, Nagiec EE, Baltisberger JA, Wells GB, Lester RL, &, Dickson RC, (1997) Sphingolipid synthesis as a target for antifungal drugs. Complementation of the inositol phosphorylceramide synthase defect in a mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the AUR1 gene. J Biol Chem 272, 9809-9817. (Pubitemid 27171646)
115. Kuroda M, Hashida-Okado T, Yasumoto R, Gomi K, Kato I, &, Takesako K, (1999) An aureobasidin A resistance gene isolated from Aspergillus is a homolog of yeast AUR1, a gene responsible for inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) synthase activity. Mol Gen Genet 261, 290-296. (Pubitemid 29140043)
116. Levine TP, Wiggins CA, &, Munro S, (2000) Inositol phosphorylceramide synthase is located in the Golgi apparatus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 11, 2267-2281. (Pubitemid 30489913)
117. Sato K, Noda Y, &, Yoda K, (2009) Kei1: a novel subunit of inositolphosphorylceramide synthase, essential for its enzyme activity and Golgi localization. Mol Biol Cell 20, 4444-4457.
118. Fridberg A, Olson CL, Nakayasu ES, Tyler KM, Almeida IC, &, Engman DM, (2008) Sphingolipid synthesis is necessary for kinetoplast segregation and cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei. J Cell Sci 121, 522-535. (Pubitemid 351405061)
119. Sutterwala SS, Creswell CH, Sanyal S, Menon AK, &, Bangs JD, (2007) De novo sphingolipid synthesis is essential for viability, but not for transport of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, in African trypanosomes. Eukaryot Cell 6, 454-464. (Pubitemid 46492333)
120. Sevova ES, Goren MA, Schwartz KJ, Hsu FF, Turk J, Fox BG, &, Bangs JD, (2010) Cell-free synthesis and functional characterization of sphingolipid synthases from parasitic trypanosomatid protozoa. J Biol Chem 285, 20580-20587.
121. Goren MA, &, Fox BG, (2008) Wheat germ cell-free translation, purification, and assembly of a functional human stearoyl-CoA desaturase complex. Protein Expr Purif 62, 171-178.